SAT R&W 62: Data That Is Accurate but Does Not Support the Claim

O'qish Grafik va jadvaldan dalil (Command of Evidence — Quantitative) 3-dars, jami 5
Shu mavzudagi darslar · 3/5
  1. SAT R&W 60: Reading the Table or Graph Before You Read the Text
  2. SAT R&W 61: Choices That Misread the Figure — The Four Data Traps
  3. SAT R&W 62: Data That Is Accurate but Does Not Support the Claim
  4. 4 SAT R&W 63: Completing a Sentence With a Number From the Figure
  5. 5 SAT R&W 64: Command of Evidence (Quantitative) — Mixed Practice

Rost, lekin isbot emas

61-darsda jadvalga zid variantlarni o'chirishni o'rgandik. Ular ketgach odatda ikkitasi qoladi, va ikkalasi ham jadvalga to'liq mos bo'ladi.

Endi ikkinchi savol boshlanadi, va u qiyinroq: bu raqam da'voni isbotlaydimi?

📝 Namuna:

Jadvaldan to'g'ri o'qilgan raqam uch sababdan javob bo'lmasligi mumkin:
1. solishtiruvning faqat bir tomonini beradi;
2. da'voda umuman yo'q toifa haqida;
3. da'vodan oldin ham rost bo'lgan — ya'ni hech nimani isbotlamaydi.

Uchinchisi eng nozigi va SAT uni juda yaxshi ko'radi.

⏱ ~85 soniya

Uchinchi shakl: «bu avval ham shunday edi»

Ko'p savolda da'vo biror o'zgarish yoki ta'sir haqida bo'ladi: yangi yo'lak velosipedchilarni ko'paytirdi, yangi dori kasallikni kamaytirdi.

Bunday da'voni isbotlash uchun raqam oldin va keyin ni solishtirishi kerak — yoki ta'sir bor va yo'q joyni. Faqat «keyin» ni ko'rsatgan raqam hech nimani isbotlamaydi.

Sinov savoli: «bu raqam o'zgarishdan oldin ham rost bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkinmi?»

Javob «ha» bo'lsa — u dalil emas. Riverside yo'lida velosipedchilar High Street'dan ko'p bo'lgani yangi yo'lakni isbotlamaydi, chunki ular yo'lak qurilishidan oldin ham ko'p edi.

Bu 53-darsdagi «ikki tomonga ham yaraydigan» sinovining raqamli ko'rinishi. Bir xil fikrlash — boshqa material.

Ishlangan namuna

Cycle Journeys Recorded at Two Counters (thousands per year)

YearRiverside pathHigh Street
20198834
202114139
202315241

The city built a protected cycle lane along the Riverside path in 2020 and made no change to High Street, where cyclists share the road with traffic. A transport officer argued that the protected lane, rather than a general rise in cycling across the city, accounts for the growth recorded on Riverside:

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

  1. journeys on Riverside rose by about 60 percent between 2019 and 2021, while journeys on the unchanged High Street rose by about 15 percent.
  2. journeys on Riverside reached 152 thousand in 2023, the highest figure recorded at either counter.
  3. journeys on Riverside were higher than journeys on High Street in every year recorded.
  4. journeys on High Street rose in every period recorded.
⏱ ~85 soniya

Yechim

Da'vo: o'sishni yo'lak keltirdi, umumiy moda emas. Bu ikki tushuntirish orasidagi tanlov — demak raqam ularni bir-biridan ajratishi kerak.

Ajratuvchi narsa nima? High Street — u o'zgarmagan, ya'ni u nazorat guruhi. Agar o'sish faqat Riverside'da bo'lsa, sabab yo'lak; ikkalasida ham bir xil bo'lsa, sabab umumiy moda.

Hisob (2019 → 2021, ya'ni yo'lak qurilgan davr): Riverside 141 − 88 = 53, ya'ni 53 ÷ 88 ≈ 60%; High Street 39 − 34 = 5, ya'ni 5 ÷ 34 ≈ 15%.

