Plans and Methods of Reasoning — GMAT oʻqish

Ikki savol turi, bitta savol: «qanday?»

Reja savoli soʻraydi: bu reja oʻz maqsadiga yetadimi? Biznes maktablari bu turni yaxshi koʻradi — menejer har kuni rejalarni baholaydi. Method savoli esa soʻraydi: argument qanday usul bilan isbotlaydi? «The argument proceeds by…», «Malika responds to Anvar by…».

⏱ Reja / method — ~2 daqiqa

Usul

Reja: maqsadni bitta jumlada yozing — aniq raqam bilan, agar bor boʻlsa («yarmiga kamaytirish»). Keyin har bir variantga: «bu reja maqsadga yetishini oʻzgartiradimi?» Narx va qoʻshimcha nojoʻya taʼsirlar odatda — yoʻq.

Method: argumentni bir jumlada abstrakt tasvirlang: «qarshi misol keltiradi», «boshqa sabab koʻrsatadi», «oʻxshatish qiladi», «dalilni qabul qilib, uni boshqa omil bilan tortadi».

Tekshirish: variantning har bir soʻzi argumentda bormi? «Shows that the data are inaccurate» — argument maʼlumotni rad etadimi, yoki faqat boshqacha talqin qiladimi?

Ishlangan namuna

Some say that the new drug causes headaches, since 30 percent of the patients who took it in a trial reported headaches. But 29 percent of the patients in the same trial who were given a sugar pill also reported headaches. So the trial gives no reason to think that the drug causes headaches.

Muallif nima qildi? U dalilni rad etmadi (30% rost), manbani tanqid qilmadi. U sabab yoʻq joyda ham natija borligini koʻrsatdi — taqqoslash guruhi. Abstrakt: «pointing out that a result attributed to one cause also occurred where that cause was absent».

💡 Maslahat: Method variantlari koʻpincha toʻgʻri boshlanib, notoʻgʻri tugaydi: «questions the size of the trial» — tadqiqot haqida, lekin argument hajm haqida gapirmaydi.

Some say that the new drug causes headaches, since 30 percent of the patients who took it in a trial reported headaches. But 29 percent of the patients in the same trial who were given a sugar pill also reported headaches. So the trial gives no reason to think that the drug causes headaches.

The argument proceeds by

⏱ ~2 daqiqa

offering an analogy between two different drugs questioning the size of the trial pointing out that a result attributed to one cause also occurred where that cause was absent showing that the evidence for a claim came from a biased source arguing that a claim must be false because it has not been proven true

Anvar: Our firm should move its headquarters to Tashkent, because office rents there have fallen by 20 percent. Malika: Rents in Tashkent have fallen, but salaries there are higher, and salaries are a far larger share of our costs than rent is.

Malika responds to Anvar by

⏱ ~2 daqiqa

accepting his evidence but arguing that it is outweighed by another consideration arguing that the firm should never move its headquarters anywhere showing that his conclusion contradicts his own evidence questioning Anvar's motives for proposing the move denying that office rents in Tashkent have fallen

To increase the number of tourists who visit in winter, the city of Khiva plans to cut its hotel taxes by half from November to February.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly suggests that the plan will achieve its goal?

⏱ ~2 daqiqa

The hotel tax provides only a small share of the city's revenue. Khiva's hotels are fully booked every summer. Winter temperatures in Khiva are often below freezing. Surveys of tour operators show that hotel prices are the main reason they do not offer winter trips to Khiva. Several other cities have also cut their hotel taxes.

A supermarket chain aims to cut by half the amount of fruit and vegetables it throws away. Its plan is to sell produce that is close to its sell-by date at half price in a special section of each store.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly suggests that the plan will NOT achieve its goal?

⏱ ~2 daqiqa

Other supermarket chains already use this method. The special section will take up shelf space now used for other products. Some customers prefer to buy only the freshest produce. Over 80 percent of the fruit and vegetables the chain throws away are damaged during delivery and are never put on sale at all. Half-price produce earns the chain less money per item.

The mayor claims that the new bus lanes have made traffic worse, pointing to longer car journey times on Amir Temur Avenue. But journey times rose just as much on streets that got no bus lanes, after a major bridge was closed for repairs. So the bus lanes are not to blame.

The argument responds to the mayor's claim by

⏱ ~2 daqiqa

drawing an analogy between the bus lanes and the closed bridge arguing that the bus lanes have reduced traffic attacking the mayor's motives for making the claim identifying another cause for the change that the mayor attributes to the bus lanes showing that the mayor's figures on journey times are inaccurate

Tuzoqlar

⚠️ Tuzoq: Reja savolida — xarajat va nojoʻya taʼsir, «baʼzilar». Method savolida — argumentda yoʻq harakat («attacks motives», «shows data inaccurate») va juda kuchli tavsif («never», «has reduced»).

📌 Eslatma: Method variantlari uzun abstrakt iboralar. Ularni argumentga «qaytaring»: «a result» — bosh ogʻrigʻi, «one cause» — dori, «where that cause was absent» — shakar tabletka guruhi. Hammasi mos kelsa — toʻgʻri.

Kalit soʻzlar

proceeds by

… yoʻli bilan isbotlaydi

responds by

… bilan javob beradi

outweighed

ustun keladi, bosib ketadi

achieve its goal

maqsadiga yetmoq

attributes to

… ga bogʻlaydi

analogy

oʻxshatish

Xulosa

Rejada maqsadni aniq yozing — raqami bilan.
Xarajat ≠ muvaffaqiyatsizlik.
Method — argumentning harakatini abstrakt tasvirlash.
Variantni argumentning oʻz soʻzlariga qaytarib tekshiring.

Powerty'ni o'rnatish

GMAT Verbal 25: Plans and Methods of Reasoning

Ikki savol turi, bitta savol: «qanday?»

Usul

Ishlangan namuna

Tuzoqlar

Kalit soʻzlar

Xulosa