So‘z oilalari · Lotin va yunon ildizlari
31 ta o‘zak · 84 ta so‘z — bitta o‘zakni o‘rganing, butun oilani taniysiz.
spect specere (lat.) — qaramoq
qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq
Old qo‘shimcha qarash yo‘nalishini belgilaydi: in- (ichiga) → inspect, pro- (oldinga) → prospect, retro- (orqaga) → retrospective, per- (orqali) → perspective.
- spectator spect + -ator tomoshabin — qarab turuvchi 3
- perspective per- + spect + -ive nuqtai nazar — qarash burchagi 4
- prospect pro- + spect istiqbol — kelajakdagi imkoniyat, «oldinga qarash» 4
- inspect in- + spect sinchiklab tekshirmoq, ko‘zdan kechirmoq 4
duc/duct ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq
yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq
Ikki xil yoziladi: fe’llarda ko‘pincha -duce (introduce, reduce), ot va sifatlarda -duct (conduct, production).
- reduce re- + duce kamaytirmoq — «orqaga yetaklamoq» 2
- conduct con- + duct o‘tkazmoq (tadqiqot, so‘rov) — «birga yetaklamoq» 4
- productivity pro- + duct + -ivity unumdorlik — mehnat samaradorligi 4
- productive samarali, unumli — ko‘p natija beradigan 4
port portare (lat.) — tashimoq
tashimoq — olib yurmoq, ko‘tarmoq
Jismoniy tashish (transport, export) dan mavhum «ko‘tarish» ga o‘tadi: support = «ostidan ko‘tarmoq» → qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq.
- export ex- + port eksport — tashqariga sotish, «tashqariga tashish» 3
- import im- + port import — chetdan olib kirish 3
- support sup- + port qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq; dalil bilan tasdiqlamoq 3
mit/miss mittere (lat.) — yubormoq
yubormoq — jo‘natmoq, qo‘yib yubormoq
Fe’lda -mit, otda -mission: emit → emission, transmit → transmission, permit → permission.
- emission e- + miss + -ion chiqindi gaz, emissiya — «tashqariga yuborish» 4
- transmit trans- + mit uzatmoq — bir joydan boshqasiga yubormoq (signal, kasallik, bilim) 5
ject iacere (lat.) — otmoq
otmoq — irg‘itmoq, tashlamoq
Yo‘nalish old qo‘shimchada: re- (orqaga) → reject (rad etmoq), pro- (oldinga) → project (loyiha, prognoz), ob- (qarshi) → object (e’tiroz bildirmoq).
- reject re- + ject rad etmoq — «orqaga otmoq» 3
- project pro- + ject prognoz qilmoq — «oldinga tashlamoq» 5
tract trahere (lat.) — tortmoq
tortmoq — sudramoq, cho‘zmoq
attract (o‘ziga tortmoq), extract (tortib olmoq), contract (birga tortmoq → shartnoma; qisqarmoq), distract (chalg‘itmoq).
- attract at- + tract jalb qilmoq — o‘ziga tortmoq 3
- extract ex- + tract qazib olmoq, ajratib olmoq — «tashqariga tortmoq» 5
vert/vers vertere (lat.) — burmoq
burmoq — aylantirmoq, o‘girmoq
Fe’lda -vert, ot va sifatda -vers: convert → conversion, divert → diversion, reverse, adverse, versatile.
- convert con- + vert aylantirmoq — bir holatdan boshqasiga o‘tkazmoq 4
- diverse di- + vers xilma-xil, rang-barang 4
ced/cess cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq
yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq
proceed (davom etmoq), exceed (oshib ketmoq), access (kirish), process (jarayon), recession («orqaga yurish» → tanazzul).
- access ac- + cess kirish imkoni, foydalanish imkoniyati 3
- exceed ex- + ceed oshib ketmoq — belgilangan chegaradan yuqori bo‘lmoq 5
- recession re- + cess + -ion tanazzul, iqtisodiy pasayish — «orqaga yurish» 5
fer ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq
olib kelmoq — ko‘chirmoq, keltirmoq
transfer (ko‘chirmoq), infer (xulosa chiqarmoq — «fikrni olib kelmoq»), refer (murojaat qilmoq), difference (farq).
- transfer trans- + fer ko‘chirmoq, o‘tkazmoq — bir joydan boshqasiga 4
- infer in- + fer xulosa chiqarmoq — bevosita aytilmagan narsani anglab olmoq 6
pel/puls pellere (lat.) — turtmoq
turtmoq — haydamoq, itarmoq
compel (majburlamoq), expel (haydab chiqarmoq), impulse (turtki), compulsory (majburiy), repulsive (jirkanch).
