Vocabulary bank

Akademik til — Academic language

44 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
perspective per- + spect + -ive ★★★	4	nuqtai nazar — qarash burchagi Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) from a different perspective · a global perspective · put into perspective	From an environmental perspective, the policy is difficult to justify. Ekologik nuqtai nazardan bu siyosatni oqlash qiyin.	viewpoint
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Orqali qarash» — per- (orqali) + spect (qarash). Task 2 da opinion so‘zining eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: from an economic perspective. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar from a different perspective · a global perspective · put into perspective So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar From an environmental perspective, the policy is difficult to justify. Ekologik nuqtai nazardan bu siyosatni oqlash qiyin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prospect — bir ildiz: perspective = qarash burchagi; prospect = istiqbol Sinonim — Synonym viewpoint — viewpoint = shaxsning qarashi; perspective = butun bir yo‘nalish yoki soha nuqtai nazari To‘liq sahifasi
conduct con- + duct ★★★	4	o‘tkazmoq (tadqiqot, so‘rov) — «birga yetaklamoq» Fe’l — Verb	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) conduct research · conduct a survey · conduct an experiment	The study was conducted over a period of five years. Tadqiqot besh yil davomida o‘tkazildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Akademik yozuvda do a research ❌ o‘rniga aynan shu ishlatiladi: conduct research ✅. Ot sifatida urg‘u o‘zgaradi: CONduct = xulq-atvor. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar conduct research · conduct a survey · conduct an experiment So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The study was conducted over a period of five years. Tadqiqot besh yil davomida o‘tkazildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word productivity — bir ildiz: conduct = olib bormoq; produce = ishlab chiqarmoq To‘liq sahifasi
support sup- + port ★★★	3	qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq; dalil bilan tasdiqlamoq Fe’l — Verb	port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) support an argument · financial support · evidence supports	Recent data support the claim that remote work reduces commuting. So‘nggi ma’lumotlar masofaviy ish qatnovni kamaytiradi degan fikrni tasdiqlaydi.	advocate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Ostidan ko‘tarmoq» ma’nosidan. Akademik yozuvda ikkinchi ma’nosi muhimroq: These findings support* the view that…* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar support an argument · financial support · evidence supports So‘z o‘zagi port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) — tashimoq — olib yurmoq, ko‘tarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Recent data support the claim that remote work reduces commuting. So‘nggi ma’lumotlar masofaviy ish qatnovni kamaytiradi degan fikrni tasdiqlaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym advocate — support = umumiy qo‘llash; advocate = ochiq targ‘ib qilish To‘liq sahifasi
reject re- + ject ★★☆	3	rad etmoq — «orqaga otmoq» Fe’l — Verb	ject(iacere (lat.) — otmoq) reject a proposal · reject the argument · outright rejection	Parliament rejected the proposal by a narrow margin. Parlament taklifni oz farq bilan rad etdi.	advocate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da qarshi fikrni rad etish uchun: This argument should be rejected* on two grounds.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reject a proposal · reject the argument · outright rejection So‘z o‘zagi ject(iacere (lat.) — otmoq) — otmoq — irg‘itmoq, tashlamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Parliament rejected the proposal by a narrow margin. Parlament taklifni oz farq bilan rad etdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym advocate — reject = rad etmoq; advocate = yoqlamoq To‘liq sahifasi
infer in- + fer ★☆☆	6	xulosa chiqarmoq — bevosita aytilmagan narsani anglab olmoq Fe’l — Verb	fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) infer from the data · it can be inferred that · make an inference	It can be inferred from the data that demand will continue to fall. Ma’lumotlardan talab pasayishda davom etadi degan xulosa chiqarish mumkin.	imply
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Reading’ning kalit so‘zi. «True/False/Not Given» va «Yes/No/Not Given» savollari aynan shu ko‘nikmani tekshiradi: matnda yozilmagan, lekin mantiqan kelib chiqadigan narsa. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar infer from the data · it can be inferred that · make an inference So‘z o‘zagi fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) — olib kelmoq — ko‘chirmoq, keltirmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar It can be inferred from the data that demand will continue to fall. Ma’lumotlardan talab pasayishda davom etadi degan xulosa chiqarish mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym imply — infer = O‘QUVCHI xulosa chiqaradi; imply = MUALLIF ishora qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
imply im- + ply (buklamoq) ★★☆	5	ishora qilmoq, nazarda tutmoq — ochiq aytmasdan bildirmoq Fe’l — Verb	this implies that · the implications of · far-reaching implications	These findings imply that current policies are inadequate. Bu natijalar hozirgi siyosat yetarli emasligiga ishora qiladi.	infer
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — implication (oqibat, ma’no): the policy has serious implications for* low-income families* — bu Task 2 uchun juda kuchli birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar this implies that · the implications of · far-reaching implications Namunalar These findings imply that current policies are inadequate. Bu natijalar hozirgi siyosat yetarli emasligiga ishora qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym infer — imply = muallif ishora qiladi; infer = o‘quvchi xulosa chiqaradi To‘liq sahifasi
describe de- + scribe ★★☆	2	tasvirlamoq, ta’riflamoq Fe’l — Verb	scrib/script(scribere (lat.) — yozmoq) describe a trend · as described above · a detailed description	The chart describes changes in household spending over two decades. Diagramma ikki o‘n yillikdagi uy xarajatlari o‘zgarishini tasvirlaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 topshirig‘ining o‘zida turadi: Summarise the information and report the main features — ya’ni describe qiling, izohlamang. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar describe a trend · as described above · a detailed description So‘z o‘zagi scrib/script(scribere (lat.) — yozmoq) — yozmoq — qayd qilmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The chart describes changes in household spending over two decades. Diagramma ikki o‘n yillikdagi uy xarajatlari o‘zgarishini tasvirlaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word illustrate — describe = so‘z bilan tasvirlash; illustrate = misol/grafik bilan ko‘rsatish To‘liq sahifasi
contradict contra- + dict ★☆☆	6	zid kelmoq, rad etmoq — «qarshi aytmoq» Fe’l — Verb	dict(dicere (lat.) — aytmoq) contradict the evidence · a contradiction · contradictory findings	The latest data contradict the assumption that rural incomes are falling. So‘nggi ma’lumotlar qishloq daromadlari kamayyapti degan taxminga zid keladi.	support
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Bahsli dalillarni taqqoslashda: These results contradict* earlier studies.* Oti — contradiction. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar contradict the evidence · a contradiction · contradictory findings So‘z o‘zagi dict(dicere (lat.) — aytmoq) — aytmoq — so‘zlamoq, buyurmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The latest data contradict the assumption that rural incomes are falling. So‘nggi ma’lumotlar qishloq daromadlari kamayyapti degan taxminga zid keladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym support — contradict = zid kelmoq; support = tasdiqlamoq To‘liq sahifasi
evidence e- + vid + -ence ★★★	4	dalil, isbot — «ko‘z oldida turgan narsa» Ot — Noun	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) strong evidence · there is little evidence · evidence suggests	There is little evidence that stricter penalties reduce crime. Qattiqroq jazolar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirishiga dalil kam.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan ot: ❌ an evidence, ❌ evidences → ✅ a piece of evidence, much evidence. Task 2 da dalilni kiritishning eng akademik yo‘li: There is growing evidence that… Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar strong evidence · there is little evidence · evidence suggests So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar There is little evidence that stricter penalties reduce crime. Qattiqroq jazolar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirishiga dalil kam. Recent evidence suggests a link between air quality and school performance. So‘nggi dalillar havo sifati bilan o‘quv natijalari orasida bog‘liqlik borligini ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word visible — bir ildiz — «ko‘rmoq» dan To‘liq sahifasi
visible vis + -ible ★☆☆	3	ko‘rinadigan, sezilarli Sifat — Adjective	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) clearly visible · a visible improvement · visibility	The effects of the policy became visible within two years. Siyosatning ta’siri ikki yil ichida ko‘zga tashlana boshladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da tendensiyani izohlashda: a visible* upward trend. Teskarisi — invisible. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar clearly visible · a visible improvement · visibility So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq)* — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The effects of the policy became visible within two years. Siyosatning ta’siri ikki yil ichida ko‘zga tashlana boshladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word evidence — bir ildiz — «ko‘rmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
recognise re- + cogn + -ise ★★☆	3	tan olmoq; tanimoq Fe’l — Verb	cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) widely recognised · recognise the importance of · recognition	Governments increasingly recognise the value of vocational training. Hukumatlar kasbiy ta’limning qadrini tobora ko‘proq tan olmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Britaniya imlosi -ise, amerikacha -ize — imtihonda bittasini tanlab, oxirigacha shuni saqlang. Oti — recognition. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar widely recognised · recognise the importance of · recognition So‘z o‘zagi cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) — bilmoq — anglamoq, tanimoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Governments increasingly recognise the value of vocational training. Hukumatlar kasbiy ta’limning qadrini tobora ko‘proq tan olmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word cognitive — bir ildiz — «bilmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
phenomenon phainomenon (yun.) — ko‘rinadigan narsa ★★☆	5	hodisa — kuzatiladigan voqelik Ot — Noun	a global phenomenon · a recent phenomenon · this phenomenon	Remote working is no longer a temporary phenomenon. Masofaviy ish endi vaqtinchalik hodisa emas.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Ko‘pligi noto‘g‘ri yasaladi: one phenomenon → two phenomena (❌ phenomenons). Ishora oti sifatida juda foydali: This phenomenon* is not confined to developing countries.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a global phenomenon · a recent phenomenon · this phenomenon Namunalar Remote working is no longer a temporary phenomenon. Masofaviy ish endi vaqtinchalik hodisa emas. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word trend — trend = uzoq davom etadigan yo‘nalish; phenomenon = hodisaning o‘zi To‘liq sahifasi
concept con- + cept (olmoq) ★★☆	4	tushuncha, g‘oya Ot — Noun	the concept of · a difficult concept · conceptual	The concept of lifelong learning has gained ground in recent decades. Umrbod o‘rganish tushunchasi so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda ommalashdi.	notion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Mavhum mavzuni kiritishning oson yo‘li: The concept of* work-life balance is relatively new.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the concept of · a difficult concept · conceptual Namunalar The concept of lifelong learning has gained ground in recent decades. Umrbod o‘rganish tushunchasi so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda ommalashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym notion — notion = qarash, taxmin (biroz shubha ohangi); concept = aniq shakllangan tushuncha To‘liq sahifasi
phonetic phon + -etic ★☆☆	5	fonetik — nutq tovushlariga oid Sifat — Adjective	phon(phone (yun.) — ovoz) the phonetic alphabet · phonetic transcription · phonetics	Learning the phonetic alphabet helps students place word stress correctly. Fonetik alifboni o‘rganish talabalarga so‘z urg‘usini to‘g‘ri qo‘yishga yordam beradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Speaking uchun amaliy foyda: lug‘atdagi phonetic transcription (/ˈdetəmɪn/ kabi yozuv) urg‘uni ko‘rsatadi, urg‘u esa Pronunciation bahosining bir qismi. Yangi so‘zni yozib olayotganda transkripsiyasini ham ko‘chiring. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the phonetic alphabet · phonetic transcription · phonetics So‘z o‘zagi phon(phone (yun.) — ovoz) — ovoz — tovush shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Learning the phonetic alphabet helps students place word stress correctly. Fonetik alifboni o‘rganish talabalarga so‘z urg‘usini to‘g‘ri qo‘yishga yordam beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word audience — bir soha: phon = ovoz chiqarish, aud = uni eshitish To‘liq sahifasi
criteria kriterion (yun.) — o‘lchov ★☆☆	5	mezonlar — baholash o‘lchovlari Ot — Noun	meet the criteria · selection criteria · a key criterion	Universities should not rely on examination results as the sole criterion. Universitetlar imtihon natijalarini yagona mezon sifatida olmasligi kerak.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ criteria — KO‘PLIK; birligi criterion. ❌ an important criteria → ✅ an important criterion. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar meet the criteria · selection criteria · a key criterion Namunalar Universities should not rely on examination results as the sole criterion. Universitetlar imtihon natijalarini yagona mezon sifatida olmasligi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word phenomenon — ikkalasi ham noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik yasaydi: criteria, phenomena To‘liq sahifasi
overlook over- + look ★☆☆	6	e’tibordan chetda qoldirmoq — sezmay o‘tib ketmoq Fe’l — Verb	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overlook the fact that · an often overlooked factor · easily overlooked	Such policies overlook the needs of families on low incomes. Bunday siyosat kam daromadli oilalarning ehtiyojlarini e’tibordan chetda qoldiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Qarshi fikrning kamchiligini ko‘rsatishning eng ixcham yo‘li: This argument overlooks* the cost to rural communities.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overlook the fact that · an often overlooked factor · easily overlooked So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Such policies overlook the needs of families on low incomes. Bunday siyosat kam daromadli oilalarning ehtiyojlarini e’tibordan chetda qoldiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undermine — overlook = e’tibor bermaslik; undermine = asosini yemirish To‘liq sahifasi
undermine under- + mine (qazmoq) ★★☆	6	asosini yemirmoq, kuchsizlantirmoq Fe’l — Verb	under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) undermine confidence · undermine the argument · seriously undermined	Excessive testing can undermine students’ motivation to learn. Haddan ortiq imtihon o‘quvchilarning o‘rganish ishtiyoqini yemirishi mumkin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Ostidan qazimoq» — sekin-asta zaiflashtirish. Bahsda juda kuchli: Cheap imports undermine* local producers.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar undermine confidence · undermine the argument · seriously undermined So‘z o‘zagi under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) — kam — yetarli emas, ostida shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Excessive testing can undermine students’ motivation to learn. Haddan ortiq imtihon o‘quvchilarning o‘rganish ishtiyoqini yemirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overlook — juftlik: over- va under- qo‘shimchalari To‘liq sahifasi
underestimate under- + estimate ★☆☆	5	past baholamoq — haqiqiy qiymatidan kam deb hisoblamoq Fe’l — Verb	under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) should not be underestimated · widely underestimated	The environmental cost of air travel is often underestimated. Havo transportining ekologik narxi ko‘pincha past baholanadi.	overestimate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tayyor qolip: The importance of early education should not be underestimated. — xulosada juda yaxshi ishlaydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar should not be underestimated · widely underestimated So‘z o‘zagi under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) — kam — yetarli emas, ostida shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The environmental cost of air travel is often underestimated. Havo transportining ekologik narxi ko‘pincha past baholanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym overestimate — over- = ortiqcha baholash; under- = kam baholash To‘liq sahifasi
inevitable in- + evitare (qochmoq) + -able ★★☆	5	muqarrar — oldini olib bo‘lmaydigan Sifat — Adjective	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) an inevitable consequence · it is inevitable that · inevitably	Some job losses are an inevitable consequence of automation. Ba’zi ish o‘rinlarining yo‘qolishi avtomatlashtirishning muqarrar oqibati.	unavoidable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ravishi inevitably — jumla boshida juda foydali: Inevitably, such measures will meet resistance. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an inevitable consequence · it is inevitable that · inevitably So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Some job losses are an inevitable consequence of automation. Ba’zi ish o‘rinlarining yo‘qolishi avtomatlashtirishning muqarrar oqibati. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym unavoidable — ma’nosi bir xil; inevitable akademikroq eshitiladi To‘liq sahifasi
justify just + -ify ★★☆	5	asoslamoq, oqlamoq — sababini ko‘rsatib to‘g‘riligini isbotlamoq Fe’l — Verb	-ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) difficult to justify · justify the cost · justification for	It is hard to justify subsidising an industry that pollutes so heavily. Shunchalik ko‘p ifloslantiruvchi tarmoqni subsidiyalashni oqlash qiyin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Bahsda kuchli tuzilma: Such spending is difficult to justify* when hospitals are underfunded.* Oti — justification. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar difficult to justify · justify the cost · justification for So‘z o‘zagi -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar It is hard to justify subsidising an industry that pollutes so heavily. Shunchalik ko‘p ifloslantiruvchi tarmoqni subsidiyalashni oqlash qiyin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word advocate — justify = sababini ko‘rsatish; advocate = yoqlab chiqish To‘liq sahifasi