TO‘G‘RIjourneys on Riverside rose by about 60 percent between 2019 and 2021, while journeys on the unchanged High Street rose by about 15 percent — ikkala yo'lni ham, o'sish davrini ham qamraydi. Riverside to'rt barobar tezroq o'sgan — bu aynan «yo'lak, umumiy moda emas» degan da'voni ko'taradi.
TUZOQjourneys on Riverside were higher than journeys on High Street in every year recorded — 3-shakl: bu 2019-yilda ham rost edi — yo'lak qurilishidan bir yil oldin (88 va 34). Yo'lak qurilishidan oldin ham rost bo'lgan fakt yo'lakning ta'sirini isbotlay olmaydi. Bu darsning asosiy tuzog'i.
TUZOQjourneys on Riverside reached 152 thousand in 2023, the highest figure recorded at either counter — 1-shakl: solishtiruvning bir tomoni. Rost, lekin High Street'siz bu raqam ikki tushuntirishni ajratmaydi — umumiy moda ham xuddi shu raqamni berardi.
TUZOQjourneys on High Street rose in every period recorded — rost (34 → 39 → 41), lekin bu raqib tushuntirishni oziqlantiradi: umumiy o'sish bor ekan. O'zi holda u ofitserning da'vosiga qarshi ishlaydi.
💡 Maslahat: Jadvalda o'zgarmagan ustun bo'lsa — High Street, nazorat guruhi, «boshqa bo'lim» — javob deyarli har doim o'sha ustunni ham ishlatadi. SAT uni bekorga qo'ymaydi.

Pupils Reaching the Expected Reading Standard (percent)

School20212024
Oq Tepa (new programme)5874
Chinor (new programme)6179
Bogʻishamol (no change)6377

Two schools in a district introduced a new reading programme in 2022; a third continued as before. The district's report claimed that the new programme was responsible for the improvement at the two schools that adopted it. The figures give little support to that claim:

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

Nesting Pairs Recorded on Two Islands

YearKichik Orol (rats removed 2019)Katta Orol (rats present)
2017310540
2022590560

Introduced rats eat the eggs of ground-nesting seabirds. A conservation team removed the rats from one island in 2019 and left a neighbouring island untreated. The team reported that the removal, and not some wider change in the region's seabird population, explains what happened next:

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the team's report?

Average Yield of Two Wheat Varieties (tonnes per hectare)

Rainfall in seasonVariety AVariety B
Below average2.12.9
Average4.44.6
Above average6.85.2

An agronomist compared two wheat varieties across seasons of different rainfall. She advised farmers without irrigation to plant Variety B, on the grounds that its advantage appears precisely in the seasons those farmers most need protection from:

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the agronomist's advice?

Median Time From Graduation to First Job Offer (weeks)

Field of study20182023
Engineering97
Nursing54
Law1419
Design1621

A university careers service announced that its graduates were finding work faster than they had five years earlier. The figures it published show a more divided picture than the announcement suggests:

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

Kalit so'zlar — Key vocabulary

to account for ~
~ ni tushuntirmoq, sababi bo'lmoq
a control group
nazorat guruhi (o'zgartirilmagan)
untreated
aralashuvsiz qoldirilgan
on the grounds that ~
~ degan asosda
a wider change
kengroq, umumiy o'zgarish
nesting pairs
uya quruvchi juftliklar
yield (tonnes per hectare)
hosildorlik (gektariga tonna)
respectively
mos ravishda, tartib bilan

Xulosa

  • Jadvalga mos bo'lgan variant ham javob bo'lmasligi mumkin.
  • Uch shakl: bir tomon · da'voda yo'q toifa · «oldin ham rost edi».
  • Sinov: «bu raqam o'zgarishdan oldin ham rost bo'larmidi?» Ha bo'lsa — dalil emas.
  • Jadvalda o'zgarmagan ustun bo'lsa, javob uni ham ishlatadi.
  • Da'vodan kuchliroq variant («har doim», «hech qachon») deyarli har doim tuzoq.
Rivojlanishni kuzatish uchun kiring
Oldingi SAT R&W 61: Choices That Misread the Figure — The Four Data Traps
Keyingi SAT R&W 63: Completing a Sentence With a Number From the Figure
Grafik va jadvaldan dalil (Command of Evidence — Quantitative)
  1. SAT R&W 60: Reading the Table or Graph Before You Read the Text
  2. SAT R&W 61: Choices That Misread the Figure — The Four Data Traps
  3. SAT R&W 62: Data That Is Accurate but Does Not Support the Claim
  4. 4 SAT R&W 63: Completing a Sentence With a Number From the Figure
  5. 5 SAT R&W 64: Command of Evidence (Quantitative) — Mixed Practice