SAT R&W 73: Hedged Conclusions — may, suggests, is likely to

O'qish Mantiqiy xulosa (Inferences) 4-dars, jami 5

Shu mavzudagi darslar · 4/5

SAT R&W 70: Inferences — “Which Choice Most Logically Completes the Text?”
SAT R&W 71: The Blank Is Always at the End — Reading Toward It
SAT R&W 72: Inference vs Outside Knowledge — Staying Inside the 60 Words
SAT R&W 73: Hedged Conclusions — may, suggests, is likely to
5 SAT R&W 74: Inferences — Mixed Practice

Dalil qancha ko'tarsa — shuncha

Inferences turida ikki variant ko'pincha bir xil narsani aytadi va faqat kuchi bilan farq qiladi:

📝 Namuna:

… may help patients remember advice
… has been shown to help patients remember advice

Ikkalasi ham mazmunan to'g'ri tuyuladi. Lekin faqat bittasi matndagi dalilga tengdir. Bu turdagi eng ko'p yo'qotiladigan ball aynan shu yerda.

⏱ ~70 soniya

Kuch shkalasi

Matndagi dalil	Javob shunday bo'lishi kerak
Bitta holat, kichik tajriba, takrorlanmagan	may · could · in this case
Barqaror naqsh, ko'p kuzatuv	suggests · is likely · tends to
To'liq ro'yxat, hech qanday istisnosiz	is · are · every — kuchli da'vo o'rinli
Mantiqiy zarurat (boshqa imkon yo'q)	must · cannot

Va matnning o'zidagi so'zlarni o'qing — ular kuchni oldindan cheklaydi:

in a single trial · was not repeated · a small sample → javob ehtiyotkor bo'lsin;
in every case recorded · none has been found · the survey covered the whole → kuchli javob o'rinli;
if … then → mantiqiy zarurat, must mumkin.

⚠️ Tuzoq: Tuzoq ikki tomonga ham ishlaydi. Haddan tashqari kuchli javob (proves · always · never · the most) eng ko'p uchraydi. Lekin haddan tashqari kuchsiz javob ham tuzoq: matn to'liq ro'yxat bergan bo'lsa, «balki biroz ko'proqdir» degan variant dalilni behuda qiladi.

Ishlangan namuna

In a trial at one hospital, patients given a printed summary of their consultation recalled more of the advice a week later than patients who received none. Fifty-two patients took part. The trial has not been repeated, and the two groups were not matched for age, which is known to affect recall. On this evidence, printed summaries

Which choice most logically completes the text?

have been shown to improve how much advice patients remember.
may improve how much advice patients remember, though this trial is too small and too uncontrolled to establish it.
are the most effective means available of improving patient recall.
have no measurable effect on how much advice patients remember.

⏱ ~70 soniya

Yechim

Matn kuchni o'zi cheklaydi. Uchta cheklov sanalgan: one hospital, fifty-two patients, has not been repeated, va ustiga not matched for age.

Muallif bu cheklovlarni bekorga yozmagan. Ular javobning kuchini eng past darajaga tushiradi: may.

TO‘G‘RImay improve how much advice patients remember, though this trial is too small and too uncontrolled to establish it — yagona variant dalilning kuchiga teng: ta'sir bo'lishi mumkin, lekin bu tajriba uni isbotlamaydi. Va u matndagi to'rtala cheklovni ham hisobga oladi.

TUZOQhave been shown to improve how much advice patients remember — haddan tashqari kuchli. have been shown = isbotlangan. Takrorlanmagan, yosh bo'yicha moslashtirilmagan 52 kishilik tajriba hech nimani isbotlamaydi. Eng ko'p tanlanadigan noto'g'ri javob.

TUZOQare the most effective means available of improving patient recall — ikki barobar kuchli: nafaqat isbotlangan, balki eng yaxshisi. Matn boshqa usullarni umuman solishtirmaydi.

TUZOQhave no measurable effect on how much advice patients remember — teskari tomonga kuchli. Tajriba farq topdi — u ishonchsiz bo'lishi mumkin, lekin «ta'sir yo'q» degan xulosa ham xuddi shunday asossiz.