analyse analysis (yun.) — qismlarga ajratish ★★☆	4	tahlil qilmoq — qismlarga ajratib o‘rganmoq Fe’l — Verb	-ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) analyse the data · a detailed analysis · analytical skills	Researchers analysed data from over fifty countries. Tadqiqotchilar ellikdan ortiq mamlakat ma’lumotlarini tahlil qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Britaniyacha analyse, amerikacha analyze. Oti — analysis, ko‘pligi analyses. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar analyse the data · a detailed analysis · analytical skills So‘z o‘zagi -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Researchers analysed data from over fifty countries. Tadqiqotchilar ellikdan ortiq mamlakat ma’lumotlarini tahlil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word evaluate — analyse = qismlarga ajratish; evaluate = qiymatini baholash To‘liq sahifasi
evaluate ★★☆	5	baholamoq — qiymatini yoki samarasini o‘lchamoq Fe’l — Verb	evaluate the effectiveness of · a thorough evaluation	Governments rarely evaluate the long-term impact of these schemes. Hukumatlar bunday dasturlarning uzoq muddatli ta’sirini kamdan-kam baholaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da chorani baholashda: It is difficult to evaluate* the effectiveness of such policies.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar evaluate the effectiveness of · a thorough evaluation Namunalar Governments rarely evaluate the long-term impact of these schemes. Hukumatlar bunday dasturlarning uzoq muddatli ta’sirini kamdan-kam baholaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word analyse — analyse = tahlil; evaluate = baho To‘liq sahifasi
constitute ★☆☆	6	tashkil etmoq — «... hisoblanadi» Fe’l — Verb	constitute a threat · constitute the majority · this constitutes	Air pollution constitutes the single greatest health risk in many cities. Havo ifloslanishi ko‘p shaharlarda eng katta yagona sog‘liq xavfini tashkil etadi.	account for
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki ma’no: miqdor (Women constitute* 60% of graduates) va baho (This constitutes a serious threat). Ikkinchisi Task 2 uchun kuchli. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar constitute a threat · constitute the majority · this constitutes Namunalar Air pollution constitutes the single greatest health risk in many cities. Havo ifloslanishi ko‘p shaharlarda eng katta yagona sog‘liq xavfini tashkil etadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym account for* — account for = foizni aytadi; constitute = ta’rif beradi To‘liq sahifasi
attribute ★★☆	6	bog‘lamoq, sabab qilib ko‘rsatmoq — «... ga bog‘liq deb bilmoq» Fe’l — Verb	attribute X to Y · can be attributed to · widely attributed to	The improvement is largely attributed to investment in teacher training. Yaxshilanish asosan o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlashga sarmoya kiritilgani bilan bog‘lanadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sababni ehtiyotkorlik bilan aytadi: The decline can be attributed to* falling birth rates.* — «sabab shu» deb qat’iy da’vo qilmaydi, shuning uchun Band 7 uchun ideal. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar attribute X to Y · can be attributed to · widely attributed to Namunalar The improvement is largely attributed to investment in teacher training. Yaxshilanish asosan o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlashga sarmoya kiritilgani bilan bog‘lanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word stem from — attribute to = biz bog‘laymiz; stem from = o‘zi kelib chiqadi To‘liq sahifasi
stem from ★☆☆	6	kelib chiqmoq — ildizi shunda bo‘lmoq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	stem from poverty · problems stemming from	Much of the resistance stems from a lack of reliable information. Qarshilikning katta qismi ishonchli ma’lumot yetishmasligidan kelib chiqadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh result from ning obrazli varianti: Many social problems stem from* inadequate housing.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar stem from poverty · problems stemming from Namunalar Much of the resistance stems from a lack of reliable information. Qarshilikning katta qismi ishonchli ma’lumot yetishmasligidan kelib chiqadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word attribute — stem from = sabab tomondan; attribute to = xulosa tomondan To‘liq sahifasi
advocate ★★☆	6	yoqlab chiqmoq, targ‘ib qilmoq Fe’l — Verb	advocate reform · advocates of the policy · strongly advocate	Some economists advocate raising taxes on high-carbon industries. Ba’zi iqtisodchilar yuqori uglerodli tarmoqlarga solig‘ni oshirishni yoqlab chiqadi.	oppose
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot sifatida ham: advocates of free education argue that… — bu Task 2 da qarashni kimga tegishli ekanini aytishning tabiiy yo‘li. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar advocate reform · advocates of the policy · strongly advocate Namunalar Some economists advocate raising taxes on high-carbon industries. Ba’zi iqtisodchilar yuqori uglerodli tarmoqlarga solig‘ni oshirishni yoqlab chiqadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym oppose — advocate = yoqlamoq; oppose = qarshi chiqmoq To‘liq sahifasi
oppose ★★☆	4	qarshi chiqmoq Fe’l — Verb	oppose the plan · strongly opposed to · opposition to	Local communities opposed the construction of the new airport. Mahalliy aholi yangi aeroport qurilishiga qarshi chiqdi.	advocate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sifat shakli predlog oladi: be opposed to + ot/-ing — Residents are strongly opposed to* the development.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar oppose the plan · strongly opposed to · opposition to Namunalar Local communities opposed the construction of the new airport. Mahalliy aholi yangi aeroport qurilishiga qarshi chiqdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym advocate — oppose = qarshi; advocate = tarafdor To‘liq sahifasi
arguably ★★☆	6	ehtimol, bahsli ravishda — «aytish mumkinki» Ravish — Adverb	arguably the most important · this is arguably	Automation is arguably the greatest challenge facing the labour market. Avtomatlashtirish, aytish mumkinki, mehnat bozori oldidagi eng katta muammo.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kuchli da’voni bahsga ochiq qoldiradi — hedging’ning eng ixcham shakli: Education is arguably* the most effective long-term solution.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar arguably the most important · this is arguably Namunalar Automation is arguably the greatest challenge facing the labour market. Avtomatlashtirish, aytish mumkinki, mehnat bozori oldidagi eng katta muammo. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undoubtedly — arguably = bahsli; undoubtedly = shubhasiz (teskari kuch) To‘liq sahifasi
undoubtedly ★☆☆	5	shubhasiz — aniq, inkor qilib bo‘lmaydigan Ravish — Adverb	undoubtedly true · has undoubtedly improved	Vaccination has undoubtedly saved millions of lives. Emlash shubhasiz millionlab hayotni saqlab qoldi.	arguably
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Qarshi tomonning haqiqiy tomonini tan olish uchun juda mos: Technology has undoubtedly* improved access to information; however, …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar undoubtedly true · has undoubtedly improved Namunalar Vaccination has undoubtedly saved millions of lives. Emlash shubhasiz millionlab hayotni saqlab qoldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym arguably — undoubtedly = shubhasiz; arguably = bahsli To‘liq sahifasi
significant ★★★	3	sezilarli, muhim — e’tiborga loyiq darajadagi Sifat — Adjective	a significant increase · significantly higher · of great significance	There has been a significant shift in public attitudes since 2010. 2010-yildan beri jamoatchilik qarashlarida sezilarli o‘zgarish yuz berdi.	considerable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 va Task 2 ning eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladigan sifati. Aynan shuning uchun uni considerable, substantial, marked bilan almashtirib turing. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a significant increase · significantly higher · of great significance Namunalar There has been a significant shift in public attitudes since 2010. 2010-yildan beri jamoatchilik qarashlarida sezilarli o‘zgarish yuz berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym considerable — ma’nosi yaqin; significant «muhim» ma’nosini ham beradi To‘liq sahifasi
widespread ★★☆	4	keng tarqalgan Sifat — Adjective	widespread use of · widespread concern · become widespread	The widespread use of smartphones has changed how families communicate. Smartfonlarning keng tarqalishi oilalar muloqot qilish tarzini o‘zgartirdi.	prevalent
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Many people… gapini bir so‘zga siqadi: There is widespread* concern about screen time among children.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar widespread use of · widespread concern · become widespread Namunalar The widespread use of smartphones has changed how families communicate. Smartfonlarning keng tarqalishi oilalar muloqot qilish tarzini o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym prevalent — prevalent = ayni bir joyda/guruhda keng tarqalgan; widespread = umuman hamma joyda To‘liq sahifasi
crucial ★★☆	4	hal qiluvchi, o‘ta muhim Sifat — Adjective	play a crucial role · crucial to success · it is crucial that	Access to clean water is crucial to public health. Toza suvdan foydalanish jamoat salomatligi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega.	essential
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh play a crucial role in + -ing — Task 2 uchun tayyor birikma: Schools play a crucial role in* shaping attitudes.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar play a crucial role · crucial to success · it is crucial that Namunalar Access to clean water is crucial to public health. Toza suvdan foydalanish jamoat salomatligi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym essential — ma’nosi bir xil — takrorlanmaslik uchun almashtiring To‘liq sahifasi
essential ★★☆	3	zarur, muhim — usiz bo‘lmaydigan Sifat — Adjective	essential for · it is essential that · essential services	Practical experience is essential for graduates entering the job market. Amaliy tajriba mehnat bozoriga kirayotgan bitiruvchilar uchun zarur.	crucial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi: essential for/to. Subjunctive bilan: It is essential that* every child have access to education.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar essential for · it is essential that · essential services Namunalar Practical experience is essential for graduates entering the job market. Amaliy tajriba mehnat bozoriga kirayotgan bitiruvchilar uchun zarur. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym crucial — crucial biroz kuchliroq — «hal qiluvchi» To‘liq sahifasi
controversial ★★☆	5	bahsli, munozarali — qarama-qarshi fikr uyg‘otadigan Sifat — Adjective	a controversial issue · remains controversial · controversy	Compulsory military service remains a controversial issue in many countries. Majburiy harbiy xizmat ko‘p mamlakatlarda hamon bahsli masala bo‘lib qolmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kirish xatboshi uchun tayyor boshlanma: The question of whether X should be banned remains controversial. Oti — controversy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a controversial issue · remains controversial · controversy Namunalar Compulsory military service remains a controversial issue in many countries. Majburiy harbiy xizmat ko‘p mamlakatlarda hamon bahsli masala bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word contradict — bir ildizdan emas, lekin ikkalasi ham qarama-qarshilik haqida To‘liq sahifasi
beneficial ★★☆	4	foydali — naf keltiradigan Sifat — Adjective	beneficial to health · mutually beneficial · the benefits of	Bilingual education has proved beneficial to cognitive development. Ikki tilli ta’lim kognitiv rivojlanish uchun foydali ekani isbotlandi.	detrimental
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi to yoki for: beneficial to the economy. Good for ning akademik varianti. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar beneficial to health · mutually beneficial · the benefits of Namunalar Bilingual education has proved beneficial to cognitive development. Ikki tilli ta’lim kognitiv rivojlanish uchun foydali ekani isbotlandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym detrimental — beneficial = foydali; detrimental = zararli To‘liq sahifasi
detrimental ★★☆	6	zararli — salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadigan Sifat — Adjective	detrimental to health · a detrimental effect on	Long commutes have a detrimental effect on family life. Uzoq qatnov oila hayotiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.	beneficial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh bad for ning akademik varianti — Task 2 da juda ko‘p kerak bo‘ladi: Excessive screen time can be detrimental to* children’s sleep.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar detrimental to health · a detrimental effect on Namunalar Long commutes have a detrimental effect on family life. Uzoq qatnov oila hayotiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym beneficial — detrimental = zararli; beneficial = foydali To‘liq sahifasi
viable ★☆☆	6	hayotga tatbiq etsa bo‘ladigan — amalda ishlaydigan Sifat — Adjective	-able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) a viable alternative · economically viable · viable solution	Wind power has become an economically viable option for many countries. Shamol energiyasi ko‘p mamlakatlar uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan maqbul variantga aylandi.	feasible
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh a viable alternative — yechim taklif qilishda eng foydali birikmalardan: Rail travel is a viable alternative* to short-haul flights.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a viable alternative · economically viable · viable solution So‘z o‘zagi -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Wind power has become an economically viable option for many countries. Shamol energiyasi ko‘p mamlakatlar uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan maqbul variantga aylandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym feasible — feasible = amalga oshirsa bo‘ladigan; viable = uzoq muddat yashab keta oladigan To‘liq sahifasi
feasible ★☆☆	6	amalga oshirsa bo‘ladigan — imkoni bor Sifat — Adjective	technically feasible · a feasible solution · feasibility	Free public transport is feasible only in relatively wealthy cities. Bepul jamoat transporti faqat nisbatan boy shaharlarda amalga oshsa bo‘ladi.	viable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Taklifning kuchsiz tomonini tan olishda: Such a scheme may not be feasible* in poorer regions.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar technically feasible · a feasible solution · feasibility Namunalar Free public transport is feasible only in relatively wealthy cities. Bepul jamoat transporti faqat nisbatan boy shaharlarda amalga oshsa bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym viable — feasible = qilib bo‘ladi; viable = davom ettirib bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
address ★★★	5	hal qilishga kirishmoq — muammo bilan shug‘ullanmoq Fe’l — Verb	address the problem · address the root cause · needs to be addressed	Any lasting solution must address the underlying economic causes. Har qanday barqaror yechim asosdagi iqtisodiy sabablarni hal qilishi kerak.	tackle
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Manzil» emas! Task 2 da muammoga qaratilgan harakat: These policies fail to address* the root cause of the problem.* — qarshi dalilni tanqid qilishning eng qulay yo‘li. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar address the problem · address the root cause · needs to be addressed Namunalar Any lasting solution must address the underlying economic causes. Har qanday barqaror yechim asosdagi iqtisodiy sabablarni hal qilishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym tackle — tackle = biroz og‘zakiroq va faolroq; address = akademik To‘liq sahifasi
tackle ★★☆	4	kurashmoq, hal qilishga urinmoq Fe’l — Verb	tackle climate change · tackle crime · tackle the issue	Cities are using congestion charges to tackle traffic and pollution. Shaharlar tirbandlik va ifloslanishga qarshi kurashish uchun yig‘imlardan foydalanmoqda.	address
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sport ma’nosidan kelib chiqqan, lekin siyosat tilida butunlay tabiiy: measures to tackle* air pollution. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar tackle climate change · tackle crime · tackle the issue Namunalar Cities are using congestion charges to tackle traffic and pollution. Shaharlar tirbandlik va ifloslanishga qarshi kurashish uchun yig‘imlardan foydalanmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym address* — address = rasmiyroq; tackle = jonliroq To‘liq sahifasi
alleviate ★☆☆	6	yengillashtirmoq — muammoni qisman kamaytirmoq Fe’l — Verb	alleviate poverty · alleviate pressure on · help alleviate	New housing would alleviate overcrowding in the city centre. Yangi uy-joylar shahar markazidagi tig‘izlikni yengillashtirardi.	tackle
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Hal qilmaydi, lekin yengillashtiradi» — ehtiyotkor va aniq: Subsidies can alleviate* the pressure on low-income families.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar alleviate poverty · alleviate pressure on · help alleviate Namunalar New housing would alleviate overcrowding in the city centre. Yangi uy-joylar shahar markazidagi tig‘izlikni yengillashtirardi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym tackle — tackle = muammoga hujum; alleviate = og‘riqni kamaytirish To‘liq sahifasi
distinguish ★☆☆	5	farqlamoq — bir-biridan ajratmoq Fe’l — Verb	distinguish between X and Y · a clear distinction	It is important to distinguish between correlation and causation. Bog‘liqlik bilan sababiyatni farqlash muhim.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Qolipi: distinguish between A and B. Oti — distinction: It is important to draw a distinction between* …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar distinguish between X and Y · a clear distinction Namunalar It is important to distinguish between correlation and causation. Bog‘liqlik bilan sababiyatni farqlash muhim. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word compare — distinguish = farqni ko‘rsatish; compare = ikkalasini qiyoslash To‘liq sahifasi
notion ★☆☆	6	qarash, taxmin — asoslanmagan bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan fikr Ot — Noun	the notion that · reject the notion · a popular notion	The notion that young people are less engaged politically is questionable. Yoshlar siyosatga kamroq qiziqadi degan qarash bahsli.	concept
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ichida yengil shubha bor — shuning uchun qarshi fikrni kiritishda juda mos: The notion that* money buys happiness is widely challenged.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the notion that · reject the notion · a popular notion Namunalar The notion that young people are less engaged politically is questionable. Yoshlar siyosatga kamroq qiziqadi degan qarash bahsli. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym concept — concept = shakllangan tushuncha; notion = shubhali qarash To‘liq sahifasi
effective ★★★	3	samarali, natija beradigan — maqsadga erishadigan Sifat — Adjective	an effective solution · prove effective · the most effective way to	Public awareness campaigns have proved surprisingly effective. Aholi xabardorligini oshirish kampaniyalari kutilmaganda samarali bo‘ldi.	efficient
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ effective (natija beradi) ≠ efficient (tejamli). Task 2 xulosasida: the most effective* long-term solution. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an effective solution · prove effective · the most effective way to Namunalar Public awareness campaigns have proved surprisingly effective. Aholi xabardorligini oshirish kampaniyalari kutilmaganda samarali bo‘ldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym efficient* — effective = ishlaydi; efficient = arzon va tez ishlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

