participle clause
ravishdosh oboroti — «... qilib; ... bo‘lgani uchun»
Band 7.5+
Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures
Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence
Akademik yozma — Academic writing
Qanday yasaladi
V-ing/V3 + …, S + V
Aniq nisbat: -ing (Having considered both views, …) · Majhul: V3 (Faced with rising costs, firms …). ⚠️ Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart — aks holda «dangling participle» xatosi chiqadi.
Namunalar — Examples
Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents.
Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda.
Having examined both sides, this essay argues that the benefits are greater.
Ikkala tomonni ko‘rib chiqqach, ushbu insho foyda ko‘proq degan fikrni ilgari suradi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Ikki gapni bittaga siqadi va matnni akademik qiladi:
Because the government had reduced subsidies, prices rose. → Having reduced subsidies, the government saw prices rise.
Sabab ma’nosida: Given the scale of the problem, … — bu tayyor va juda ishonchli qolip.
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ Walking into the room, the lights were on. — chiroqlar yurmaydi! ✅ Walking into the room, I saw that the lights were on.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| reduced relative clause | reduced relative OTni aniqlaydi; participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi |
| because / since / as | participle clause = shu sababni ixchamroq aytish yo‘li |
| far from being | kutilganning aksi — «... bo‘lish o‘rniga, aksincha» — shakli bir xil (-ing), lekin ma’nosi «aksincha» |
| whereby / thereby | vosita va natija — «shu orqali; shu yo‘l bilan» — thereby + -ing — natija bildiruvchi ravishdosh oboroti |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence
present simple T1
present continuous T1
past simple T1
past continuous T3
present perfect T3
present perfect continuous T5
past perfect T4
future continuous T5
future perfect T6
would (past habit) T5
the tense of the chart (Task 1) T3
as soon as / by the time / once T4
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish