SAT R&W 15: Second Meanings in Literature and History Passages

O'qish So'z ma'nosi kontekstda (Words in Context) 6-dars, jami 7
Shu mavzudagi darslar · 6/7
  1. SAT R&W 10: Words in Context — The Two Shapes: Fill the Blank and “Most Nearly Means”
  2. SAT R&W 11: Read the Sentence, Not the Word — Predicting Before You Look
  3. SAT R&W 12: The Signal Words That Decide the Blank (but, because, although, and)
  4. SAT R&W 13: “Most Nearly Means” — Common Words With Uncommon Uses
  5. SAT R&W 14: The Vocabulary Trap — The Impressive Word Is Bait, Not a Signal
  6. SAT R&W 15: Second Meanings in Literature and History Passages
  7. 7 SAT R&W 16: Words in Context — Mixed Practice Under Time

So'zning ma'nosi ham eskiradi

13-darsda oddiy so'zlarning ikkinchi ma'nolarini ko'rdik. Endi eng qiyin holatga o'tamiz: matn eski bo'lganda.

SAT'ning to'rt mavzu sohasidan ikkitasi — literature va history / social studies — sizni muntazam ravishda XVIII–XIX asr nasri bilan uchrashtiradi: xartiyalar, nutqlar, maktublar, romanlar. O'sha davrda ko'p oddiy so'z bugungidan boshqa ma'noda ishlatilgan.

Bu o'zbek o'quvchi uchun alohida xavfli. Siz so'zni maktabda o'rgangansiz, ma'nosini bilasiz — va aynan shu bilim sizni yiqitadi, chunki matn boshqa asrdan gapiryapti.

⏱ ~45 soniya (eski matn sekinroq o'qiladi)

Avval matnning yoshini aniqlang

Bu bitta qadam savolning yarmini yechadi. Matn eski ekanini quyidagilardan bilasiz:

Manba qatori. SAT ko'pincha parcha ostida yoki tepasida Adapted from … 1847 deb yozadi. Sana bo'lsa — birinchi navbatda shuni o'qing.

Grammatik shakl. should, shall, such … as, whereof, hath, uzun ergashgan qo'shma gaplar, nuqtali vergul bilan bog'langan uzun ro'yxatlar.

Mavzu. Xartiya, gildiya, parish, komissarlar, ot-arava, sham va lampa — bularning hammasi sana o'rnini bosadi.

Va keyin — shubha rejimi. Tagi chizilgan oddiy so'zni ko'rganingizda o'zingizga ayting: «bu so'z o'shanda boshqa narsani anglatgan bo'lishi mumkin». Bu shubhaning o'zi sizni tuzoqdan chiqaradi.

📌 Eslatma: Adabiy parchada matn yangi bo'lsa ham ehtiyot bo'ling: yozuvchilar ataylab kitobiy, eskiroq so'z tanlashadi. He was sensible of the honour — bu jumlani bugungi yozuvchi ham yozishi mumkin.

SAT eng ko'p sinaydigan eski ma'nolar

So'zBugungi ma'no (tuzoq)Eski ma'no
wantxohlamoqyetishmaslik, muhtojlik
sufferazob chekmoqruxsat bermoq, yo'l qo'ymoq
closeyaqin; yopmoqdim, havosiz (xona haqida)
niceyoqimlinozik, mayda, aniq (farq haqida)
sensibleoqilonahis qilayotgan, xabardor
meanziqna; anglatmoqoddiy, past martabali
severalbir nechtaalohida, har biri o'ziniki
partybazm; partiyatomon, ishtirokchi
artificialsun'iy (yomon ma'noda)mahorat bilan yasalgan
successmuvaffaqiyatoqibat, natija (yaxshi yoki yomon)
stillhali hamdoim, muttasil
preventoldini olmoqoldinroq kelmoq, oldindan qilmoq
⚠️ Tuzoq: Bu jadvalni yodlab, imtihonda «eski ma'noni tanlayman» deb qo'ymang — bu yangi tuzoq bo'ladi. Ko'p eski matnda want haqiqatan «xohlamoq» ma'nosida keladi. Jadval faqat shubhani yoqish uchun; javobni baribir gapning o'zi beradi.

Ishlangan namuna

The commissioners reported that the northern parishes were in great want of grain, the harvest having failed in two successive years, and that such stores as remained were held in three towns only. They recommended that the roads be put in repair before winter, so that what could be spared might be carried where it was needed.

Adapted from a county report of 1817.