32 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
reduce re- + duce ★★★	2	kamaytirmoq — «orqaga yetaklamoq» Fe’l — Verb	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) reduce emissions · a sharp reduction · reduce costs by 20%	Congestion charges have reduced traffic in the city centre by a third. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari shahar markazidagi transport oqimini uchdan birga kamaytirdi.	increase
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 va Task 2 ning eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladigan fe’li. Oti — reduction (a significant reduction in waste). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reduce emissions · a sharp reduction · reduce costs by 20% So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Congestion charges have reduced traffic in the city centre by a third. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari shahar markazidagi transport oqimini uchdan birga kamaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym increase — reduce = kamaytirmoq; increase = ko‘paytirmoq To‘liq sahifasi
project pro- + ject ★★☆	5	prognoz qilmoq — «oldinga tashlamoq» Fe’l — Verb	ject(iacere (lat.) — otmoq) projected to rise · projected figures · population projections	The urban population is projected to double by 2050. Shahar aholisi 2050-yilga borib ikki baravar ko‘payishi prognoz qilinmoqda.	forecast
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 uchun juda muhim: grafik kelajakni ko‘rsatsa, is projected to* reach…* deb yozing. Ot sifatida urg‘u boshqa: PROject = loyiha. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar projected to rise · projected figures · population projections So‘z o‘zagi ject(iacere (lat.) — otmoq) — otmoq — irg‘itmoq, tashlamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The urban population is projected to double by 2050. Shahar aholisi 2050-yilga borib ikki baravar ko‘payishi prognoz qilinmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym forecast — forecast = rasmiy bashorat (ob-havo, iqtisod); project = mavjud tendensiyani davom ettirib hisoblash To‘liq sahifasi
exceed ex- + ceed ★★☆	5	oshib ketmoq — belgilangan chegaradan yuqori bo‘lmoq Fe’l — Verb	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) exceed the limit · exceed expectations · exceed 50%	Pollution levels regularly exceed international safety limits. Ifloslanish darajasi muntazam ravishda xalqaro xavfsizlik chegarasidan oshib ketadi.	surpass
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da raqamni takrorlamasdan berish uchun: The figure exceeded* 60% for the first time in 2010.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar exceed the limit · exceed expectations · exceed 50% So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Pollution levels regularly exceed international safety limits. Ifloslanish darajasi muntazam ravishda xalqaro xavfsizlik chegarasidan oshib ketadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym surpass — surpass = boshqasidan ustun chiqmoq (poyga ohangi); exceed = belgilangan chegaradan oshmoq To‘liq sahifasi
illustrate il- + lustrare (yoritmoq) ★★★	4	ko‘rsatmoq, misol bilan yoritmoq Fe’l — Verb	the graph illustrates · to illustrate this point · as illustrated by	The diagram illustrates the process by which glass is recycled. Diagramma shishaning qayta ishlanish jarayonini ko‘rsatadi.	describe
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 kirish jumlasi uchun eng qulay fe’l — savoldagi shows so‘zini takrorlamaslik uchun: The bar chart illustrates* …* Muqobillar: depicts, compares, gives information about. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the graph illustrates · to illustrate this point · as illustrated by Namunalar The diagram illustrates the process by which glass is recycled. Diagramma shishaning qayta ishlanish jarayonini ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym describe — illustrate = ko‘rsatib beradi; describe = so‘z bilan tavsiflaydi To‘liq sahifasi
predict pre- + dict ★★☆	3	oldindan aytmoq, bashorat qilmoq Fe’l — Verb	dict(dicere (lat.) — aytmoq) predict a rise · as predicted · unpredictable	Economists predict that demand will slow over the next decade. Iqtisodchilar keyingi o‘n yilda talab sekinlashishini bashorat qilmoqda.	forecast
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sifati predictable (kutilgan) va unpredictable (oldindan aytib bo‘lmaydigan) — ikkalasi ham Task 2 da foydali. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar predict a rise · as predicted · unpredictable So‘z o‘zagi dict(dicere (lat.) — aytmoq) — aytmoq — so‘zlamoq, buyurmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Economists predict that demand will slow over the next decade. Iqtisodchilar keyingi o‘n yilda talab sekinlashishini bashorat qilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym forecast — forecast = rasmiy, raqamli prognoz; predict = umumiy bashorat To‘liq sahifasi
substantial sub- + stant (turmoq) + -ial ★★★	5	salmoqli, sezilarli — katta miqdordagi Sifat — Adjective	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) a substantial increase · substantial evidence · substantially higher	There was a substantial increase in energy consumption after 2005. 2005-yildan keyin energiya iste’molida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi.	marginal considerable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da big so‘zining eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: a substantial* rise, substantially* higher. ⚠️ substantial (katta) ≠ substantive (mazmunli). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a substantial increase · substantial evidence · substantially higher So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar There was a substantial increase in energy consumption after 2005. 2005-yildan keyin energiya iste’molida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym marginal — substantial = katta; marginal = arzimas Sinonim — Synonym considerable — ma’nosi deyarli bir xil — takrorlanmaslik uchun almashtiring To‘liq sahifasi
consumption con- + sumpt + -ion ★★★	4	iste’mol — sarflash miqdori Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) energy consumption · consumption per capita · household consumption	Energy consumption per capita fell steadily throughout the period. Aholi jon boshiga energiya iste’moli davr davomida barqaror kamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 ning eng ko‘p uchraydigan otlaridan biri. Fe’li — consume, iste’molchi — consumer. per capita («jon boshiga») bilan juftlanadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar energy consumption · consumption per capita · household consumption So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Energy consumption per capita fell steadily throughout the period. Aholi jon boshiga energiya iste’moli davr davomida barqaror kamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word expenditure — consumption = sarflangan miqdor; expenditure = sarflangan pul To‘liq sahifasi
soar ★★☆	5	keskin ko‘tarilmoq — juda tez va baland o‘smoq Fe’l — Verb	prices soared · soaring demand · soar to a peak	House prices soared between 2003 and 2007 before collapsing. Uy narxlari 2003-2007 yillarda keskin ko‘tarildi, so‘ng qulab tushdi.	plummet surge
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Eng kuchli o‘sish fe’li — faqat haqiqatan keskin ko‘tarilish uchun ishlating. Kichik o‘sishga qo‘llasangiz, ma’lumotni noto‘g‘ri talqin qilgan bo‘lasiz va ball yo‘qotasiz. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar prices soared · soaring demand · soar to a peak Namunalar House prices soared between 2003 and 2007 before collapsing. Uy narxlari 2003-2007 yillarda keskin ko‘tarildi, so‘ng qulab tushdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym plummet — soar = keskin KO‘TARILISH; plummet = keskin PASAYISH Sinonim — Synonym surge — surge = to‘lqinsimon keskin o‘sish (ko‘pincha qisqa muddatli); soar = uzoq va baland ko‘tarilish To‘liq sahifasi
plummet ★★☆	5	keskin pasaymoq — tik tushmoq Fe’l — Verb	sales plummeted · plummet to a low of · a plummeting share	Newspaper circulation plummeted after the arrival of online news. Onlayn yangiliklar paydo bo‘lgach, gazeta tirajlari keskin tushib ketdi.	soar
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh plunge, collapse, slump bilan bir oila. Yumshoqroq varianti — decline, o‘rtacha — drop. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sales plummeted · plummet to a low of · a plummeting share Namunalar Newspaper circulation plummeted after the arrival of online news. Onlayn yangiliklar paydo bo‘lgach, gazeta tirajlari keskin tushib ketdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym soar — plummet = tik pasayish; soar = tik ko‘tarilish To‘liq sahifasi
surge ★☆☆	5	to‘satdan keskin o‘sish — «to‘lqin» Ot — Noun	a surge in demand · a sudden surge · surge to a record high	There was a surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Pandemiya davrida onlayn xaridda keskin o‘sish kuzatildi.	soar
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot va fe’l sifatida ishlaydi. a surge in* …* — predlogi in, xuddi an increase in kabi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a surge in demand · a sudden surge · surge to a record high Namunalar There was a surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Pandemiya davrida onlayn xaridda keskin o‘sish kuzatildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym soar — surge = qisqa va to‘satdan; soar = uzoq va baland To‘liq sahifasi
fluctuate ★★★	5	tebranmoq — goh ko‘tarilib, goh tushib turmoq Fe’l — Verb	fluctuate between X and Y · considerable fluctuation · fluctuate wildly	Oil prices fluctuated considerably throughout the decade. Neft narxlari o‘n yillik davomida sezilarli tebranib turdi.	remain stable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Notekis chiziq uchun yagona to‘g‘ri fe’l. Chiziq bir necha marta yuqoriga-pastga ketsa, uni «o‘sdi» yoki «tushdi» deb aytmang: The figure fluctuated between* 20 and 30 units.* Oti — fluctuation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar fluctuate between X and Y · considerable fluctuation · fluctuate wildly Namunalar Oil prices fluctuated considerably throughout the decade. Neft narxlari o‘n yillik davomida sezilarli tebranib turdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym remain stable — fluctuate = tebranadi; remain stable = o‘zgarmaydi To‘liq sahifasi
level off ★★★	4	barqarorlashmoq — o‘sib/tushib kelib, tekislanmoq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	level off at 40% · then levelled off · plateau	After rising sharply, the figure levelled off at just under 50%. Keskin ko‘tarilgandan so‘ng ko‘rsatkich 50% dan bir oz pastda barqarorlashdi.	remain stable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Chiziq o‘zgarishdan to‘xtab, tekis ketganda: Growth levelled off at* around 60%.* Sinonimlari: plateau (fe’l ham), stabilise, remain steady. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar level off at 40% · then levelled off · plateau Namunalar After rising sharply, the figure levelled off at just under 50%. Keskin ko‘tarilgandan so‘ng ko‘rsatkich 50% dan bir oz pastda barqarorlashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym remain stable — level off = o‘zgarishdan keyin tekislanish; remain stable = boshidan o‘zgarmaslik To‘liq sahifasi
remain stable ★★★	3	o‘zgarmay qolmoq — barqaror turmoq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	remain stable · remain unchanged · hold steady at	Spending on education remained stable throughout the period. Ta’limga sarflangan mablag‘ davr davomida o‘zgarmay qoldi.	fluctuate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tekis chiziq uchun: The figure for Germany remained stable* at around 30%.* Muqobillar: remained unchanged, showed little change, stayed constant. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar remain stable · remain unchanged · hold steady at Namunalar Spending on education remained stable throughout the period. Ta’limga sarflangan mablag‘ davr davomida o‘zgarmay qoldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym fluctuate — remain stable = tekis; fluctuate = tebranuvchan To‘liq sahifasi
peak ★★★	4	cho‘qqi — eng yuqori nuqta Ot — Noun	reach a peak of · peak at 80% · a peak in 2010	Visitor numbers peaked at 3 million in 2015 before falling back. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2015-yilda 3 millionga chiqib, so‘ng pasaydi.	trough
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ham ot, ham fe’l: reached a peak of* 80 million* = peaked at 80 million. Ikkinchisi ixchamroq — Task 1 da shuni ishlating. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reach a peak of · peak at 80% · a peak in 2010 Namunalar Visitor numbers peaked at 3 million in 2015 before falling back. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2015-yilda 3 millionga chiqib, so‘ng pasaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym trough — peak = eng yuqori nuqta; trough = eng past nuqta To‘liq sahifasi
trough ★☆☆	6	eng past nuqta — chuqurlik Ot — Noun	hit a trough · a low of · reach its lowest point	Production reached a trough in 2009 and recovered slowly thereafter. Ishlab chiqarish 2009-yilda eng past nuqtaga tushdi va keyin sekin tiklandi.	peak
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kamroq ishlatiladi; xavfsizroq muqobil — a low of yoki its lowest point: The figure fell to a low of* 12%.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar hit a trough · a low of · reach its lowest point Namunalar Production reached a trough in 2009 and recovered slowly thereafter. Ishlab chiqarish 2009-yilda eng past nuqtaga tushdi va keyin sekin tiklandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym peak — trough = eng past; peak = eng yuqori To‘liq sahifasi
marginal ★★☆	5	arzimas, juda kichik — sezilmas darajadagi Sifat — Adjective	a marginal increase · marginally higher · only marginal change	The figure for Spain showed only a marginal increase over the period. Ispaniya ko‘rsatkichi davr davomida faqat arzimas o‘sishni ko‘rsatdi.	substantial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kichik o‘zgarishni aniq aytish uchun: a marginal* rise of just 2%. Ravishi — marginally: marginally higher than. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a marginal increase · marginally higher · only marginal change Namunalar The figure for Spain showed only a marginal increase over the period. Ispaniya ko‘rsatkichi davr davomida faqat arzimas o‘sishni ko‘rsatdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym substantial* — marginal = arzimas; substantial = salmoqli To‘liq sahifasi
considerable ★★★	4	sezilarli, anchagina — katta miqdordagi Sifat — Adjective	a considerable increase · considerably higher · considerable variation	There was considerable variation between the four countries. To‘rt mamlakat orasida sezilarli tafovut bor edi.	substantial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 va Task 2 da very big ni almashtiradi. Ravishi considerably qiyosiy shakl bilan juda yaxshi ishlaydi: considerably higher than. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a considerable increase · considerably higher · considerable variation Namunalar There was considerable variation between the four countries. To‘rt mamlakat orasida sezilarli tafovut bor edi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym substantial — ikkalasi bir xil ma’noda — matnda navbat bilan ishlating To‘liq sahifasi
proportion ★★★	4	ulush, nisbat — butunning qismi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) a large proportion of · the proportion of X rose · in proportion to	The proportion of households with internet access rose from 20% to 85%. Internetga ega xonadonlar ulushi 20% dan 85% gacha oshdi.	percentage
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng akademik yo‘li: a significant proportion of* households. ⚠️ Fe’l proportion* ga emas, ma’noga qarab moslashadi — imtihonda birlik xavfsizroq. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a large proportion of · the proportion of X rose · in proportion to So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The proportion of households with internet access rose from 20% to 85%. Internetga ega xonadonlar ulushi 20% dan 85% gacha oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym percentage — percentage = aniq foiz raqami; proportion = umumiy ulush To‘liq sahifasi
account for ★★★	5	tashkil qilmoq — «... foizni tashkil etadi» Ibora — Phrase & collocation	account for 40% of · account for the majority of	Transport accounted for nearly a quarter of total emissions. Transport umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli chorak qismini tashkil qildi.	make up
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Pie chart uchun eng kerakli ibora. Coal accounted for* just over a third of total output.* Ikkinchi ma’nosi — «izohlab bermoq»: This accounts for* the sharp rise.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar account for 40% of · account for the majority of Namunalar Transport accounted for nearly a quarter of total emissions. Transport umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli chorak qismini tashkil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym make up — make up = neytral/og‘zakiroq; account for = akademik To‘liq sahifasi
respectively ★★☆	6	tegishlicha — sanalgan tartibda Ravish — Adverb	45% and 30% respectively · rose and fell respectively	Spending rose in Japan and fell in Korea, by 12% and 8% respectively. Xarajatlar Yaponiyada oshdi va Koreyada kamaydi — tegishlicha 12% va 8% ga.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki raqamni bitta gapda berish imkonini beradi — Task 1 uchun oltin: The figures for France and Italy were 45% and 30% respectively. ⚠️ Tartib mos kelishi shart, aks holda gap yolg‘on bo‘ladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar 45% and 30% respectively · rose and fell respectively Namunalar Spending rose in Japan and fell in Korea, by 12% and 8% respectively. Xarajatlar Yaponiyada oshdi va Koreyada kamaydi — tegishlicha 12% va 8% ga. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word proportion — ikkalasi ham raqamlarni ixcham bayon qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
threefold ★☆☆	6	uch karra — «uch baravar» Sifat — Adjective	a threefold increase · rise threefold · a twofold rise	The country recorded a threefold increase in solar capacity. Mamlakat quyosh quvvatining uch karra oshganini qayd etdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh three times as much ning ixcham shakli: a threefold* increase in demand. Oilasi: twofold, fourfold, tenfold. Fe’l bilan ham: rose threefold. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a threefold increase · rise threefold · a twofold rise Namunalar The country recorded a threefold increase in solar capacity. Mamlakat quyosh quvvatining uch karra oshganini qayd etdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word double* — double = ikki baravar (fe’l ham); threefold = uch karra (sifat) To‘liq sahifasi
double ★★★	3	ikki baravar oshmoq / oshirmoq Fe’l — Verb	more than doubled · double the number of · double that of	The number of car owners more than doubled between 1990 and 2010. Avtomobil egalari soni 1990-2010 yillarda ikki baravardan ko‘proq oshdi.	halve
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ham fe’l, ham sifat: The figure doubled · output was double that of* Spain. Juftlari: triple, quadruple, halve* (yarmiga tushmoq). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar more than doubled · double the number of · double that of Namunalar The number of car owners more than doubled between 1990 and 2010. Avtomobil egalari soni 1990-2010 yillarda ikki baravardan ko‘proq oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym halve — double = ikki baravar oshmoq; halve = yarmiga tushmoq To‘liq sahifasi
halve ★☆☆	5	yarmiga tushmoq / kamaytirmoq Fe’l — Verb	halve emissions · numbers halved · fall by half	The government aims to halve carbon emissions within a decade. Hukumat o‘n yil ichida uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishni maqsad qilgan.	double
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Talaffuzi «hav» — l o‘qilmaydi (Speaking uchun). Muqobil: fall by half, drop to half. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar halve emissions · numbers halved · fall by half Namunalar The government aims to halve carbon emissions within a decade. Hukumat o‘n yil ichida uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishni maqsad qilgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym double — halve = yarmiga; double = ikki baravarga To‘liq sahifasi
percentage ★★★	3	foiz ko‘rsatkichi Ot — Noun	the percentage of · a high percentage · percentage points	The percentage of women in higher education rose steadily. Oliy ta’limdagi ayollar ulushi barqaror o‘sdi.	proportion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ percentage (ot, «foiz ko‘rsatkichi») va percent / % (raqam bilan) farq qiladi: ❌ 20 percentage → ✅ 20 percent yoki ✅ the percentage* of students. Foizlar orasidagi farq — percentage points, foiz emas. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the percentage of · a high percentage · percentage points Namunalar The percentage of women in higher education rose steadily. Oliy ta’limdagi ayollar ulushi barqaror o‘sdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym proportion* — proportion = umumiy ulush (so‘z bilan); percentage = aniq foiz To‘liq sahifasi
per capita ★☆☆	6	jon boshiga — har bir odamga to‘g‘ri keladigan Ibora — Phrase & collocation	per capita income · consumption per capita · GDP per capita	Water consumption per capita was highest in the United States. Jon boshiga suv iste’moli AQSHda eng yuqori bo‘ldi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Lotincha ibora («har bosh uchun»). Diagramma sarlavhasida uchrasa, uni javobda takrorlash o‘rniga per person deb ham berish mumkin. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar per capita income · consumption per capita · GDP per capita Namunalar Water consumption per capita was highest in the United States. Jon boshiga suv iste’moli AQSHda eng yuqori bo‘ldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word consumption — diagrammalarda deyarli doim birga keladi To‘liq sahifasi
overtake ★★☆	5	ortda qoldirmoq — ilgarilab ketmoq Fe’l — Verb	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overtake in 2005 · was overtaken by · surpass	By 2012 China had overtaken the United States as the largest emitter. 2012-yilga kelib Xitoy eng yirik chiqindi manbai sifatida AQShni ortda qoldirdi.	exceed
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki chiziq kesishgan joyni tasvirlaydi — Task 1 da bu nuqtani albatta aytish kerak: Solar power overtook* coal in 2018.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overtake in 2005 · was overtaken by · surpass So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar By 2012 China had overtaken the United States as the largest emitter. 2012-yilga kelib Xitoy eng yirik chiqindi manbai sifatida AQShni ortda qoldirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym exceed — exceed = chegaradan oshmoq; overtake = boshqasini ortda qoldirmoq To‘liq sahifasi
gap ★★☆	3	tafovut, farq — ikki ko‘rsatkich orasidagi bo‘shliq Ot — Noun	the gap widened · a narrowing gap · the gap between rich and poor	The gap between urban and rural incomes widened throughout the period. Shahar va qishloq daromadlari orasidagi tafovut davr davomida kengaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki chiziqning bir-biridan uzoqlashishi yoki yaqinlashishi: The gap* between the two widened after 2000* · the gap narrowed. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the gap widened · a narrowing gap · the gap between rich and poor Namunalar The gap between urban and rural incomes widened throughout the period. Shahar va qishloq daromadlari orasidagi tafovut davr davomida kengaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — gap = raqamli farq; inequality = ijtimoiy tengsizlik To‘liq sahifasi
outnumber ★☆☆	6	soni jihatidan ko‘p bo‘lmoq — «... dan ko‘proq» Fe’l — Verb	outnumber men by two to one · far outnumbered	In 2010, mobile subscriptions outnumbered landlines for the first time. 2010-yilda mobil obunalar birinchi marta uyali bo‘lmagan liniyalardan ko‘p bo‘ldi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ixcham qiyoslash: Female students outnumbered* male students by three to one.* — bitta fe’lda butun jumla ma’nosi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar outnumber men by two to one · far outnumbered Namunalar In 2010, mobile subscriptions outnumbered landlines for the first time. 2010-yilda mobil obunalar birinchi marta uyali bo‘lmagan liniyalardan ko‘p bo‘ldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overtake — outnumber = miqdoran ko‘p; overtake = vaqt ichida ortda qoldirish To‘liq sahifasi
expenditure ★★☆	5	xarajat — sarflangan mablag‘ Ot — Noun	household expenditure · public expenditure · expenditure on health	Household expenditure on food fell steadily as incomes rose. Daromadlar oshgani sari xonadonlarning oziq-ovqatga xarajati barqaror kamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh spending ning rasmiy varianti; Task 1 diagrammalarida ko‘p uchraydi. Predlogi on: expenditure on education. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar household expenditure · public expenditure · expenditure on health Namunalar Household expenditure on food fell steadily as incomes rose. Daromadlar oshgani sari xonadonlarning oziq-ovqatga xarajati barqaror kamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word consumption — expenditure = sarflangan pul; consumption = sarflangan miqdor To‘liq sahifasi
steadily ★★★	3	barqaror ravishda — bir tekis, uzluksiz Ravish — Adverb	rise steadily · steadily declining · a steady increase	The number of international students has risen steadily since 2000. Xalqaro talabalar soni 2000-yildan beri barqaror o‘sib bormoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tekis va uzluksiz o‘zgarish uchun. Sifat shakli — steady: a steady* rise. Ikkalasini almashtirib ishlatish takrorlanishdan qutqaradi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rise steadily · steadily declining · a steady increase Namunalar The number of international students has risen steadily since 2000. Xalqaro talabalar soni 2000-yildan beri barqaror o‘sib bormoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word remain stable* — steadily = tekis o‘zgarish; remain stable = o‘zgarmaslik To‘liq sahifasi
dramatically ★★★	4	keskin, sezilarli darajada Ravish — Adverb	fell dramatically · a dramatic rise · change dramatically	Attitudes towards remote work have changed dramatically since 2020. Masofaviy ishga munosabat 2020-yildan beri keskin o‘zgardi.	steadily
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kuchli o‘zgarish ravishi — sharply, significantly, markedly bilan bir qatorda. Bir insho ichida bir xilini takrorlamang. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar fell dramatically · a dramatic rise · change dramatically Namunalar Attitudes towards remote work have changed dramatically since 2020. Masofaviy ishga munosabat 2020-yildan beri keskin o‘zgardi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym steadily — dramatically = keskin; steadily = bir tekis To‘liq sahifasi
compare ★★☆	2	solishtirmoq, qiyoslamoq Fe’l — Verb	compare X with Y · compared with 2010 · in comparison	The table compares energy consumption in five European countries. Jadval besh Yevropa mamlakatidagi energiya iste’molini solishtiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Britaniya uslubida compare with (aniq taqqoslash), compare to (o‘xshatish). Task 1 kirishida: The chart compares* …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar compare X with Y · compared with 2010 · in comparison Namunalar The table compares energy consumption in five European countries. Jadval besh Yevropa mamlakatidagi energiya iste’molini solishtiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word distinguish — compare = yonma-yon qo‘yish; distinguish = farqni ajratish To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’lim — Education

