whereby / thereby
vosita va natija — «shu orqali; shu yo‘l bilan»
Band 7.5+
Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures
Natija — Result & consequence
Akademik yozma — Academic writing
Qanday yasaladi
…, thereby + V-ing · a system whereby + clause
thereby + -ing — natijani qo‘shadi (…, thereby reducing costs) · whereby = «unga ko‘ra» — tizim yoki tartibni tavsiflaydi (a scheme whereby firms pay for emissions).
Namunalar — Examples
Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling.
Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
thereby + -ing ikkinchi gapni boshlamasdan natijani qo‘shadi — juda zich va akademik: Congestion charges discourage driving, thereby improving air quality.
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ thereby it reduces costs → ✅ thereby reducing costs — thereby dan keyin -ing.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| therefore / consequently | therefore = yangi jumla; thereby = shu gapga qo‘shiladi |
| participle clause | thereby + -ing — natija bildiruvchi ravishdosh oboroti |