- compulsory com- + puls + -ory majburiy — qonun bilan talab qilinadigan 4
- compel com- + pel majburlamoq — chora qoldirmaslik 6
graph graphein (yun.) — yozmoq
yozmoq — chizmoq, tasvirlamoq
Yozuv va tasvir: graphic, photograph, biography, graph. Old qo‘shimcha mavzuni beradi: bio- (hayot), geo- (yer), photo- (yorug‘lik).
scrib/script scribere (lat.) — yozmoq
yozmoq — qayd qilmoq
Fe’lda -scribe, otda -scription: describe → description, prescribe → prescription, subscribe → subscription.
dict dicere (lat.) — aytmoq
aytmoq — so‘zlamoq, buyurmoq
predict (oldindan aytmoq), contradict (qarshi aytmoq), dictionary, dictator (buyuruvchi).
- predict pre- + dict oldindan aytmoq, bashorat qilmoq 3
- contradict contra- + dict zid kelmoq, rad etmoq — «qarshi aytmoq» 6
log/logy logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan
so‘z, fikr — fan, ta’limot
-logy so‘ng qo‘shimchasi «... haqidagi fan» degani: technology, ecology, psychology, sociology. Mutaxassis — -logist.
- technology techne (hunar) + -logy texnologiya — texnik bilim va vositalar 2
- psychological psyche (ruh) + -logy + -ical psixologik — ruhiy holat bilan bog‘liq 5
aud audire (lat.) — eshitmoq
eshitmoq — tinglamoq
audience (tinglovchilar), audio, audible (eshitiladigan), audit (moliyaviy «tinglash» → tekshiruv).
vid/vis videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq
ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq
evidence (ko‘z oldidagi narsa → dalil), visible, supervise (ustidan qaramoq), revise (qayta ko‘rmoq).
- visible vis + -ible ko‘rinadigan, sezilarli 3
- evidence e- + vid + -ence dalil, isbot — «ko‘z oldida turgan narsa» 4
- supervise super- + vis nazorat qilmoq — ustidan qarab turmoq 5
cogn/sci cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq
bilmoq — anglamoq, tanimoq
recognise (qayta tanimoq), cognitive (bilish bilan bog‘liq), science, conscious (ongli).
- recognise re- + cogn + -ise tan olmoq; tanimoq 3
- cognitive cogn + -itive kognitiv — bilish, fikrlash jarayonlariga oid 6
phon phone (yun.) — ovoz
ovoz — tovush
telephone (uzoqdagi ovoz), phonetics, symphony (ovozlarning uyg‘unligi).
path pathos (yun.) — his, azob
his-tuyg‘u — kasallik, azob
sympathy (birga his qilish), empathy (ichdan his qilish), pathology. ⚠️ path (yo‘lak) so‘zi bilan aloqasi yo‘q.
gen genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur
tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur
generation (avlod), genetic, generate (yaratmoq), indigenous (tub joyli).
- generation gen + -ation avlod — bir vaqtda tug‘ilgan odamlar guruhi 3
- generate gen + -ate hosil qilmoq, keltirib chiqarmoq (daromad, energiya, ish o‘rni) 4
- indigenous indi- + gen + -ous tub joyli, mahalliy — o‘sha yerda tug‘ilgan 6
re- re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga
qayta — yana, orqaga
recycle, renew, reform, reduce, restore. Ekologiya inshosining yarmi shu qo‘shimcha bilan yoziladi.
- recycle re- + cycle qayta ishlamoq — chiqindini yangidan foydalanishga yaroqli qilmoq 2
- renewable re- + new + -able qayta tiklanuvchi — tugamaydigan (energiya haqida) 3
pre- prae- (lat.) — oldin
oldin — oldindan, oldingi
predict, prevent (oldini olmoq), previous, preschool, prerequisite.
- prevent pre- + vent (kelmoq) oldini olmoq — sodir bo‘lishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik 3
- preventive profilaktik — oldini oluvchi 6
sub- sub- (lat.) — ost
ost — ostida, quyi
suburban (shahar chekkasi), subsidy, substantial («ostida asos bor» → salmoqli), submerge.