7 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
compulsory com- + puls + -ory ★★★	4	majburiy — qonun bilan talab qilinadigan Sifat — Adjective	pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) compulsory education · compulsory military service · make it compulsory	In most countries, education is compulsory until the age of sixteen. Ko‘pchilik davlatlarda ta’lim o‘n olti yoshgacha majburiy.	voluntary mandatory
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusidagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan savol: Should sport be compulsory* at school?* Sinonimi mandatory, teskarisi optional / voluntary. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar compulsory education · compulsory military service · make it compulsory So‘z o‘zagi pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) — turtmoq — haydamoq, itarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar In most countries, education is compulsory until the age of sixteen. Ko‘pchilik davlatlarda ta’lim o‘n olti yoshgacha majburiy. Some argue that voting should be made compulsory. Ba’zilar ovoz berishni majburiy qilish kerak deb hisoblaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym voluntary — compulsory = majburiy; voluntary = ixtiyoriy Sinonim — Synonym mandatory — ma’nosi bir xil; mandatory rasmiy hujjatlarda ko‘proq To‘liq sahifasi
cognitive cogn + -itive ★★☆	6	kognitiv — bilish, fikrlash jarayonlariga oid Sifat — Adjective	cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) cognitive development · cognitive skills · cognitive decline	Reading regularly is linked to stronger cognitive skills in later life. Muntazam o‘qish keyingi hayotda kuchliroq kognitiv ko‘nikmalar bilan bog‘liq.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim va sog‘liq mavzularida band-7 so‘zi: early bilingualism supports cognitive development, cognitive decline in old age. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar cognitive development · cognitive skills · cognitive decline So‘z o‘zagi cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) — bilmoq — anglamoq, tanimoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Reading regularly is linked to stronger cognitive skills in later life. Muntazam o‘qish keyingi hayotda kuchliroq kognitiv ko‘nikmalar bilan bog‘liq. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word recognise — bir ildiz — «bilmoq» dan To‘liq sahifasi
curriculum ★★☆	5	o‘quv dasturi — maktabda o‘qitiladigan fanlar majmui Ot — Noun	the school curriculum · add to the curriculum · a national curriculum	Financial literacy should be part of the school curriculum. Moliyaviy savodxonlik maktab o‘quv dasturining bir qismi bo‘lishi kerak.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Ko‘pligi curricula. Ta’lim inshosining kalit so‘zi: Practical subjects should be added to the curriculum. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the school curriculum · add to the curriculum · a national curriculum Namunalar Financial literacy should be part of the school curriculum. Moliyaviy savodxonlik maktab o‘quv dasturining bir qismi bo‘lishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word literacy — curriculum = nima o‘qitiladi; literacy = natijada nima bilinadi To‘liq sahifasi
literacy ★★☆	5	savodxonlik — o‘qish-yozish (yoki bir sohani bilish) darajasi Ot — Noun	adult literacy · literacy rates · digital literacy	Literacy rates have risen sharply in the region since 1990. Mintaqada savodxonlik darajasi 1990-yildan beri keskin oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kengaygan ma’nosi ham bor: digital literacy, financial literacy — «o‘sha sohani bilish». Teskarisi — illiteracy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar adult literacy · literacy rates · digital literacy Namunalar Literacy rates have risen sharply in the region since 1990. Mintaqada savodxonlik darajasi 1990-yildan beri keskin oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word curriculum — o‘quv dasturi savodxonlikning natijasini belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi
vocational ★★☆	5	kasb-hunarga oid — amaliy kasbga tayyorlaydigan Sifat — Adjective	vocational training · vocational courses · vocational qualifications	Vocational training often leads to employment more quickly than a degree. Kasb-hunar ta’limi ko‘pincha diplomdan ko‘ra tezroq ish topishga olib keladi.	academic
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusining eng ko‘p qaytariladigan qarama-qarshiligi: vocational (kasb-hunar) va academic (nazariy) ta’lim. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar vocational training · vocational courses · vocational qualifications Namunalar Vocational training often leads to employment more quickly than a degree. Kasb-hunar ta’limi ko‘pincha diplomdan ko‘ra tezroq ish topishga olib keladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym academic — vocational = amaliy kasb; academic = nazariy o‘qish To‘liq sahifasi
tuition fees ★★☆	4	o‘qish to‘lovi — universitet kontrakt puli Ibora — Phrase & collocation	rising tuition fees · abolish tuition fees · pay tuition fees	Rising tuition fees deter students from low-income families. O‘qish to‘lovining oshishi kam daromadli oilalardan chiqqan talabalarni chekintiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Oliy ta’lim bepul bo‘lishi kerakmi?» — eng tez-tez uchraydigan Task 2 savollaridan biri; javob shu ibora atrofida quriladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rising tuition fees · abolish tuition fees · pay tuition fees Namunalar Rising tuition fees deter students from low-income families. O‘qish to‘lovining oshishi kam daromadli oilalardan chiqqan talabalarni chekintiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word affordable — to‘lov masalasi doim «arzonlik» bahsiga ulanadi To‘liq sahifasi
academic ★★☆	3	akademik — nazariy, ilmiy ta’limga oid Sifat — Adjective	academic performance · academic achievement · academic pressure	Excessive academic pressure can harm children’s mental health. Haddan ortiq o‘quv bosimi bolalarning ruhiy salomatligiga zarar yetkazishi mumkin.	vocational
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh academic performance va academic pressure — ta’lim inshosining ikki tayyor birikmasi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar academic performance · academic achievement · academic pressure Namunalar Excessive academic pressure can harm children’s mental health. Haddan ortiq o‘quv bosimi bolalarning ruhiy salomatligiga zarar yetkazishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym vocational — academic = nazariy; vocational = amaliy To‘liq sahifasi

