IELTS Reading 19: Matching Types — Full Passage Practice (Mixed Review)

A. "When the last wild wolf in Yellowstone National Park was shot in the 1920s, few Americans mourned it. Wolves were seen as vermin — a threat to livestock and a danger to people — and their removal was treated as a straightforward victory for civilisation.

B. "The consequences, however, unfolded slowly and unexpectedly. With no predator to control them, elk numbers exploded. The elk grazed heavily on young willow and aspen along the rivers, stripping the banks bare. Songbirds that nested in those trees grew scarce, and beavers, which depend on willow, all but vanished from the park.

C. "In 1995, after decades of debate, fourteen wolves were captured in Canada and released back into Yellowstone. Ecologist Douglas Smith, who led the reintroduction, expected the wolves to reduce elk numbers. What surprised him was the speed and reach of the change that followed.

D. "As wolves thinned the elk herds and pushed the survivors away from open valleys, the willows recovered. Beavers returned to build dams; the dams created ponds; the ponds supported fish, amphibians and waterfowl. Mary Fletcher, a botanist who has studied the park's plant life for twenty years, records that some riverbanks now carry five times as much vegetation as they did in 1995.

E. "Not everyone reads the story the same way. Robert Hayes, a wildlife biologist, cautions that the 'wolves fixed everything' narrative is too neat. Rainfall, fire history and a fall in human hunting, he argues, all shifted at the same time, and untangling one cause from another is far harder than the popular version admits.

F. "What is not disputed is that Yellowstone changed the debate. Before 1995, predators were widely regarded as something to be removed; today, restoring them is a serious tool of conservation, tried from Scotland to the Alps. Whatever its precise mechanism, the wolf's return taught ecologists to think in webs rather than in single threads."

6/6 — a'lo! Uch matching turini ham to'liq egalladingiz.

4–5/6 — yaxshi; xato turni aniqlab (Information? Features? Endings?), o'sha darsni takrorlang.

3/6 yoki kam — 16–18-darslarga qayting, ayniqsa "axborot turi" va "grammatik filtr" bo'limlarini.