💡 Maslahat: Matnda cheklovlar sanalgan bo'lsa — small · not repeated · preliminary · a single — javob deyarli har doim eng ehtiyotkor variant bo'ladi. Muallif o'sha so'zlarni sizga yordam berish uchun yozgan.

A survey of this coast recorded 340 shipwrecks. The survey covered the entire coastline, and wrecks here have been registered by the harbour authority whenever they occur since the register opened. Every one of the 340 lies within two kilometres of a headland; none has been found on the long open stretches between them. On this evidence,

Which choice most logically completes the text?

the danger of wreck on this coast is concentrated near its headlands. headlands may possibly be somewhat more hazardous than open coast. ships have deliberately avoided the open stretches between headlands. headlands are the most dangerous coastal feature anywhere in the world.

A ledger was kept in a locked room to which exactly three people held keys: the manager, the auditor and the night porter. Entries in the ledger were altered at some point between Friday evening and Monday morning. The manager was abroad from Thursday until the following Tuesday, and the auditor was in hospital for the whole of that weekend. If the alteration was made by a keyholder, then it

Which choice most logically completes the text?

was probably made by the night porter, though the others cannot be entirely ruled out. may have been made by somebody who did not hold a key. must have been made by the night porter. shows that the night porter had a reason to alter the ledger.

A single fragment of woven cloth was recovered from a waterlogged pit and dated to the fourth millennium BCE — older than any other textile so far found in the region. Waterlogging preserves plant fibre almost indefinitely; on dry sites, which make up the great majority of those excavated in the region, fibre decays within a few centuries. The fragment therefore shows that weaving

Which choice most logically completes the text?

began in the region at about that date. was more widespread in the fourth millennium BCE than it later became. was the only craft practised in the region at that time. was already being practised in the region by that date.

Records exist for eleven winters at a mountain pass. In each of those eleven the pass was closed by snow for at least three weeks, and in nine of them for more than six. No winter in the record has passed without a closure. An engineer planning a route intended to stay open all year

Which choice most logically completes the text?

can rely on the closure lasting more than six weeks each winter. should expect a closure every winter unless the route avoids the pass. may find that some winters bring no closure to the pass. has no basis in the records for predicting closures at all.

Kalit so'zlar — Key vocabulary

to establish (a claim)

(da'voni) isbotlab qo'ymoq

has been shown to ~

~ ekani isbotlangan (kuchli)

to rule out

istisno qilmoq

uncontrolled (of a trial)

nazorat guruhisiz, sharoitlari tenglashtirilmagan

waterlogged

suvga to'yingan (tuproq)

to decay

chirimoq, parchalanmoq

by that date

o'sha sanaga kelib (ehtiyotkor shakl)

to be concentrated near ~

~ atrofida to'plangan bo'lmoq

Xulosa

Xulosaning kuchi dalilning kuchiga teng bo'lsin.
Cheklovlar sanalgan bo'lsa (small · not repeated) — javob eng ehtiyotkori.
To'liq ro'yxat, istisnosiz naqsh — kuchli javob o'rinli.
Shart berilgan bo'lsa (If …) — must mumkin.
Kuchsiz javob ham tuzoq: «may possibly somewhat» dalilni behuda qiladi.
Saqlanish sharoiti eslatilsa: eng eski topilgan ≠ eng eski bo'lgan.

Rivojlanishni kuzatish uchun kiring

Oldingi SAT R&W 72: Inference vs Outside Knowledge — Staying Inside the 60 Words

Keyingi SAT R&W 74: Inferences — Mixed Practice

Mantiqiy xulosa (Inferences)

SAT R&W 70: Inferences — “Which Choice Most Logically Completes the Text?”
SAT R&W 71: The Blank Is Always at the End — Reading Toward It
SAT R&W 72: Inference vs Outside Knowledge — Staying Inside the 60 Words
SAT R&W 73: Hedged Conclusions — may, suggests, is likely to
5 SAT R&W 74: Inferences — Mixed Practice