- suburban sub- + urban shahar atrofi — chekkadagi turar joy hududiga oid 4
- substantial sub- + stant (turmoq) + -ial salmoqli, sezilarli — katta miqdordagi 5
- subsidy subsidiya — davlat tomonidan beriladigan moliyaviy yordam 5
inter- inter- (lat.) — orasida
orasida — o‘zaro
international, interact, intervention (aralashuv), interconnected.
trans- trans- (lat.) — orqali, narigi tomon
orqali — bir tomondan ikkinchisiga
transport, transfer, transform (shaklini o‘zgartirmoq), transparent (ochiq-oydin).
over- over- (ing.) — ortiqcha
ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan
overcrowded, overestimate, overlook (e’tibordan chetda qoldirmoq), overwhelming. Juftligi — under-.
- overcrowded over- + crowd + -ed haddan tashqari gavjum — sig‘imidan ortiq to‘lgan 4
- overtake ortda qoldirmoq — ilgarilab ketmoq 5
- overlook over- + look e’tibordan chetda qoldirmoq — sezmay o‘tib ketmoq 6
under- under- (ing.) — yetarli emas
kam — yetarli emas, ostida
underestimate, undermine (asosini yemirmoq), undergo (boshdan kechirmoq), underprivileged, underfunded.
- underestimate under- + estimate past baholamoq — haqiqiy qiymatidan kam deb hisoblamoq 5
- undermine under- + mine (qazmoq) asosini yemirmoq, kuchsizlantirmoq 6
un-/in- un- / in- — inkor
inkor — «...siz, ...emas»
Ma’noni teskari qiladi: unsustainable, unemployment, inequality, inevitable, impossible (p, b oldidan im-), irrelevant (r oldidan ir-), illegal (l oldidan il-).
- unemployment ishsizlik 3
- inequality in- + equal + -ity tengsizlik — imkoniyat yoki daromaddagi tafovut 4
- inevitable in- + evitare (qochmoq) + -able muqarrar — oldini olib bo‘lmaydigan 5
-ion -tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi
ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi
Akademik uslubning motori (nominalizatsiya): pollute → pollution, educate → education, consume → consumption, reduce → reduction.
- pollution ifloslanish 2
- consumption con- + sumpt + -ion iste’mol — sarflash miqdori 4
- proportion ulush, nisbat — butunning qismi 4
- innovation innovatsiya — yangilik joriy etish 4
- urbanisation urban + -ise + -ation urbanizatsiya — aholining shaharga ko‘chishi 5
- regulation tartibga solish, qoida — davlat nazorati 5
- discrimination kamsitish — noqonuniy farq qilish 5
- congestion tirbandlik — yo‘llardagi tiqilinch 5
- conservation muhofaza — tabiatni asrash 5
- deforestation o‘rmonlarning kesilishi 5
- automation avtomatlashtirish — mehnatni mashinaga o‘tkazish 5
- intervention inter- + vent + -ion aralashuv — hukumat yoki tashkilotning chora ko‘rishi 6
- rehabilitation qayta tarbiyalash — jinoyatchini jamiyatga qaytarish 6
- legislation qonunchilik — qabul qilingan qonunlar majmui 6
- integration integratsiya — jamiyatga qo‘shilib ketish 6
- depletion tugash, kamayib ketish — zaxiraning yo‘qolib borishi 6
- misinformation noto‘g‘ri axborot — tarqalayotgan yolg‘on ma’lumot 6
-able -abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi
sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan»
sustainable, affordable, renewable, avoidable, accessible (-ible varianti). Ot shakli — -ability.
- renewable re- + new + -able qayta tiklanuvchi — tugamaydigan (energiya haqida) 3
- affordable afford + -able arzon, ko‘tara oladigan — narxi qo‘ldan keladigan 4
- inevitable in- + evitare (qochmoq) + -able muqarrar — oldini olib bo‘lmaydigan 5
- viable hayotga tatbiq etsa bo‘ladigan — amalda ishlaydigan 6
-ise/-ify -izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi
fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq»
modernise, industrialise, urbanise, justify, simplify. ⚠️ Britaniyacha -ise, amerikacha -ize — bittasini tanlab, oxirigacha saqlang.
- analyse analysis (yun.) — qismlarga ajratish tahlil qilmoq — qismlarga ajratib o‘rganmoq 4
- urbanisation urban + -ise + -ation urbanizatsiya — aholining shaharga ko‘chishi 5
- justify just + -ify asoslamoq, oqlamoq — sababini ko‘rsatib to‘g‘riligini isbotlamoq 5