Ish va kasb — Work & careers

7 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
prospect pro- + spect ★★☆	4	istiqbol — kelajakdagi imkoniyat, «oldinga qarash» Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) career prospects · the prospect of · prospects for growth	A degree no longer guarantees good career prospects. Diplom endi yaxshi martaba istiqbolini kafolatlamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ko‘plikda (prospects) = kelajakdagi imkoniyatlar, ayniqsa ish sohasida: job prospects. Sifati prospective (bo‘lg‘usi): prospective students. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar career prospects · the prospect of · prospects for growth So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar A degree no longer guarantees good career prospects. Diplom endi yaxshi martaba istiqbolini kafolatlamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word perspective — bir ildiz, boshqa ma’no — chalkashtirmang To‘liq sahifasi
inspect in- + spect ★★☆	4	sinchiklab tekshirmoq, ko‘zdan kechirmoq Fe’l — Verb	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) inspect a site · a routine inspection · a health inspector	Officials inspect food factories at least twice a year. Rasmiylar oziq-ovqat zavodlarini yiliga kamida ikki marta tekshiradi.	examine
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Rasmiy, qoidaga muvofiqlikni tekshirish. Oti — inspection, kasbi — inspector. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar inspect a site · a routine inspection · a health inspector So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Officials inspect food factories at least twice a year. Rasmiylar oziq-ovqat zavodlarini yiliga kamida ikki marta tekshiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym examine — examine = umumiy o‘rganish/tekshirish; inspect = rasmiy nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
transfer trans- + fer ★★☆	4	ko‘chirmoq, o‘tkazmoq — bir joydan boshqasiga Fe’l — Verb	fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) transfer money · transfer skills · a transfer of power	Communication is a transferable skill valued in every profession. Muloqot — har bir kasbda qadrlanadigan, ko‘chib o‘tuvchi ko‘nikma.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh transferable skills — ish mavzusidagi juda foydali birikma: «bir sohadan boshqasiga o‘tadigan ko‘nikmalar». Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar transfer money · transfer skills · a transfer of power So‘z o‘zagi fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) — olib kelmoq — ko‘chirmoq, keltirmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Communication is a transferable skill valued in every profession. Muloqot — har bir kasbda qadrlanadigan, ko‘chib o‘tuvchi ko‘nikma. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word infer — bir ildiz: transfer = ko‘chirmoq; infer = xulosa chiqarmoq To‘liq sahifasi
supervise super- + vis ★☆☆	5	nazorat qilmoq — ustidan qarab turmoq Fe’l — Verb	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) supervise students · under supervision · a supervisor	Young children should be supervised when using the internet. Yosh bolalar internetdan foydalanayotganda nazorat ostida bo‘lishi kerak.	monitor
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Bolalar va texnologiya mavzusida kerak: children should be supervised* online. Oti — supervision. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar supervise students · under supervision · a supervisor So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq)* — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Young children should be supervised when using the internet. Yosh bolalar internetdan foydalanayotganda nazorat ostida bo‘lishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym monitor — monitor = muntazam kuzatib borish; supervise = mas’ul bo‘lib qarash To‘liq sahifasi
unemployment ★★★	3	ishsizlik Ot — Noun	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) high unemployment · youth unemployment · the unemployment rate	Youth unemployment remains stubbornly high in several regions. Yoshlar orasidagi ishsizlik bir necha mintaqada hamon o‘jarlik bilan yuqori.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ unemployments. Odam haqida the unemployed (ko‘plik ma’noda): the unemployed are… Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar high unemployment · youth unemployment · the unemployment rate So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Youth unemployment remains stubbornly high in several regions. Yoshlar orasidagi ishsizlik bir necha mintaqada hamon o‘jarlik bilan yuqori. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word workforce — unemployment = ishsizlar; workforce = ishlayotganlar To‘liq sahifasi
workforce ★★☆	5	ishchi kuchi — ishlayotganlar jamlanmasi Ot — Noun	enter the workforce · a skilled workforce · an ageing workforce	More women have entered the workforce over the past three decades. So‘nggi uch o‘n yillikda ishchi kuchi safiga ko‘proq ayol qo‘shildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh an ageing workforce — demografiya va nafaqa yoshi mavzularida tayyor birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar enter the workforce · a skilled workforce · an ageing workforce Namunalar More women have entered the workforce over the past three decades. So‘nggi uch o‘n yillikda ishchi kuchi safiga ko‘proq ayol qo‘shildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word unemployment — ikkalasi ham mehnat bozori haqida To‘liq sahifasi
productive ★★☆	4	samarali, unumli — ko‘p natija beradigan Sifat — Adjective	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) a productive workforce · more productive · counterproductive	Shorter working weeks have made some teams noticeably more productive. Qisqaroq ish haftasi ba’zi jamoalarni sezilarli darajada unumliroq qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ counterproductive — «foyda o‘rniga zarar keltiradigan» — Task 2 da chorani tanqid qilishda juda foydali: Longer hours are often counterproductive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a productive workforce · more productive · counterproductive So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Shorter working weeks have made some teams noticeably more productive. Qisqaroq ish haftasi ba’zi jamoalarni sezilarli darajada unumliroq qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word productivity — sifat va ot — bir ildizdan To‘liq sahifasi

Jamiyat — Society

16 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
diverse di- + vers ★★★	4	xilma-xil, rang-barang Sifat — Adjective	vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) a diverse population · cultural diversity · biodiversity	Large cities tend to have far more diverse populations. Yirik shaharlarda aholi tarkibi ancha xilma-xil bo‘ladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — diversity, bu esa jamiyat va ekologiya mavzularining kalit so‘zi: cultural diversity, biodiversity. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a diverse population · cultural diversity · biodiversity So‘z o‘zagi vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) — burmoq — aylantirmoq, o‘girmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Large cities tend to have far more diverse populations. Yirik shaharlarda aholi tarkibi ancha xilma-xil bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word convert — bir ildiz — «burmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
access ac- + cess ★★★	3	kirish imkoni, foydalanish imkoniyati Ot — Noun	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) access to education · have access to · limited access	Millions of people still lack access to safe drinking water. Millionlab odam hamon xavfsiz ichimlik suvidan foydalana olmaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi doim to: access to clean water (❌ access of). Sanalmaydigan ot — ❌ accesses. Sifati accessible. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar access to education · have access to · limited access So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Millions of people still lack access to safe drinking water. Millionlab odam hamon xavfsiz ichimlik suvidan foydalana olmaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word exceed — bir ildiz — «yurmoq»: exceed = chegaradan o‘tib ketmoq To‘liq sahifasi
compel com- + pel ★☆☆	6	majburlamoq — chora qoldirmaslik Fe’l — Verb	pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) compel somebody to do · feel compelled to · a compelling argument	Rising costs have compelled many families to reduce their spending. Narxlarning oshishi ko‘p oilalarni xarajatlarini qisqartirishga majbur qildi.	oblige
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sifati compelling = «ishonarli, e’tiborni tortadigan» — Task 2 uchun juda foydali: a compelling* argument for reform. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar compel somebody to do · feel compelled to · a compelling argument So‘z o‘zagi pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq)* — turtmoq — haydamoq, itarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rising costs have compelled many families to reduce their spending. Narxlarning oshishi ko‘p oilalarni xarajatlarini qisqartirishga majbur qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym oblige — oblige = qoida/majburiyat yuklaydi; compel = kuch bilan majbur qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
demographic demos (xalq) + graph + -ic ★★☆	5	demografik — aholi tarkibiga oid Sifat — Adjective	graph(graphein (yun.) — yozmoq) demographic change · demographic shift · an ageing demographic	Japan faces the most severe demographic challenges in the developed world. Yaponiya rivojlangan dunyodagi eng og‘ir demografik muammolarga duch kelmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Xalqni yozish» — aholi statistikasi. demographic change Task 2 da qarish, migratsiya va shaharlashuv mavzularining umumiy nomi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar demographic change · demographic shift · an ageing demographic So‘z o‘zagi graph(graphein (yun.) — yozmoq) — yozmoq — chizmoq, tasvirlamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Japan faces the most severe demographic challenges in the developed world. Yaponiya rivojlangan dunyodagi eng og‘ir demografik muammolarga duch kelmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word urbanisation — ikkalasi ham aholi o‘zgarishi haqida To‘liq sahifasi
generation gen + -ation ★★★	3	avlod — bir vaqtda tug‘ilgan odamlar guruhi Ot — Noun	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) the younger generation · from generation to generation · generation gap	Traditional skills are passed from one generation to the next. An’anaviy hunarlar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh the generation gap — avlodlar orasidagi tafovut: oila va texnologiya mavzularida tayyor ibora. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the younger generation · from generation to generation · generation gap So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Traditional skills are passed from one generation to the next. An’anaviy hunarlar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word generate — bir ildiz — «tug‘ilish, hosil bo‘lish» To‘liq sahifasi
suburban sub- + urban ★☆☆	4	shahar atrofi — chekkadagi turar joy hududiga oid Sifat — Adjective	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) suburban areas · move to the suburbs · suburban sprawl	Many families move to suburban areas in search of cheaper housing. Ko‘p oilalar arzonroq uy-joy izlab shahar atrofiga ko‘chadi.	rural
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Uch qatlamni ajratishni biling: urban (shahar) — suburban (shahar atrofi) — rural (qishloq). Task 1 xaritalari va Task 2 shaharlashuv mavzusida kerak. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar suburban areas · move to the suburbs · suburban sprawl So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Many families move to suburban areas in search of cheaper housing. Ko‘p oilalar arzonroq uy-joy izlab shahar atrofiga ko‘chadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym rural — suburban = shahar chekkasi; rural = qishloq joy To‘liq sahifasi
overcrowded over- + crowd + -ed ★★☆	4	haddan tashqari gavjum — sig‘imidan ortiq to‘lgan Sifat — Adjective	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overcrowded cities · overcrowded classrooms · overcrowding	Overcrowded public transport discourages people from leaving their cars. Haddan tashqari gavjum jamoat transporti odamlarni mashinasidan voz kechishdan qaytaradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaharlashuv va ta’lim mavzularida: overcrowded classrooms — sinf o‘lchami haqidagi savolga tayyor dalil. Oti — overcrowding. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overcrowded cities · overcrowded classrooms · overcrowding So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Overcrowded public transport discourages people from leaving their cars. Haddan tashqari gavjum jamoat transporti odamlarni mashinasidan voz kechishdan qaytaradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word congestion — congestion = yo‘l tirbandligi; overcrowding = joyning to‘lib ketishi To‘liq sahifasi
inequality in- + equal + -ity ★★★	4	tengsizlik — imkoniyat yoki daromaddagi tafovut Ot — Noun	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) income inequality · widen inequality · social inequality	Unequal access to the internet has widened educational inequality. Internetdan teng bo‘lmagan foydalanish ta’limdagi tengsizlikni kengaytirdi.	equality
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jamiyat mavzusining markaziy so‘zi: the gap between rich and poor ni bitta so‘z bilan aytadi. Sifati — unequal. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar income inequality · widen inequality · social inequality So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Unequal access to the internet has widened educational inequality. Internetdan teng bo‘lmagan foydalanish ta’limdagi tengsizlikni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym equality — in- qo‘shimchasi ma’noni teskari qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
urbanisation urban + -ise + -ation ★★★	5	urbanizatsiya — aholining shaharga ko‘chishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) rapid urbanisation · the pace of urbanisation · urban sprawl	Rapid urbanisation has placed enormous strain on public services. Jadal urbanizatsiya jamoat xizmatlariga ulkan yuk tushirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 ning eng ko‘p qaytariladigan mavzularidan biri. Yonidagi so‘zlar: urban sprawl (shaharning tartibsiz kengayishi), rural depopulation (qishloqning bo‘shashi). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rapid urbanisation · the pace of urbanisation · urban sprawl So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rapid urbanisation has placed enormous strain on public services. Jadal urbanizatsiya jamoat xizmatlariga ulkan yuk tushirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word demographic — urbanisation — demografik o‘zgarishning bir turi To‘liq sahifasi
living standards ★★☆	4	turmush darajasi Ibora — Phrase & collocation	raise living standards · a decline in living standards · the cost of living	Economic growth has raised living standards but widened inequality. Iqtisodiy o‘sish turmush darajasini ko‘tardi, lekin tengsizlikni kengaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yonidagi ibora — the cost of living (yashash qiymati): the rising cost of living. Ikkalasi iqtisod inshosida juftlashib keladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar raise living standards · a decline in living standards · the cost of living Namunalar Economic growth has raised living standards but widened inequality. Iqtisodiy o‘sish turmush darajasini ko‘tardi, lekin tengsizlikni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — turmush darajasi haqidagi bahs doim tengsizlikka ulanadi To‘liq sahifasi
integration ★☆☆	6	integratsiya — jamiyatga qo‘shilib ketish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) social integration · integrate into society · successful integration	Language classes play a crucial role in the integration of migrants. Til kurslari migrantlarning integratsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Migratsiya mavzusining kalit so‘zi. Fe’li — integrate into. Teskarisi — segregation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar social integration · integrate into society · successful integration So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Language classes play a crucial role in the integration of migrants. Til kurslari migrantlarning integratsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — integratsiya xilma-xil jamiyatda muhim masala To‘liq sahifasi
discrimination ★★☆	5	kamsitish — noqonuniy farq qilish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) age discrimination · discrimination against · anti-discrimination laws	Age discrimination remains common in hiring decisions. Yosh bo‘yicha kamsitish ishga qabul qilishda hamon keng tarqalgan.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi against: discrimination against* older workers. Fe’li — discriminate against. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar age discrimination · discrimination against · anti-discrimination laws So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi)* — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Age discrimination remains common in hiring decisions. Yosh bo‘yicha kamsitish ishga qabul qilishda hamon keng tarqalgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — kamsitish tengsizlikning sabablaridan biri To‘liq sahifasi
the gap between rich and poor ★★☆	4	boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovut Ibora — Phrase & collocation	widen the gap between rich and poor · narrow the gap	Unregulated growth tends to widen the gap between rich and poor. Tartibga solinmagan o‘sish boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirishga moyil.	inequality
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tayyor ibora — lekin bir inshoda bir marta ishlating va keyin income inequality ga o‘ting: bir xil fikrni ikki xil aytish Lexical Resource uchun aynan shu. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar widen the gap between rich and poor · narrow the gap Namunalar Unregulated growth tends to widen the gap between rich and poor. Tartibga solinmagan o‘sish boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirishga moyil. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym inequality — bir ma’no, ikki uslub: ibora — jonli, inequality — akademik To‘liq sahifasi
rural ★★★	3	qishloqqa oid — shahar tashqarisidagi Sifat — Adjective	rural areas · rural communities · rural depopulation	Young people continue to leave rural areas in search of work. Yoshlar ish izlab qishloq hududlarini tark etishda davom etmoqda.	suburban
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 xaritalari va Task 2 shaharlashuv mavzusida doimiy juftlik: urban — suburban — rural. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rural areas · rural communities · rural depopulation Namunalar Young people continue to leave rural areas in search of work. Yoshlar ish izlab qishloq hududlarini tark etishda davom etmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym suburban — rural = qishloq; suburban = shahar chekkasi To‘liq sahifasi
congestion ★★★	5	tirbandlik — yo‘llardagi tiqilinch Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) traffic congestion · ease congestion · congestion charges	Congestion charges have significantly eased traffic in central London. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari Londonning markazidagi transport oqimini sezilarli yengillashtirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. congestion charge — shahar markaziga kirish uchun to‘lov; transport mavzusidagi eng ko‘p keltiriladigan yechim. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar traffic congestion · ease congestion · congestion charges So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Congestion charges have significantly eased traffic in central London. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari Londonning markazidagi transport oqimini sezilarli yengillashtirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overcrowded — congestion = yo‘lda; overcrowding = joyda To‘liq sahifasi
digital divide ★☆☆	6	raqamli tafovut — internetdan foydalana oladigan va olmaydiganlar orasidagi farq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	bridge the digital divide · widen the digital divide	Remote learning has widened the digital divide between rich and poor pupils. Masofaviy ta’lim boy va kambag‘al o‘quvchilar orasidagi raqamli tafovutni kengaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Onlayn ta’lim va texnologiya mavzularida eng kuchli qarshi dalil: online learning risks widening the digital divide. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar bridge the digital divide · widen the digital divide Namunalar Remote learning has widened the digital divide between rich and poor pupils. Masofaviy ta’lim boy va kambag‘al o‘quvchilar orasidagi raqamli tafovutni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — raqamli tafovut — tengsizlikning yangi shakli To‘liq sahifasi

