English, Class - 19: Reported vs Direct Speech

Salom, bilimga chanqoq do'stlar! 🌟 Ingliz tilida suhbatlashganda doim ham o'zimizning fikrimizni emas, ko'pincha boshqalar nima deganini aytib berishimizga to'g'ri keladi. Bugun biz siz bilan birovning gapini o'z so'zlarimiz bilan chiroyli va to'g'ri yetkazib berish san'atini — Reported Speech (O'zlashtirma gap) mavzusini o'rganamiz.

Sir emas, bu mavzuni ba'zan til o'rganuvchilar orasida "g'iybat qilish qoidasi" deb ham atashadi! 😉 Qani, boshladik!

🗣️ Reported Speech o'zi nima?

Ingliz tilida kimningdir aytgan gapini ikki xil usulda yetkazish mumkin:

1. Direct Speech (Ko'chirma gap): Insonning gapini tirnoq ichida, o'zgarishsiz, xuddi to'tiqushdek qaytarish.
2. Reported Speech (O'zlashtirma gap): Gapni o'zlashtirib, tirnoqlarsiz, o'z so'zlarimiz bilan hikoya qilib berish.

💡 Oltin Qoida (The Backshift Rule): Birovning gapini o'tmishda aytib berayotganimizda (masalan, "He said..." - U dedi...), gap ichidagi zamon bir qadam orqaga, ya'ni o'tmishga qarab siljiydi. Shuningdek, vaqt va joyni bildiruvchi ma'lum so'zlar ham albatta o'zgaradi!

⚖️ Katta Farq: Zamonlarning Orqaga Siljishi

Keling, bu qoida qanday ishlashini chiroyli sifat va ravishlar bilan boyitilgan misollar orqali ko'ramiz. "Siljish" qanday yuz berishiga qattiq diqqat qiling:

1. Present Simple ➡️ Past Simple (Hozirgi oddiydan O'tgan oddiyga)

• Direct: "I speak French fluently," the confident applicant said. (Men fransuzchada ravon gapiraman).
• Reported: The confident applicant said (that) he spoke French fluently. (O'ziga ishongan nomzod fransuzchada ravon gapirishini aytdi).

2. Present Continuous ➡️ Past Continuous (Hozirgi davomiydan O'tgan davomiyga)

• Direct: "We are working diligently on this massive project now," they explained. (Biz hozir bu ulkan loyiha ustida qunt bilan ishlayapmiz).
• Reported: They explained that they were working diligently on that massive project then. (Ular o'sha ulkan loyiha ustida qunt bilan ishlayotganliklarini tushuntirishdi). 👉 E'tibor bering: "now" (hozir) so'zi "then" (o'shanda) so'ziga, "this" (bu) ko'rsatkich olmoshi esa "that" (o'sha) so'ziga o'zgardi!

3. Past Simple ➡️ Past Perfect (O'tgan oddiydan Uzoq o'tganga)

• Direct: "The stubborn manager rejected the brilliant idea yesterday," she whispered quietly. (Qaysar menejer kecha ajoyib g'oyani rad etdi).
• Reported: She whispered quietly that the stubborn manager had rejected the brilliant idea the day before. (U qaysar menejer g'oyani bir kun oldin rad etganini sekin pichirlab aytdi). 👉 E'tibor bering: "yesterday" (kecha) so'zi "the day before" (bir kun oldin) so'ziga o'zgardi!

📌 Muhim Eslatma: Yordamchi fe'llar ham bir qadam orqaga qaytadi: "Will" so'zi "Would"ga, "Can" esa "Could"ga o'zgaradi. Masalan: "I can do it" ➡️ He said he could do it.

📝 O'zlashtirish uchun Test

Qani, o'rganganlarimizni amalda sinab ko'ramiz! Gapni Reported Speech'ga to'g'ri o'girgan variantni toping. (Eslatma: Zamon, ko'rsatish olmoshlari va vaqt so'zlarining o'zgarishiga hushyor bo'ling!)

1. "I have already finished this exhausting task," the employee said. A) The employee said that he finished this exhausting task. B) The employee said that he has already finished this exhausting task. C) The employee said that he had already finished that exhausting task.

2. The excited kids shouted, "We will go to the huge amusement park tomorrow!" A) The excited kids shouted that they would go to the huge amusement park the next day. B) The excited kids shouted that they will go to the huge amusement park tomorrow. C) The excited kids shouted that they would go to the huge amusement park tomorrow.

(O'ylab ko'ring... Javoblarni ko'rish uchun pastga qarang) ⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️

To'g'ri Javoblar va Tushuntirish:

1. To'g'ri javob: C. Sababi: Direct speech "have finished" (Present Perfect) da turibdi, qoidaga ko'ra u bir qadam orqaga siljib "had finished" (Past Perfect) ga o'zgaradi. Shuningdek, "this" (bu) ko'rsatish olmoshi albatta "that" (o'sha) ga aylanadi. Boshqa javoblarda bu o'zgarishlar e'tibordan chetda qolgan.
2. To'g'ri javob: A. Sababi: "Will" so'zi o'tmishga moslashib "would" ga o'zgaradi. Eng asosiysi, "tomorrow" (ertaga) so'zi Reported Speech'da doimo "the next day" (keyingi kun) ga o'zgarishi shart! C variantida "tomorrow" o'zgarmay qolib ketgan.