As used in the text, what does the word “want” most nearly mean?

  1. desire
  2. need
  3. refusal
  4. abundance

1-qadam — yoshi. Manba qatori 1817 deb turibdi, va til ham buni tasdiqlaydi: such stores as remained, be put in repair. Shubha rejimi yoqildi.

2-qadam — so'zni olib tashlang. the parishes were in great ___ of grain, va sabab darhol aytilgan: the harvest having failed in two successive years. Hosil ikki yil ketma-ket bitmagan. Demak donga muhtojlik.

3-qadam — variantlarni gapga qo'ying.

TO‘G‘RIneed — «ehtiyoj, muhtojlik» — in want of iborasining eski (va hozir ham kitobiy) ma'nosi. Isbot: hosil ikki yil bitmagan, zaxira faqat uch shaharda qolgan, va donni yetishmayotgan joyga tashish taklif qilinyapti.
TUZOQdesire — «istak» — bugungi ma'no, va aynan shuning uchun qo'yilgan. Ma'nosiz emas, lekin mantiqan bo'sh: qishloqlar donni «xohlagani» hisobotga tushmaydi, ochlik tushadi. Eng ko'p tanlanadigan noto'g'ri javob.
TUZOQabundance — «mo'l-ko'lchilik» — mantiqni teskari qiladi. Agar don ko'p bo'lsa, uni boshqa joyga tashish shart emasdi.
TUZOQrefusal — «rad etish» — matnda hech kim hech nimadan bosh tortmayapti.

The charter did not grant the guild a monopoly outright. It provided instead that the mayor should not suffer any stranger to sell cloth within the market on the days appointed for the guild's own trading, and that offenders should be put out at the gates without further penalty.

Adapted from a study of medieval town charters.

As used in the text, what does the word “suffer” most nearly mean?

The room was small and very close, for the window had been shut since morning against the dust of the road and the lamp had been burning some hours. Zuhra found that she could not attend to what her aunt was saying, and twice caught herself looking at the door.

As used in the text, what does the word “close” most nearly mean?

The dispute between the two cartographers was not about the coastline, which both had surveyed and agreed upon, but about a nice distinction in the projection: whether a line of constant bearing ought to be drawn straight or curved. To a sailor within sight of land the difference came to a few hundred metres; to a mathematician it was the whole question.

As used in the text, what does the word “nice” most nearly mean?

Bahodir had not expected to be asked, and he was sensible of the honour, though he showed nothing of it. He thanked the elder, said that he would give his answer in the morning, and walked home the long way, past the canal, where there was nobody to see his face.

As used in the text, what does the word “sensible” most nearly mean?

Kalit so'zlar — Key vocabulary

in want of ~
~ ga muhtoj, ~ yetishmaydi
to suffer X to do
X ning qilishiga yo'l qo'ymoq
a close room
dim, havosiz xona
a nice distinction
nozik, mayda farq
sensible of ~
~ ni his qilayotgan, ~ dan xabardor
a party to an agreement
kelishuv tomoni, ishtirokchisi
to put in repair
ta'mirlamoq, tuzatmoq
outright
to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, butunlay

Xulosa

  • Avval matnning yoshini aniqlang — manba qatori, grammatika, mavzu.
  • Eski matnda tanish so'z ko'rsangiz — shubha rejimini yoqing.
  • Javobni ko'pincha predlog yoki qurilish beradi (in want of, suffer X to do, sensible of).
  • Jadvalni yodlab «har doim eski ma'no» demang — gap baribir o'zi hal qiladi.
Rivojlanishni kuzatish uchun kiring
Oldingi SAT R&W 14: The Vocabulary Trap — The Impressive Word Is Bait, Not a Signal
Keyingi SAT R&W 16: Words in Context — Mixed Practice Under Time
So'z ma'nosi kontekstda (Words in Context)
  1. SAT R&W 10: Words in Context — The Two Shapes: Fill the Blank and “Most Nearly Means”
  2. SAT R&W 11: Read the Sentence, Not the Word — Predicting Before You Look
  3. SAT R&W 12: The Signal Words That Decide the Blank (but, because, although, and)
  4. SAT R&W 13: “Most Nearly Means” — Common Words With Uncommon Uses
  5. SAT R&W 14: The Vocabulary Trap — The Impressive Word Is Bait, Not a Signal
  6. SAT R&W 15: Second Meanings in Literature and History Passages
  7. 7 SAT R&W 16: Words in Context — Mixed Practice Under Time