Iqtisod — Economy

9 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
productivity pro- + duct + -ivity ★★★	4	unumdorlik — mehnat samaradorligi Ot — Noun	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) boost productivity · a rise in productivity · labour productivity	Remote work has been shown to increase productivity in some sectors. Masofaviy ish ba’zi sohalarda unumdorlikni oshirishi ko‘rsatilgan.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da ish va iqtisod mavzusining kalit so‘zi: flexible working hours can boost productivity. Sifati — productive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar boost productivity · a rise in productivity · labour productivity So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Remote work has been shown to increase productivity in some sectors. Masofaviy ish ba’zi sohalarda unumdorlikni oshirishi ko‘rsatilgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word conduct — bir ildiz — «yetaklamoq» ma’nosidan To‘liq sahifasi
export ex- + port ★★☆	3	eksport — tashqariga sotish, «tashqariga tashish» Ot — Noun	port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) export earnings · exports rose · a major exporter of	Oil exports accounted for nearly half of the country’s revenue. Neft eksporti mamlakat daromadining deyarli yarmini tashkil qildi.	import
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot va fe’l urg‘usi farq qiladi: EXport (ot) — exPORT (fe’l). Task 1 diagrammalarida tez-tez uchraydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar export earnings · exports rose · a major exporter of So‘z o‘zagi port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) — tashimoq — olib yurmoq, ko‘tarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Oil exports accounted for nearly half of the country’s revenue. Neft eksporti mamlakat daromadining deyarli yarmini tashkil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym import — ex- = tashqariga; im- = ichkariga To‘liq sahifasi
import im- + port ★★☆	3	import — chetdan olib kirish Ot — Noun	port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) import tariffs · rely on imports · imported goods	The country still relies heavily on imported energy. Mamlakat hamon chetdan keltirilgan energiyaga qattiq tayanadi.	export
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh rely on imports — Task 2 da oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi va energiya mavzularida kerak bo‘ladigan birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar import tariffs · rely on imports · imported goods So‘z o‘zagi port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) — tashimoq — olib yurmoq, ko‘tarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The country still relies heavily on imported energy. Mamlakat hamon chetdan keltirilgan energiyaga qattiq tayanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym export — im- = ichkariga; ex- = tashqariga To‘liq sahifasi
recession re- + cess + -ion ★☆☆	5	tanazzul, iqtisodiy pasayish — «orqaga yurish» Ot — Noun	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) a deep recession · during the recession · slide into recession	Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Tanazzul davrida ishsizlik keskin oshdi.	boom
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 grafiklaridagi keskin pasayishlarni izohlashda foydali: The drop after 2008 coincided with a global recession. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a deep recession · during the recession · slide into recession So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Tanazzul davrida ishsizlik keskin oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym boom — recession = pasayish; boom = jadal o‘sish To‘liq sahifasi
generate gen + -ate ★★★	4	hosil qilmoq, keltirib chiqarmoq (daromad, energiya, ish o‘rni) Fe’l — Verb	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) generate income · generate electricity · generate employment	Wind farms now generate a fifth of the country’s electricity. Shamol elektr stansiyalari hozir mamlakat elektr energiyasining beshdan birini ishlab chiqaradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 yechim qismida create ning akademik o‘rinbosari: Tourism generates* substantial revenue for local communities.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar generate income · generate electricity · generate employment So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Wind farms now generate a fifth of the country’s electricity. Shamol elektr stansiyalari hozir mamlakat elektr energiyasining beshdan birini ishlab chiqaradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word generation — bir ildiz — «tug‘ilish» dan To‘liq sahifasi
affordable afford + -able ★★☆	4	arzon, ko‘tara oladigan — narxi qo‘ldan keladigan Sifat — Adjective	-able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) affordable housing · affordable healthcare · make it affordable	A shortage of affordable housing has forced young people to live with parents. Arzon uy-joy tanqisligi yoshlarni ota-onasi bilan yashashga majbur qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh affordable housing — shahar va tengsizlik mavzularida tayyor birikma. Fe’li: cannot afford* to* (moliyaviy imkoni yo‘q). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar affordable housing · affordable healthcare · make it affordable So‘z o‘zagi -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar A shortage of affordable housing has forced young people to live with parents. Arzon uy-joy tanqisligi yoshlarni ota-onasi bilan yashashga majbur qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word accessible — affordable = narxi ko‘tarsa bo‘ladigan; accessible = yetib borish/foydalanish mumkin bo‘lgan To‘liq sahifasi
revenue ★★☆	5	daromad — tushum (davlat yoki kompaniya) Ot — Noun	tax revenue · generate revenue · revenue from tourism	Tourism generates substantial revenue for coastal regions. Turizm sohil mintaqalari uchun katta daromad keltiradi.	income
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaxsiy daromad emas — u income. Revenue = tashkilot yoki davlat tushumi: tax revenue. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar tax revenue · generate revenue · revenue from tourism Namunalar Tourism generates substantial revenue for coastal regions. Turizm sohil mintaqalari uchun katta daromad keltiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym income — income = shaxs/oila daromadi; revenue = tashkilot yoki davlat tushumi To‘liq sahifasi
incentive ★★☆	5	rag‘bat — nimadir qilishga undovchi foyda Ot — Noun	financial incentives · provide an incentive to · tax incentives	Governments could offer incentives for households to install solar panels. Hukumatlar xonadonlarni quyosh panellari o‘rnatishga rag‘batlantirishi mumkin.	deterrent
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yechim taklif qilishning eng amaliy so‘zi: Tax incentives would encourage firms to invest in clean technology. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar financial incentives · provide an incentive to · tax incentives Namunalar Governments could offer incentives for households to install solar panels. Hukumatlar xonadonlarni quyosh panellari o‘rnatishga rag‘batlantirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym deterrent — incentive = qilishga undaydi; deterrent = qilishdan qaytaradi To‘liq sahifasi
subsidy ★★☆	5	subsidiya — davlat tomonidan beriladigan moliyaviy yordam Ot — Noun	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) government subsidies · fuel subsidies · subsidise public transport	Fuel subsidies encourage consumption and slow the shift to renewables. Yoqilg‘i subsidiyalari iste’molni rag‘batlantiradi va qayta tiklanuvchi manbalarga o‘tishni sekinlashtiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — subsidise (BrE) / subsidize (AmE). Ko‘pligi subsidies. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar government subsidies · fuel subsidies · subsidise public transport So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Fuel subsidies encourage consumption and slow the shift to renewables. Yoqilg‘i subsidiyalari iste’molni rag‘batlantiradi va qayta tiklanuvchi manbalarga o‘tishni sekinlashtiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word incentive — subsidy = pul yordami; incentive = umumiy rag‘bat To‘liq sahifasi

Ekologiya — Environment

13 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
sustainable sus- (ostidan) + tain (ushlamoq) ★★★	4	barqaror — uzoq muddat davom etadigan, tabiatga zarar bermaydigan Sifat — Adjective	sustainable development · sustainable energy · environmentally sustainable	Cities must find sustainable ways of managing waste. Shaharlar chiqindini boshqarishning barqaror yo‘llarini topishi kerak.	unsustainable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya mavzusining eng markaziy so‘zi. Oti — sustainability, teskarisi — unsustainable. Ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor: «iqtisodiy jihatdan davom ettirib bo‘ladigan». Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sustainable development · sustainable energy · environmentally sustainable Namunalar Cities must find sustainable ways of managing waste. Shaharlar chiqindini boshqarishning barqaror yo‘llarini topishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym unsustainable — un- old qo‘shimchasi ma’noni teskari qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
emission e- + miss + -ion ★★★	4	chiqindi gaz, emissiya — «tashqariga yuborish» Ot — Noun	mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) carbon emissions · cut emissions · greenhouse gas emissions	The country pledged to halve its carbon emissions by 2035. Mamlakat 2035-yilga qadar uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishga va’da berdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Deyarli doim ko‘plikda: emissions. Ekologiya inshosining birinchi darajali so‘zi — reduce/cut/curb emissions. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar carbon emissions · cut emissions · greenhouse gas emissions So‘z o‘zagi mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) — yubormoq — jo‘natmoq, qo‘yib yubormoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The country pledged to halve its carbon emissions by 2035. Mamlakat 2035-yilga qadar uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishga va’da berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word transmit — bir ildiz: emit = tashqariga yubormoq; transmit = uzatmoq To‘liq sahifasi
renewable re- + new + -able ★★★	3	qayta tiklanuvchi — tugamaydigan (energiya haqida) Sifat — Adjective	re-(re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga) -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) renewable energy · renewable sources · switch to renewables	Renewable sources accounted for a quarter of total electricity output. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar umumiy elektr ishlab chiqarishning chorak qismini tashkil qildi.	fossil fuels
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya va energiya diagrammalarining asosiy so‘zi. Otlashgan ko‘plik shakli ham bor: invest in renewables. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar renewable energy · renewable sources · switch to renewables So‘z o‘zagi re-(re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga) — qayta — yana, orqaga shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Renewable sources accounted for a quarter of total electricity output. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar umumiy elektr ishlab chiqarishning chorak qismini tashkil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym fossil fuels — renewable = tiklanadi; fossil fuels = tugaydi To‘liq sahifasi
recycle re- + cycle ★★★	2	qayta ishlamoq — chiqindini yangidan foydalanishga yaroqli qilmoq Fe’l — Verb	re-(re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga) recycle waste · recycling rates · recyclable materials	Only a third of household plastic is currently recycled. Hozirda maishiy plastikning atigi uchdan biri qayta ishlanadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 jarayon diagrammalarida ham, Task 2 yechimlarida ham kerak. Oti — recycling, sifati — recyclable. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar recycle waste · recycling rates · recyclable materials So‘z o‘zagi re-(re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga) — qayta — yana, orqaga shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Only a third of household plastic is currently recycled. Hozirda maishiy plastikning atigi uchdan biri qayta ishlanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word renewable — bir qo‘shimcha (re-) — «qayta» To‘liq sahifasi
fossil fuels ★★★	3	qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘i — ko‘mir, neft, gaz Ibora — Phrase & collocation	burn fossil fuels · dependence on fossil fuels · phase out fossil fuels	Burning fossil fuels remains the largest source of greenhouse gases. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘ini yoqish hamon issiqxona gazlarining eng katta manbai.	renewable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya inshosining birinchi so‘zi. Yonidagi fe’llar: burn, phase out (bosqichma-bosqich bekor qilmoq), rely on. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar burn fossil fuels · dependence on fossil fuels · phase out fossil fuels Namunalar Burning fossil fuels remains the largest source of greenhouse gases. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘ini yoqish hamon issiqxona gazlarining eng katta manbai. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym renewable — fossil fuels = tugaydi; renewable = tiklanadi To‘liq sahifasi
greenhouse gases ★★☆	4	issiqxona gazlari — iqlim isishiga sabab bo‘luvchi gazlar Ibora — Phrase & collocation	greenhouse gas emissions · trap heat · reduce greenhouse gases	Agriculture accounts for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. Qishloq xo‘jaligi issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarining sezilarli qismini tashkil qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sabab zanjirini bir gapda berish uchun: Greenhouse gases trap heat, thereby raising global temperatures. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar greenhouse gas emissions · trap heat · reduce greenhouse gases Namunalar Agriculture accounts for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. Qishloq xo‘jaligi issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarining sezilarli qismini tashkil qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — emission = chiqarish; greenhouse gases = chiqarilayotgan narsa To‘liq sahifasi
depletion ★☆☆	6	tugash, kamayib ketish — zaxiraning yo‘qolib borishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) resource depletion · the depletion of fish stocks · deplete reserves	The depletion of natural resources threatens future economic growth. Tabiiy resurslarning tugab borishi kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o‘sishga tahdid soladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — deplete. Tabiiy resurslar mavzusida: the depletion of* groundwater. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar resource depletion · the depletion of fish stocks · deplete reserves So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi)* — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The depletion of natural resources threatens future economic growth. Tabiiy resurslarning tugab borishi kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o‘sishga tahdid soladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word conservation — depletion = yo‘qotish; conservation = saqlash To‘liq sahifasi
conservation ★★☆	5	muhofaza — tabiatni asrash Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) wildlife conservation · energy conservation · conservation efforts	Conservation projects have helped several species recover. Muhofaza loyihalari bir necha turning tiklanishiga yordam berdi.	depletion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — conserve (asramoq), preserve ga yaqin. Ikki sohada: tabiat muhofazasi va energiya tejash. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar wildlife conservation · energy conservation · conservation efforts So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Conservation projects have helped several species recover. Muhofaza loyihalari bir necha turning tiklanishiga yordam berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym depletion — conservation = asrash; depletion = tugatish To‘liq sahifasi
biodiversity ★★☆	6	biologik xilma-xillik — turlarning rang-barangligi Ot — Noun	loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity · biodiversity hotspots	Deforestation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. O‘rmonlarning kesilishi dunyo bo‘ylab biologik xilma-xillik yo‘qolishining asosiy sababi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh bio- (hayot) + diversity (xilma-xillik). the loss of biodiversity — o‘rmon kesish va iqlim mavzularida eng kuchli oqibat. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity · biodiversity hotspots Namunalar Deforestation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. O‘rmonlarning kesilishi dunyo bo‘ylab biologik xilma-xillik yo‘qolishining asosiy sababi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — bir o‘zak: diversity — xilma-xillik To‘liq sahifasi
deforestation ★★☆	5	o‘rmonlarning kesilishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) large-scale deforestation · combat deforestation · deforestation rates	Deforestation in tropical regions accelerated sharply after 1990. Tropik mintaqalarda o‘rmon kesilishi 1990-yildan keyin keskin tezlashdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Teskari jarayon — reforestation (qayta o‘rmonzorlashtirish), u yechim qismida ishlaydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar large-scale deforestation · combat deforestation · deforestation rates So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Deforestation in tropical regions accelerated sharply after 1990. Tropik mintaqalarda o‘rmon kesilishi 1990-yildan keyin keskin tezlashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word biodiversity — o‘rmon kesish → xilma-xillik yo‘qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
pollution ★★★	2	ifloslanish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) air pollution · water pollution · reduce pollution levels	Air pollution is responsible for millions of premature deaths each year. Havo ifloslanishi har yili millionlab bevaqt o‘limga sabab bo‘ladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ pollutions → ✅ types of pollution. Fe’li — pollute, manba — pollutant (ifloslantiruvchi modda). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar air pollution · water pollution · reduce pollution levels So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Air pollution is responsible for millions of premature deaths each year. Havo ifloslanishi har yili millionlab bevaqt o‘limga sabab bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — emission = manba; pollution = natija To‘liq sahifasi
landfill ★☆☆	5	chiqindi poligoni — chiqindi ko‘miladigan joy Ot — Noun	sent to landfill · landfill sites · reduce landfill waste	Around half of household waste still ends up in landfill. Maishiy chiqindining qariyb yarmi hamon poligonga tushadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Chiqindi mavzusida uchta bosqich: reduce → reuse → recycle, va oxirgi chora — landfill. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sent to landfill · landfill sites · reduce landfill waste Namunalar Around half of household waste still ends up in landfill. Maishiy chiqindining qariyb yarmi hamon poligonga tushadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word recycle — qayta ishlash poligonga tushadigan chiqindini kamaytiradi To‘liq sahifasi
carbon footprint ★★☆	5	uglerod izi — bir odam yoki tashkilot chiqaradigan uglerod miqdori Ibora — Phrase & collocation	reduce your carbon footprint · a large carbon footprint	Flying less is the quickest way to cut an individual’s carbon footprint. Kamroq uchish — shaxsning uglerod izini qisqartirishning eng tez yo‘li.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaxsiy mas’uliyat haqidagi bahsda tayyor ibora: individuals can reduce their carbon footprint* by …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reduce your carbon footprint · a large carbon footprint Namunalar Flying less is the quickest way to cut an individual’s carbon footprint. Kamroq uchish — shaxsning uglerod izini qisqartirishning eng tez yo‘li. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — carbon footprint = shaxsiy emissiya hisobi To‘liq sahifasi

Fan va texnologiya — Science & technology

11 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
transmit trans- + mit ★☆☆	5	uzatmoq — bir joydan boshqasiga yubormoq (signal, kasallik, bilim) Fe’l — Verb	mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) transmit data · transmit a disease · transmission of knowledge	Traditions are transmitted from one generation to the next. An’analar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tkaziladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Uch sohada ishlaydi: texnologiya (transmit data), tibbiyot (transmitted through contact) va madaniyat (transmit traditions to the next generation). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar transmit data · transmit a disease · transmission of knowledge So‘z o‘zagi mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) — yubormoq — jo‘natmoq, qo‘yib yubormoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Traditions are transmitted from one generation to the next. An’analar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tkaziladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — bir ildiz — «yubormoq» To‘liq sahifasi
extract ex- + tract ★☆☆	5	qazib olmoq, ajratib olmoq — «tashqariga tortmoq» Fe’l — Verb	tract(trahere (lat.) — tortmoq) extract minerals · extract data · extraction of resources	Extracting minerals on this scale damages fragile ecosystems. Bunday miqyosda qazilma qazib olish nozik ekotizimlarga zarar yetkazadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tabiiy resurslar mavzusida: extract fossil fuels. Reading’da esa matndan ma’lumot «ajratib olish» ma’nosida uchraydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar extract minerals · extract data · extraction of resources So‘z o‘zagi tract(trahere (lat.) — tortmoq) — tortmoq — sudramoq, cho‘zmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Extracting minerals on this scale damages fragile ecosystems. Bunday miqyosda qazilma qazib olish nozik ekotizimlarga zarar yetkazadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word attract — bir ildiz — «tortmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
convert con- + vert ★★☆	4	aylantirmoq — bir holatdan boshqasiga o‘tkazmoq Fe’l — Verb	vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) convert waste into energy · convert land · the conversion of	Farmland is increasingly being converted into housing. Ekin maydonlari tobora ko‘proq uy-joyga aylantirilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya diagrammalarida ko‘p uchraydi: waste is converted into* biogas. Predlogi — into. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar convert waste into energy · convert land · the conversion of So‘z o‘zagi vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq)* — burmoq — aylantirmoq, o‘girmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Farmland is increasingly being converted into housing. Ekin maydonlari tobora ko‘proq uy-joyga aylantirilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — bir ildiz — «burmoq» dan: diverse = turli tomonga burilgan To‘liq sahifasi
technology techne (hunar) + -logy ★★★	2	texnologiya — texnik bilim va vositalar Ot — Noun	log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) advances in technology · technological change · digital technology	Rapid advances in technology have transformed the workplace. Texnologiyadagi jadal yutuqlar ish joyini tubdan o‘zgartirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Odatda sanalmaydigan: ❌ technologies are… emas, ✅ technology is… (aniq turlari haqida gapirilsa technologies ham bo‘ladi). Sifati — technological. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar advances in technology · technological change · digital technology So‘z o‘zagi log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) — so‘z, fikr — fan, ta’limot shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rapid advances in technology have transformed the workplace. Texnologiyadagi jadal yutuqlar ish joyini tubdan o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word innovation — technology = vosita; innovation = yangilik joriy etish To‘liq sahifasi
monitor monere (lat.) — ogohlantirmoq ★★☆	4	kuzatib bormoq — muntazam nazorat qilmoq Fe’l — Verb	monitor progress · closely monitored · monitoring systems	Satellites monitor deforestation in real time. Sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar o‘rmon kesilishini real vaqtda kuzatib boradi.	supervise
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya va texnologiya mavzularida: monitor air quality, monitor employees — ikkinchisi maxfiylik bahsini ochadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar monitor progress · closely monitored · monitoring systems Namunalar Satellites monitor deforestation in real time. Sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar o‘rmon kesilishini real vaqtda kuzatib boradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym supervise — supervise = odamlarga mas’ullik; monitor = holatni kuzatish To‘liq sahifasi
transform trans- + form ★★☆	4	tubdan o‘zgartirmoq — shaklini butunlay almashtirmoq Fe’l — Verb	trans-(trans- (lat.) — orqali, narigi tomon) transform the way we work · a complete transformation · transform into	The internet has transformed higher education over the past decade. Internet so‘nggi o‘n yilda oliy ta’limni tubdan o‘zgartirdi.	alter
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh change so‘zining kuchli o‘rinbosari — Task 2 kirish qismida ideal: Technology has transformed* the way people communicate.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar transform the way we work · a complete transformation · transform into So‘z o‘zagi trans-(trans- (lat.) — orqali, narigi tomon) — orqali — bir tomondan ikkinchisiga shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The internet has transformed higher education over the past decade. Internet so‘nggi o‘n yilda oliy ta’limni tubdan o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym alter — alter = qisman o‘zgartirish; transform = tubdan o‘zgartirish To‘liq sahifasi
innovation ★★★	4	innovatsiya — yangilik joriy etish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) technological innovation · drive innovation · a culture of innovation	Public funding for research drives long-term technological innovation. Tadqiqotlarga davlat mablag‘i uzoq muddatli texnologik innovatsiyani harakatga keltiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — innovate, sifati — innovative. Iqtisod va ta’lim mavzularida: education systems that encourage innovation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar technological innovation · drive innovation · a culture of innovation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Public funding for research drives long-term technological innovation. Tadqiqotlarga davlat mablag‘i uzoq muddatli texnologik innovatsiyani harakatga keltiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word technology — technology = vosita; innovation = uni yangilash jarayoni To‘liq sahifasi
automation ★★★	5	avtomatlashtirish — mehnatni mashinaga o‘tkazish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) the rise of automation · automation of routine tasks · automated systems	Automation is expected to replace many routine administrative roles. Avtomatlashtirish ko‘plab bir xildagi ma’muriy ish o‘rinlarini almashtirishi kutilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ish mavzusidagi eng dolzarb savol: Will automation* destroy jobs?* Yonidagi so‘zlar: artificial intelligence, redundant (ortiqcha, ishdan bo‘shatilgan). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the rise of automation · automation of routine tasks · automated systems So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Automation is expected to replace many routine administrative roles. Avtomatlashtirish ko‘plab bir xildagi ma’muriy ish o‘rinlarini almashtirishi kutilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word workforce — avtomatlashtirish ishchi kuchi tarkibini o‘zgartiradi To‘liq sahifasi
artificial intelligence ★★☆	4	sun’iy intellekt (AI) Ibora — Phrase & collocation	advances in artificial intelligence · AI-driven · rely on AI	Artificial intelligence is already used to diagnose certain illnesses. Sun’iy intellekt allaqachon ayrim kasalliklarni aniqlashda qo‘llanilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Birinchi marta to‘liq yozing, keyin AI deb qisqartiring — akademik yozuvda qisqartma shunday kiritiladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar advances in artificial intelligence · AI-driven · rely on AI Namunalar Artificial intelligence is already used to diagnose certain illnesses. Sun’iy intellekt allaqachon ayrim kasalliklarni aniqlashda qo‘llanilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word automation — AI avtomatlashtirishning hozirgi bosqichi To‘liq sahifasi
efficient ★★★	3	samarali — kam resurs bilan ko‘p natija beradigan Sifat — Adjective	energy-efficient · more efficient use of · improve efficiency	Energy-efficient buildings can cut heating costs by up to 40%. Energiya tejaydigan binolar isitish xarajatini 40% gacha kamaytirishi mumkin.	effective
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh energy-efficient va fuel-efficient — ekologiya yechimlarining tayyor sifatlari. Oti — efficiency. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar energy-efficient · more efficient use of · improve efficiency Namunalar Energy-efficient buildings can cut heating costs by up to 40%. Energiya tejaydigan binolar isitish xarajatini 40% gacha kamaytirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym effective — efficient = kam resurs bilan; effective = maqsadga erishadi To‘liq sahifasi
alternative ★★★	3	muqobil — o‘rniga ishlatiladigan variant Ot — Noun	a viable alternative to · alternative energy sources · offer an alternative	Cycling offers a practical alternative to short car journeys. Velosiped qisqa avtosafarlarga amaliy muqobil taklif qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi to: an alternative to private cars (❌ alternative of). Yechim taklif qilishning eng qulay shakli. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a viable alternative to · alternative energy sources · offer an alternative Namunalar Cycling offers a practical alternative to short car journeys. Velosiped qisqa avtosafarlarga amaliy muqobil taklif qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word viable — «a viable alternative» — tayyor birikma To‘liq sahifasi

Sog‘liq — Health

10 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
psychological psyche (ruh) + -logy + -ical ★★☆	5	psixologik — ruhiy holat bilan bog‘liq Sifat — Adjective	log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) psychological effects · psychological wellbeing · mental health	Long working hours can have serious psychological effects. Uzoq ish soatlari jiddiy psixologik oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq va ta’lim mavzularida jismoniy va ruhiy tomonni ajratish uchun: the psychological* as well as physical benefits of exercise. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar psychological effects · psychological wellbeing · mental health So‘z o‘zagi log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan)* — so‘z, fikr — fan, ta’limot shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Long working hours can have serious psychological effects. Uzoq ish soatlari jiddiy psixologik oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word wellbeing — wellbeing = umumiy farovonlik holati To‘liq sahifasi
prevent pre- + vent (kelmoq) ★★★	3	oldini olmoq — sodir bo‘lishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik Fe’l — Verb	pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) prevent disease · prevent somebody from doing · preventive measures	Regular exercise helps prevent a range of chronic illnesses. Muntazam jismoniy mashq bir qator surunkali kasalliklarning oldini olishga yordam beradi.	deter
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Qolipi: prevent somebody FROM doing — ❌ prevent him to do. Oti — prevention: prevention is better than cure (sog‘liq inshosi uchun tayyor fikr). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar prevent disease · prevent somebody from doing · preventive measures So‘z o‘zagi pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) — oldin — oldindan, oldingi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Regular exercise helps prevent a range of chronic illnesses. Muntazam jismoniy mashq bir qator surunkali kasalliklarning oldini olishga yordam beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym deter — deter = qo‘rqitib qaytarish (jazo); prevent = imkoniyatni yo‘qotish To‘liq sahifasi
prevalent ★☆☆	6	keng tarqalgan, hukmron — ayniqsa muammo yoki kasallik haqida Sifat — Adjective	particularly prevalent among · the prevalence of obesity	Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent among schoolchildren. Semizlik maktab o‘quvchilari orasida tobora keng tarqalmoqda.	widespread
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — prevalence: the prevalence of* diabetes among young adults. Sog‘liq mavzusida band-7 birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar particularly prevalent among · the prevalence of obesity Namunalar Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent among schoolchildren. Semizlik maktab o‘quvchilari orasida tobora keng tarqalmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym widespread* — prevalent = ma’lum guruh ichida; widespread = umuman To‘liq sahifasi
wellbeing ★★☆	5	farovonlik — jismoniy va ruhiy yaxshi holat Ot — Noun	mental wellbeing · improve wellbeing · a sense of wellbeing	Access to green space has a measurable effect on mental wellbeing. Yashil hududlardan foydalanish ruhiy farovonlikka o‘lchanadigan ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq, ish va ta’lim mavzularining umumiy so‘zi: flexible hours improve employees’ wellbeing. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar mental wellbeing · improve wellbeing · a sense of wellbeing Namunalar Access to green space has a measurable effect on mental wellbeing. Yashil hududlardan foydalanish ruhiy farovonlikka o‘lchanadigan ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word welfare — wellbeing = shaxsiy holat; welfare = davlat yordami To‘liq sahifasi
sedentary ★★☆	6	harakatsiz — ko‘p o‘tirib o‘tkaziladigan (turmush tarzi) Sifat — Adjective	a sedentary lifestyle · sedentary work · increasingly sedentary	Increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising obesity. Tobora harakatsiz turmush tarzi semizlikning o‘sishiga hissa qo‘shdi.	active
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh a sedentary lifestyle — sog‘liq inshosining eng foydali birikmalaridan: Office work encourages a sedentary lifestyle. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a sedentary lifestyle · sedentary work · increasingly sedentary Namunalar Increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising obesity. Tobora harakatsiz turmush tarzi semizlikning o‘sishiga hissa qo‘shdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym active — sedentary = harakatsiz; active = faol To‘liq sahifasi
obesity ★★★	5	semizlik — sog‘liqqa zarar darajadagi ortiqcha vazn Ot — Noun	childhood obesity · rising obesity rates · tackle obesity	Childhood obesity has tripled in many countries since the 1980s. 1980-yillardan beri ko‘p mamlakatlarda bolalar semizligi uch baravar oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. Sifati — obese. Sabablari sifatida: processed food, a sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar childhood obesity · rising obesity rates · tackle obesity Namunalar Childhood obesity has tripled in many countries since the 1980s. 1980-yillardan beri ko‘p mamlakatlarda bolalar semizligi uch baravar oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word sedentary — harakatsiz hayot semizlikning asosiy sabablaridan To‘liq sahifasi
life expectancy ★★☆	5	o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish davomiyligi Ibora — Phrase & collocation	life expectancy has risen · average life expectancy · rising life expectancy	Life expectancy has risen by more than a decade since 1970. 1970-yildan beri o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish davomiyligi o‘n yildan ko‘proqqa oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 diagrammalarida va qarish mavzusida ko‘p uchraydi: rising life expectancy* combined with falling birth rates* — demografik muammoning tayyor ta’rifi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar life expectancy has risen · average life expectancy · rising life expectancy Namunalar Life expectancy has risen by more than a decade since 1970. 1970-yildan beri o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish davomiyligi o‘n yildan ko‘proqqa oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word demographic — umr uzayishi demografik o‘zgarishning asosiy omili To‘liq sahifasi
chronic ★★☆	5	surunkali — uzoq davom etadigan (kasallik yoki muammo) Sifat — Adjective	chronic illness · chronic shortage · chronic stress	Chronic illnesses account for the majority of healthcare spending. Surunkali kasalliklar sog‘liqni saqlash xarajatlarining katta qismini tashkil qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Faqat tibbiyotda emas: a chronic shortage of housing = «surunkali uy-joy tanqisligi». Teskarisi — acute (o‘tkir, keskin). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar chronic illness · chronic shortage · chronic stress Namunalar Chronic illnesses account for the majority of healthcare spending. Surunkali kasalliklar sog‘liqni saqlash xarajatlarining katta qismini tashkil qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prevalent — surunkali kasalliklar qanchalik keng tarqalgani muhim To‘liq sahifasi
healthcare ★★★	3	sog‘liqni saqlash — tibbiy xizmat tizimi Ot — Noun	free healthcare · access to healthcare · healthcare system	Universal access to healthcare remains a distant goal in many regions. Sog‘liqni saqlashdan umumiy foydalanish ko‘p mintaqalarda hamon uzoq maqsad.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan va bir so‘z (BrE’da health care ham uchraydi). free healthcare — davlat xarajatlari haqidagi savolning markazi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar free healthcare · access to healthcare · healthcare system Namunalar Universal access to healthcare remains a distant goal in many regions. Sog‘liqni saqlashdan umumiy foydalanish ko‘p mintaqalarda hamon uzoq maqsad. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word welfare — sog‘liqni saqlash ijtimoiy ta’minotning bir qismi To‘liq sahifasi
preventive ★☆☆	6	profilaktik — oldini oluvchi Sifat — Adjective	pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) preventive measures · preventive healthcare · preventive medicine	Investment in preventive healthcare reduces long-term costs. Profilaktik tibbiyotga sarmoya uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni kamaytiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq inshosining eng kuchli dalili: preventive healthcare is far cheaper than treatment. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar preventive measures · preventive healthcare · preventive medicine So‘z o‘zagi pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) — oldin — oldindan, oldingi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Investment in preventive healthcare reduces long-term costs. Profilaktik tibbiyotga sarmoya uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni kamaytiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prevent — fe’l va sifat — bir ildizdan To‘liq sahifasi

Jinoyat va qonun — Crime & law

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
deterrent ★★☆	6	qaytaruvchi chora — jinoyatdan qo‘rqitib to‘xtatuvchi omil Ot — Noun	an effective deterrent · act as a deterrent · deter offenders	There is little evidence that long sentences act as an effective deterrent. Uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosi samarali qaytaruvchi omil bo‘lishiga dalil kam.	incentive
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jinoyat mavzusining markaziy tushunchasi: qattiq jazo act as a deterrent qiladimi yoki yo‘qmi — savol shu. Fe’li — deter (somebody from doing). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an effective deterrent · act as a deterrent · deter offenders Namunalar There is little evidence that long sentences act as an effective deterrent. Uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosi samarali qaytaruvchi omil bo‘lishiga dalil kam. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym incentive — deterrent = qaytaradi; incentive = undaydi To‘liq sahifasi
rehabilitation ★☆☆	6	qayta tarbiyalash — jinoyatchini jamiyatga qaytarish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) focus on rehabilitation · rehabilitation programmes · rehabilitate offenders	Prison systems that focus on rehabilitation report lower reoffending rates. Qayta tarbiyaga urg‘u beradigan qamoq tizimlarida qayta jinoyat qilish darajasi pastroq.	punishment
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jinoyat inshosining ikkinchi tomoni: punishment (jazo) yoki rehabilitation (qayta tarbiya) — muvozanatli javob ikkalasini ham qamrab oladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar focus on rehabilitation · rehabilitation programmes · rehabilitate offenders So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Prison systems that focus on rehabilitation report lower reoffending rates. Qayta tarbiyaga urg‘u beradigan qamoq tizimlarida qayta jinoyat qilish darajasi pastroq. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym punishment — rehabilitation = tuzatish; punishment = jazolash To‘liq sahifasi
punishment ★★☆	3	jazo Ot — Noun	harsh punishment · capital punishment · a form of punishment	Many argue that harsher punishment does not reduce crime rates. Ko‘pchilik qattiqroq jazo jinoyatchilik darajasini kamaytirmaydi deb hisoblaydi.	rehabilitation
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh capital punishment = o‘lim jazosi (o‘z-o‘zidan tayyor insho mavzusi). Fe’li — punish. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar harsh punishment · capital punishment · a form of punishment Namunalar Many argue that harsher punishment does not reduce crime rates. Ko‘pchilik qattiqroq jazo jinoyatchilik darajasini kamaytirmaydi deb hisoblaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym rehabilitation — punishment = jazo; rehabilitation = qayta tarbiya To‘liq sahifasi

Hukumat va siyosat — Government & politics

8 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
intervention inter- + vent + -ion ★★☆	6	aralashuv — hukumat yoki tashkilotning chora ko‘rishi Ot — Noun	inter-(inter- (lat.) — orasida) -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) government intervention · early intervention · intervene in	Early intervention in childhood produces the greatest long-term benefits. Bolalikdagi erta aralashuv eng katta uzoq muddatli foyda beradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da «davlat aralashuvi kerakmi?» tipidagi savollarda markaziy so‘z. Fe’li — intervene (in). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar government intervention · early intervention · intervene in So‘z o‘zagi inter-(inter- (lat.) — orasida) — orasida — o‘zaro shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Early intervention in childhood produces the greatest long-term benefits. Bolalikdagi erta aralashuv eng katta uzoq muddatli foyda beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word regulation — intervention = aralashuv harakati; regulation = qoida orqali nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
implement ★★★	5	amalga oshirmoq, joriy etmoq (siyosat, chora) Fe’l — Verb	implement a policy · implementation of · fully implemented	The measures were implemented gradually over a five-year period. Choralar besh yillik davr mobaynida bosqichma-bosqich joriy etildi.	introduce
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 yechim qismining asosiy fe’li: Governments should implement* stricter emissions standards.* Oti — implementation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar implement a policy · implementation of · fully implemented Namunalar The measures were implemented gradually over a five-year period. Choralar besh yillik davr mobaynida bosqichma-bosqich joriy etildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym introduce — introduce = birinchi marta kiritish; implement = to‘liq amalga oshirish To‘liq sahifasi
legislation ★★☆	6	qonunchilik — qabul qilingan qonunlar majmui Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) introduce legislation · strict legislation · anti-smoking legislation	Anti-smoking legislation has significantly reduced consumption. Chekishga qarshi qonunchilik iste’molni sezilarli kamaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ legislations → ✅ a piece of legislation. Law ning rasmiy varianti. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar introduce legislation · strict legislation · anti-smoking legislation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Anti-smoking legislation has significantly reduced consumption. Chekishga qarshi qonunchilik iste’molni sezilarli kamaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word regulation — legislation = qonunlar; regulation = qoidalar va nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
regulation ★★☆	5	tartibga solish, qoida — davlat nazorati Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) stricter regulation · government regulation · regulate the industry	Stricter regulation of social media has been proposed in several countries. Bir necha mamlakatda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni qattiqroq tartibga solish taklif qilindi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — regulate. Bahsning ikki qutbi: regulation (nazorat) va deregulation (erkinlashtirish). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar stricter regulation · government regulation · regulate the industry So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Stricter regulation of social media has been proposed in several countries. Bir necha mamlakatda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni qattiqroq tartibga solish taklif qilindi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word legislation — regulation = qoida/nazorat; legislation = qonun To‘liq sahifasi
enforce ★★☆	6	ijrosini ta’minlamoq — qonunni amalda qo‘llamoq Fe’l — Verb	enforce the law · difficult to enforce · law enforcement	Such a ban would be extremely difficult to enforce in practice. Bunday taqiqni amalda qo‘llash nihoyatda qiyin bo‘lardi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kuchli dalil: qonun bor, lekin difficult to enforce — Task 2 da har qanday taqiq taklifining zaif tomonini ko‘rsatadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar enforce the law · difficult to enforce · law enforcement Namunalar Such a ban would be extremely difficult to enforce in practice. Bunday taqiqni amalda qo‘llash nihoyatda qiyin bo‘lardi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word legislation — qonun qabul qilinadi, keyin ijro etiladi To‘liq sahifasi
welfare ★★☆	5	ijtimoiy ta’minot; farovonlik Ot — Noun	the welfare state · welfare benefits · child welfare	An ageing population places growing pressure on the welfare system. Aholining qarishi ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimiga tobora ko‘proq bosim o‘tkazadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki ma’no: davlat yordami (welfare benefits) va umumiy farovonlik (animal welfare). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the welfare state · welfare benefits · child welfare Namunalar An ageing population places growing pressure on the welfare system. Aholining qarishi ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimiga tobora ko‘proq bosim o‘tkazadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word wellbeing — welfare = tizim/yordam; wellbeing = shaxsning holati To‘liq sahifasi
infrastructure ★★★	5	infratuzilma — yo‘l, transport, tarmoq va inshootlar Ot — Noun	invest in infrastructure · transport infrastructure · ageing infrastructure	Rapid population growth has outpaced investment in infrastructure. Aholining tez o‘sishi infratuzilmaga sarmoyadan o‘zib ketdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ infrastructures. Yechim jumlalarida deyarli har doim kerak: invest in public transport infrastructure. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar invest in infrastructure · transport infrastructure · ageing infrastructure Namunalar Rapid population growth has outpaced investment in infrastructure. Aholining tez o‘sishi infratuzilmaga sarmoyadan o‘zib ketdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word urbanisation — shaharlashuv infratuzilmaga bosim o‘tkazadi To‘liq sahifasi
surveillance ★★☆	6	kuzatuv, nazorat — kameralar va ma’lumot orqali Ot — Noun	state surveillance · surveillance cameras · under surveillance	The expansion of state surveillance has raised serious privacy concerns. Davlat kuzatuvining kengayishi shaxsiy hayot bo‘yicha jiddiy xavotir uyg‘otdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Xavfsizlik va shaxsiy hayot muvozanati haqidagi bahsning markazi: surveillance improves safety but erodes privacy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar state surveillance · surveillance cameras · under surveillance Namunalar The expansion of state surveillance has raised serious privacy concerns. Davlat kuzatuvining kengayishi shaxsiy hayot bo‘yicha jiddiy xavotir uyg‘otdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word privacy — kuzatuv va maxfiylik — doim juftlashadigan qarama-qarshilik To‘liq sahifasi

Madaniyat va san’at — Culture & arts

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
spectator spect + -ator ★☆☆	3	tomoshabin — qarab turuvchi Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) spectator sport · thousands of spectators	Football remains the most popular spectator sport worldwide. Futbol dunyodagi eng ommabop tomoshabop sport bo‘lib qolmoqda.	audience
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh spectator sport — o‘ynaladigan emas, tomosha qilinadigan sport: Speaking Part 3 da sport mavzusida foydali. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar spectator sport · thousands of spectators So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Football remains the most popular spectator sport worldwide. Futbol dunyodagi eng ommabop tomoshabop sport bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym audience — audience = tinglovchi/tomoshabin jamoasi (yaxlit); spectator = alohida tomoshabin To‘liq sahifasi
indigenous indi- + gen + -ous ★☆☆	6	tub joyli, mahalliy — o‘sha yerda tug‘ilgan Sifat — Adjective	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) indigenous people · indigenous languages · indigenous species	Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing within a generation. Ko‘p tub joyli tillar bir avlod ichida yo‘q bo‘lib ketish xavfi ostida.	foreign
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Madaniyat va ekologiya mavzularida: indigenous languages are disappearing, indigenous species (mahalliy turlar). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar indigenous people · indigenous languages · indigenous species So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing within a generation. Ko‘p tub joyli tillar bir avlod ichida yo‘q bo‘lib ketish xavfi ostida. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym foreign — indigenous = tub joyli; foreign = chetdan kelgan To‘liq sahifasi

OAV va axborot — Media & information

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
audience aud + -ience ★★☆	3	tomoshabinlar, tinglovchilar, auditoriya Ot — Noun	aud(audire (lat.) — eshitmoq) a wide audience · reach an audience · target audience	Streaming platforms have given independent films a global audience. Strimning platformalari mustaqil filmlarga global auditoriya berdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yaxlit ot: fe’l ham birlikda, ham ko‘plikda kelishi mumkin, lekin imtihonda birlik xavfsizroq: The audience was* larger than expected.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a wide audience · reach an audience · target audience So‘z o‘zagi aud(audire (lat.) — eshitmoq) — eshitmoq — tinglamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Streaming platforms have given independent films a global audience. Strimning platformalari mustaqil filmlarga global auditoriya berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word spectator — audience = tinglovchi/tomoshabin jamoasi; spectator = alohida odam To‘liq sahifasi
privacy ★★☆	4	shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligi, maxfiylik Ot — Noun	invade privacy · privacy concerns · the right to privacy	Social media platforms have been criticised for invading users’ privacy. Ijtimoiy tarmoq platformalari foydalanuvchilar maxfiyligini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. Fe’l birikmasi — invade somebody’s privacy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar invade privacy · privacy concerns · the right to privacy Namunalar Social media platforms have been criticised for invading users’ privacy. Ijtimoiy tarmoq platformalari foydalanuvchilar maxfiyligini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word surveillance — maxfiylik kuzatuv kuchayganda yo‘qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
misinformation ★★☆	6	noto‘g‘ri axborot — tarqalayotgan yolg‘on ma’lumot Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) the spread of misinformation · combat misinformation · online misinformation	The rapid spread of misinformation online undermines public trust. Internetda noto‘g‘ri axborotning tez tarqalishi jamoatchilik ishonchini yemiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. the spread of misinformation — ijtimoiy tarmoqlar mavzusidagi eng kuchli salbiy dalil. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the spread of misinformation · combat misinformation · online misinformation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The rapid spread of misinformation online undermines public trust. Internetda noto‘g‘ri axborotning tez tarqalishi jamoatchilik ishonchini yemiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undermine — noto‘g‘ri axborot ishonchni yemiradi To‘liq sahifasi

Sayohat va turizm — Travel & tourism

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
attract at- + tract ★★☆	3	jalb qilmoq — o‘ziga tortmoq Fe’l — Verb	tract(trahere (lat.) — tortmoq) attract tourists · attract investment · a major attraction	The city attracts millions of visitors every summer. Shahar har yozda millionlab tashrif buyuruvchini jalb qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Turizm va iqtisod mavzularida kerak: attract foreign investment. Oti — attraction, sifati — attractive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar attract tourists · attract investment · a major attraction So‘z o‘zagi tract(trahere (lat.) — tortmoq) — tortmoq — sudramoq, cho‘zmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The city attracts millions of visitors every summer. Shahar har yozda millionlab tashrif buyuruvchini jalb qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word extract — bir ildiz: attract = o‘ziga tortmoq; extract = tortib olmoq To‘liq sahifasi

Odamlar va munosabat — People & relationships

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
empathy em- + path + -y ★☆☆	5	hamdardlik, o‘zgani his qila olish Ot — Noun	path(pathos (yun.) — his, azob) develop empathy · a lack of empathy · empathetic	Studying literature helps young people develop empathy. Adabiyot o‘qish yoshlarda hamdardlik tuyg‘usini rivojlantiradi.	sympathy
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusida: adabiyot va san’at nima beradi degan savolga eng yaxshi javob — reading fiction develops empathy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar develop empathy · a lack of empathy · empathetic So‘z o‘zagi path(pathos (yun.) — his, azob) — his-tuyg‘u — kasallik, azob shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Studying literature helps young people develop empathy. Adabiyot o‘qish yoshlarda hamdardlik tuyg‘usini rivojlantiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym sympathy — sympathy = achinish, birovga rahm; empathy = uning o‘rnida his qila olish To‘liq sahifasi

Vocabulary bank · Lug‘at bazasi

Akademik til — Academic language

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar