Vocabulary bank

Akademik til — Academic language

13 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
visible vis + -ible ★☆☆	3	ko‘rinadigan, sezilarli Sifat — Adjective	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) clearly visible · a visible improvement · visibility	The effects of the policy became visible within two years. Siyosatning ta’siri ikki yil ichida ko‘zga tashlana boshladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da tendensiyani izohlashda: a visible* upward trend. Teskarisi — invisible. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar clearly visible · a visible improvement · visibility So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq)* — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The effects of the policy became visible within two years. Siyosatning ta’siri ikki yil ichida ko‘zga tashlana boshladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word evidence — bir ildiz — «ko‘rmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
phonetic phon + -etic ★☆☆	5	fonetik — nutq tovushlariga oid Sifat — Adjective	phon(phone (yun.) — ovoz) the phonetic alphabet · phonetic transcription · phonetics	Learning the phonetic alphabet helps students place word stress correctly. Fonetik alifboni o‘rganish talabalarga so‘z urg‘usini to‘g‘ri qo‘yishga yordam beradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Speaking uchun amaliy foyda: lug‘atdagi phonetic transcription (/ˈdetəmɪn/ kabi yozuv) urg‘uni ko‘rsatadi, urg‘u esa Pronunciation bahosining bir qismi. Yangi so‘zni yozib olayotganda transkripsiyasini ham ko‘chiring. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the phonetic alphabet · phonetic transcription · phonetics So‘z o‘zagi phon(phone (yun.) — ovoz) — ovoz — tovush shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Learning the phonetic alphabet helps students place word stress correctly. Fonetik alifboni o‘rganish talabalarga so‘z urg‘usini to‘g‘ri qo‘yishga yordam beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word audience — bir soha: phon = ovoz chiqarish, aud = uni eshitish To‘liq sahifasi
inevitable in- + evitare (qochmoq) + -able ★★☆	5	muqarrar — oldini olib bo‘lmaydigan Sifat — Adjective	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) an inevitable consequence · it is inevitable that · inevitably	Some job losses are an inevitable consequence of automation. Ba’zi ish o‘rinlarining yo‘qolishi avtomatlashtirishning muqarrar oqibati.	unavoidable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ravishi inevitably — jumla boshida juda foydali: Inevitably, such measures will meet resistance. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an inevitable consequence · it is inevitable that · inevitably So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Some job losses are an inevitable consequence of automation. Ba’zi ish o‘rinlarining yo‘qolishi avtomatlashtirishning muqarrar oqibati. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym unavoidable — ma’nosi bir xil; inevitable akademikroq eshitiladi To‘liq sahifasi
significant ★★★	3	sezilarli, muhim — e’tiborga loyiq darajadagi Sifat — Adjective	a significant increase · significantly higher · of great significance	There has been a significant shift in public attitudes since 2010. 2010-yildan beri jamoatchilik qarashlarida sezilarli o‘zgarish yuz berdi.	considerable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 va Task 2 ning eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladigan sifati. Aynan shuning uchun uni considerable, substantial, marked bilan almashtirib turing. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a significant increase · significantly higher · of great significance Namunalar There has been a significant shift in public attitudes since 2010. 2010-yildan beri jamoatchilik qarashlarida sezilarli o‘zgarish yuz berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym considerable — ma’nosi yaqin; significant «muhim» ma’nosini ham beradi To‘liq sahifasi
widespread ★★☆	4	keng tarqalgan Sifat — Adjective	widespread use of · widespread concern · become widespread	The widespread use of smartphones has changed how families communicate. Smartfonlarning keng tarqalishi oilalar muloqot qilish tarzini o‘zgartirdi.	prevalent
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Many people… gapini bir so‘zga siqadi: There is widespread* concern about screen time among children.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar widespread use of · widespread concern · become widespread Namunalar The widespread use of smartphones has changed how families communicate. Smartfonlarning keng tarqalishi oilalar muloqot qilish tarzini o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym prevalent — prevalent = ayni bir joyda/guruhda keng tarqalgan; widespread = umuman hamma joyda To‘liq sahifasi
crucial ★★☆	4	hal qiluvchi, o‘ta muhim Sifat — Adjective	play a crucial role · crucial to success · it is crucial that	Access to clean water is crucial to public health. Toza suvdan foydalanish jamoat salomatligi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega.	essential
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh play a crucial role in + -ing — Task 2 uchun tayyor birikma: Schools play a crucial role in* shaping attitudes.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar play a crucial role · crucial to success · it is crucial that Namunalar Access to clean water is crucial to public health. Toza suvdan foydalanish jamoat salomatligi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym essential — ma’nosi bir xil — takrorlanmaslik uchun almashtiring To‘liq sahifasi
essential ★★☆	3	zarur, muhim — usiz bo‘lmaydigan Sifat — Adjective	essential for · it is essential that · essential services	Practical experience is essential for graduates entering the job market. Amaliy tajriba mehnat bozoriga kirayotgan bitiruvchilar uchun zarur.	crucial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi: essential for/to. Subjunctive bilan: It is essential that* every child have access to education.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar essential for · it is essential that · essential services Namunalar Practical experience is essential for graduates entering the job market. Amaliy tajriba mehnat bozoriga kirayotgan bitiruvchilar uchun zarur. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym crucial — crucial biroz kuchliroq — «hal qiluvchi» To‘liq sahifasi
controversial ★★☆	5	bahsli, munozarali — qarama-qarshi fikr uyg‘otadigan Sifat — Adjective	a controversial issue · remains controversial · controversy	Compulsory military service remains a controversial issue in many countries. Majburiy harbiy xizmat ko‘p mamlakatlarda hamon bahsli masala bo‘lib qolmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kirish xatboshi uchun tayyor boshlanma: The question of whether X should be banned remains controversial. Oti — controversy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a controversial issue · remains controversial · controversy Namunalar Compulsory military service remains a controversial issue in many countries. Majburiy harbiy xizmat ko‘p mamlakatlarda hamon bahsli masala bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word contradict — bir ildizdan emas, lekin ikkalasi ham qarama-qarshilik haqida To‘liq sahifasi
beneficial ★★☆	4	foydali — naf keltiradigan Sifat — Adjective	beneficial to health · mutually beneficial · the benefits of	Bilingual education has proved beneficial to cognitive development. Ikki tilli ta’lim kognitiv rivojlanish uchun foydali ekani isbotlandi.	detrimental
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi to yoki for: beneficial to the economy. Good for ning akademik varianti. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar beneficial to health · mutually beneficial · the benefits of Namunalar Bilingual education has proved beneficial to cognitive development. Ikki tilli ta’lim kognitiv rivojlanish uchun foydali ekani isbotlandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym detrimental — beneficial = foydali; detrimental = zararli To‘liq sahifasi
detrimental ★★☆	6	zararli — salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadigan Sifat — Adjective	detrimental to health · a detrimental effect on	Long commutes have a detrimental effect on family life. Uzoq qatnov oila hayotiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.	beneficial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh bad for ning akademik varianti — Task 2 da juda ko‘p kerak bo‘ladi: Excessive screen time can be detrimental to* children’s sleep.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar detrimental to health · a detrimental effect on Namunalar Long commutes have a detrimental effect on family life. Uzoq qatnov oila hayotiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym beneficial — detrimental = zararli; beneficial = foydali To‘liq sahifasi
viable ★☆☆	6	hayotga tatbiq etsa bo‘ladigan — amalda ishlaydigan Sifat — Adjective	-able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) a viable alternative · economically viable · viable solution	Wind power has become an economically viable option for many countries. Shamol energiyasi ko‘p mamlakatlar uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan maqbul variantga aylandi.	feasible
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh a viable alternative — yechim taklif qilishda eng foydali birikmalardan: Rail travel is a viable alternative* to short-haul flights.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a viable alternative · economically viable · viable solution So‘z o‘zagi -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Wind power has become an economically viable option for many countries. Shamol energiyasi ko‘p mamlakatlar uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan maqbul variantga aylandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym feasible — feasible = amalga oshirsa bo‘ladigan; viable = uzoq muddat yashab keta oladigan To‘liq sahifasi
feasible ★☆☆	6	amalga oshirsa bo‘ladigan — imkoni bor Sifat — Adjective	technically feasible · a feasible solution · feasibility	Free public transport is feasible only in relatively wealthy cities. Bepul jamoat transporti faqat nisbatan boy shaharlarda amalga oshsa bo‘ladi.	viable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Taklifning kuchsiz tomonini tan olishda: Such a scheme may not be feasible* in poorer regions.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar technically feasible · a feasible solution · feasibility Namunalar Free public transport is feasible only in relatively wealthy cities. Bepul jamoat transporti faqat nisbatan boy shaharlarda amalga oshsa bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym viable — feasible = qilib bo‘ladi; viable = davom ettirib bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
effective ★★★	3	samarali, natija beradigan — maqsadga erishadigan Sifat — Adjective	an effective solution · prove effective · the most effective way to	Public awareness campaigns have proved surprisingly effective. Aholi xabardorligini oshirish kampaniyalari kutilmaganda samarali bo‘ldi.	efficient
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ effective (natija beradi) ≠ efficient (tejamli). Task 2 xulosasida: the most effective* long-term solution. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an effective solution · prove effective · the most effective way to Namunalar Public awareness campaigns have proved surprisingly effective. Aholi xabardorligini oshirish kampaniyalari kutilmaganda samarali bo‘ldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym efficient* — effective = ishlaydi; efficient = arzon va tez ishlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
substantial sub- + stant (turmoq) + -ial ★★★	5	salmoqli, sezilarli — katta miqdordagi Sifat — Adjective	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) a substantial increase · substantial evidence · substantially higher	There was a substantial increase in energy consumption after 2005. 2005-yildan keyin energiya iste’molida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi.	marginal considerable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da big so‘zining eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: a substantial* rise, substantially* higher. ⚠️ substantial (katta) ≠ substantive (mazmunli). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a substantial increase · substantial evidence · substantially higher So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar There was a substantial increase in energy consumption after 2005. 2005-yildan keyin energiya iste’molida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym marginal — substantial = katta; marginal = arzimas Sinonim — Synonym considerable — ma’nosi deyarli bir xil — takrorlanmaslik uchun almashtiring To‘liq sahifasi
marginal ★★☆	5	arzimas, juda kichik — sezilmas darajadagi Sifat — Adjective	a marginal increase · marginally higher · only marginal change	The figure for Spain showed only a marginal increase over the period. Ispaniya ko‘rsatkichi davr davomida faqat arzimas o‘sishni ko‘rsatdi.	substantial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kichik o‘zgarishni aniq aytish uchun: a marginal* rise of just 2%. Ravishi — marginally: marginally higher than. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a marginal increase · marginally higher · only marginal change Namunalar The figure for Spain showed only a marginal increase over the period. Ispaniya ko‘rsatkichi davr davomida faqat arzimas o‘sishni ko‘rsatdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym substantial* — marginal = arzimas; substantial = salmoqli To‘liq sahifasi
considerable ★★★	4	sezilarli, anchagina — katta miqdordagi Sifat — Adjective	a considerable increase · considerably higher · considerable variation	There was considerable variation between the four countries. To‘rt mamlakat orasida sezilarli tafovut bor edi.	substantial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 va Task 2 da very big ni almashtiradi. Ravishi considerably qiyosiy shakl bilan juda yaxshi ishlaydi: considerably higher than. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a considerable increase · considerably higher · considerable variation Namunalar There was considerable variation between the four countries. To‘rt mamlakat orasida sezilarli tafovut bor edi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym substantial — ikkalasi bir xil ma’noda — matnda navbat bilan ishlating To‘liq sahifasi
threefold ★☆☆	6	uch karra — «uch baravar» Sifat — Adjective	a threefold increase · rise threefold · a twofold rise	The country recorded a threefold increase in solar capacity. Mamlakat quyosh quvvatining uch karra oshganini qayd etdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh three times as much ning ixcham shakli: a threefold* increase in demand. Oilasi: twofold, fourfold, tenfold. Fe’l bilan ham: rose threefold. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a threefold increase · rise threefold · a twofold rise Namunalar The country recorded a threefold increase in solar capacity. Mamlakat quyosh quvvatining uch karra oshganini qayd etdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word double* — double = ikki baravar (fe’l ham); threefold = uch karra (sifat) To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’lim — Education

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
compulsory com- + puls + -ory ★★★	4	majburiy — qonun bilan talab qilinadigan Sifat — Adjective	pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) compulsory education · compulsory military service · make it compulsory	In most countries, education is compulsory until the age of sixteen. Ko‘pchilik davlatlarda ta’lim o‘n olti yoshgacha majburiy.	voluntary mandatory
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusidagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan savol: Should sport be compulsory* at school?* Sinonimi mandatory, teskarisi optional / voluntary. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar compulsory education · compulsory military service · make it compulsory So‘z o‘zagi pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) — turtmoq — haydamoq, itarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar In most countries, education is compulsory until the age of sixteen. Ko‘pchilik davlatlarda ta’lim o‘n olti yoshgacha majburiy. Some argue that voting should be made compulsory. Ba’zilar ovoz berishni majburiy qilish kerak deb hisoblaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym voluntary — compulsory = majburiy; voluntary = ixtiyoriy Sinonim — Synonym mandatory — ma’nosi bir xil; mandatory rasmiy hujjatlarda ko‘proq To‘liq sahifasi
cognitive cogn + -itive ★★☆	6	kognitiv — bilish, fikrlash jarayonlariga oid Sifat — Adjective	cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) cognitive development · cognitive skills · cognitive decline	Reading regularly is linked to stronger cognitive skills in later life. Muntazam o‘qish keyingi hayotda kuchliroq kognitiv ko‘nikmalar bilan bog‘liq.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim va sog‘liq mavzularida band-7 so‘zi: early bilingualism supports cognitive development, cognitive decline in old age. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar cognitive development · cognitive skills · cognitive decline So‘z o‘zagi cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) — bilmoq — anglamoq, tanimoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Reading regularly is linked to stronger cognitive skills in later life. Muntazam o‘qish keyingi hayotda kuchliroq kognitiv ko‘nikmalar bilan bog‘liq. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word recognise — bir ildiz — «bilmoq» dan To‘liq sahifasi
vocational ★★☆	5	kasb-hunarga oid — amaliy kasbga tayyorlaydigan Sifat — Adjective	vocational training · vocational courses · vocational qualifications	Vocational training often leads to employment more quickly than a degree. Kasb-hunar ta’limi ko‘pincha diplomdan ko‘ra tezroq ish topishga olib keladi.	academic
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusining eng ko‘p qaytariladigan qarama-qarshiligi: vocational (kasb-hunar) va academic (nazariy) ta’lim. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar vocational training · vocational courses · vocational qualifications Namunalar Vocational training often leads to employment more quickly than a degree. Kasb-hunar ta’limi ko‘pincha diplomdan ko‘ra tezroq ish topishga olib keladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym academic — vocational = amaliy kasb; academic = nazariy o‘qish To‘liq sahifasi
academic ★★☆	3	akademik — nazariy, ilmiy ta’limga oid Sifat — Adjective	academic performance · academic achievement · academic pressure	Excessive academic pressure can harm children’s mental health. Haddan ortiq o‘quv bosimi bolalarning ruhiy salomatligiga zarar yetkazishi mumkin.	vocational
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh academic performance va academic pressure — ta’lim inshosining ikki tayyor birikmasi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar academic performance · academic achievement · academic pressure Namunalar Excessive academic pressure can harm children’s mental health. Haddan ortiq o‘quv bosimi bolalarning ruhiy salomatligiga zarar yetkazishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym vocational — academic = nazariy; vocational = amaliy To‘liq sahifasi

Ish va kasb — Work & careers

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
productive ★★☆	4	samarali, unumli — ko‘p natija beradigan Sifat — Adjective	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) a productive workforce · more productive · counterproductive	Shorter working weeks have made some teams noticeably more productive. Qisqaroq ish haftasi ba’zi jamoalarni sezilarli darajada unumliroq qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ counterproductive — «foyda o‘rniga zarar keltiradigan» — Task 2 da chorani tanqid qilishda juda foydali: Longer hours are often counterproductive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a productive workforce · more productive · counterproductive So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Shorter working weeks have made some teams noticeably more productive. Qisqaroq ish haftasi ba’zi jamoalarni sezilarli darajada unumliroq qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word productivity — sifat va ot — bir ildizdan To‘liq sahifasi

Jamiyat — Society

5 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
diverse di- + vers ★★★	4	xilma-xil, rang-barang Sifat — Adjective	vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) a diverse population · cultural diversity · biodiversity	Large cities tend to have far more diverse populations. Yirik shaharlarda aholi tarkibi ancha xilma-xil bo‘ladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — diversity, bu esa jamiyat va ekologiya mavzularining kalit so‘zi: cultural diversity, biodiversity. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a diverse population · cultural diversity · biodiversity So‘z o‘zagi vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) — burmoq — aylantirmoq, o‘girmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Large cities tend to have far more diverse populations. Yirik shaharlarda aholi tarkibi ancha xilma-xil bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word convert — bir ildiz — «burmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
demographic demos (xalq) + graph + -ic ★★☆	5	demografik — aholi tarkibiga oid Sifat — Adjective	graph(graphein (yun.) — yozmoq) demographic change · demographic shift · an ageing demographic	Japan faces the most severe demographic challenges in the developed world. Yaponiya rivojlangan dunyodagi eng og‘ir demografik muammolarga duch kelmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Xalqni yozish» — aholi statistikasi. demographic change Task 2 da qarish, migratsiya va shaharlashuv mavzularining umumiy nomi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar demographic change · demographic shift · an ageing demographic So‘z o‘zagi graph(graphein (yun.) — yozmoq) — yozmoq — chizmoq, tasvirlamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Japan faces the most severe demographic challenges in the developed world. Yaponiya rivojlangan dunyodagi eng og‘ir demografik muammolarga duch kelmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word urbanisation — ikkalasi ham aholi o‘zgarishi haqida To‘liq sahifasi
suburban sub- + urban ★☆☆	4	shahar atrofi — chekkadagi turar joy hududiga oid Sifat — Adjective	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) suburban areas · move to the suburbs · suburban sprawl	Many families move to suburban areas in search of cheaper housing. Ko‘p oilalar arzonroq uy-joy izlab shahar atrofiga ko‘chadi.	rural
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Uch qatlamni ajratishni biling: urban (shahar) — suburban (shahar atrofi) — rural (qishloq). Task 1 xaritalari va Task 2 shaharlashuv mavzusida kerak. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar suburban areas · move to the suburbs · suburban sprawl So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Many families move to suburban areas in search of cheaper housing. Ko‘p oilalar arzonroq uy-joy izlab shahar atrofiga ko‘chadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym rural — suburban = shahar chekkasi; rural = qishloq joy To‘liq sahifasi
overcrowded over- + crowd + -ed ★★☆	4	haddan tashqari gavjum — sig‘imidan ortiq to‘lgan Sifat — Adjective	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overcrowded cities · overcrowded classrooms · overcrowding	Overcrowded public transport discourages people from leaving their cars. Haddan tashqari gavjum jamoat transporti odamlarni mashinasidan voz kechishdan qaytaradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaharlashuv va ta’lim mavzularida: overcrowded classrooms — sinf o‘lchami haqidagi savolga tayyor dalil. Oti — overcrowding. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overcrowded cities · overcrowded classrooms · overcrowding So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Overcrowded public transport discourages people from leaving their cars. Haddan tashqari gavjum jamoat transporti odamlarni mashinasidan voz kechishdan qaytaradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word congestion — congestion = yo‘l tirbandligi; overcrowding = joyning to‘lib ketishi To‘liq sahifasi
rural ★★★	3	qishloqqa oid — shahar tashqarisidagi Sifat — Adjective	rural areas · rural communities · rural depopulation	Young people continue to leave rural areas in search of work. Yoshlar ish izlab qishloq hududlarini tark etishda davom etmoqda.	suburban
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 xaritalari va Task 2 shaharlashuv mavzusida doimiy juftlik: urban — suburban — rural. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rural areas · rural communities · rural depopulation Namunalar Young people continue to leave rural areas in search of work. Yoshlar ish izlab qishloq hududlarini tark etishda davom etmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym suburban — rural = qishloq; suburban = shahar chekkasi To‘liq sahifasi

Iqtisod — Economy

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
affordable afford + -able ★★☆	4	arzon, ko‘tara oladigan — narxi qo‘ldan keladigan Sifat — Adjective	-able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) affordable housing · affordable healthcare · make it affordable	A shortage of affordable housing has forced young people to live with parents. Arzon uy-joy tanqisligi yoshlarni ota-onasi bilan yashashga majbur qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh affordable housing — shahar va tengsizlik mavzularida tayyor birikma. Fe’li: cannot afford* to* (moliyaviy imkoni yo‘q). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar affordable housing · affordable healthcare · make it affordable So‘z o‘zagi -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar A shortage of affordable housing has forced young people to live with parents. Arzon uy-joy tanqisligi yoshlarni ota-onasi bilan yashashga majbur qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word accessible — affordable = narxi ko‘tarsa bo‘ladigan; accessible = yetib borish/foydalanish mumkin bo‘lgan To‘liq sahifasi

Ekologiya — Environment

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
sustainable sus- (ostidan) + tain (ushlamoq) ★★★	4	barqaror — uzoq muddat davom etadigan, tabiatga zarar bermaydigan Sifat — Adjective	sustainable development · sustainable energy · environmentally sustainable	Cities must find sustainable ways of managing waste. Shaharlar chiqindini boshqarishning barqaror yo‘llarini topishi kerak.	unsustainable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya mavzusining eng markaziy so‘zi. Oti — sustainability, teskarisi — unsustainable. Ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor: «iqtisodiy jihatdan davom ettirib bo‘ladigan». Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sustainable development · sustainable energy · environmentally sustainable Namunalar Cities must find sustainable ways of managing waste. Shaharlar chiqindini boshqarishning barqaror yo‘llarini topishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym unsustainable — un- old qo‘shimchasi ma’noni teskari qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
renewable re- + new + -able ★★★	3	qayta tiklanuvchi — tugamaydigan (energiya haqida) Sifat — Adjective	re-(re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga) -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) renewable energy · renewable sources · switch to renewables	Renewable sources accounted for a quarter of total electricity output. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar umumiy elektr ishlab chiqarishning chorak qismini tashkil qildi.	fossil fuels
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya va energiya diagrammalarining asosiy so‘zi. Otlashgan ko‘plik shakli ham bor: invest in renewables. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar renewable energy · renewable sources · switch to renewables So‘z o‘zagi re-(re- (lat.) — qayta, orqaga) — qayta — yana, orqaga shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Renewable sources accounted for a quarter of total electricity output. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar umumiy elektr ishlab chiqarishning chorak qismini tashkil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym fossil fuels — renewable = tiklanadi; fossil fuels = tugaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Fan va texnologiya — Science & technology

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
efficient ★★★	3	samarali — kam resurs bilan ko‘p natija beradigan Sifat — Adjective	energy-efficient · more efficient use of · improve efficiency	Energy-efficient buildings can cut heating costs by up to 40%. Energiya tejaydigan binolar isitish xarajatini 40% gacha kamaytirishi mumkin.	effective
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh energy-efficient va fuel-efficient — ekologiya yechimlarining tayyor sifatlari. Oti — efficiency. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar energy-efficient · more efficient use of · improve efficiency Namunalar Energy-efficient buildings can cut heating costs by up to 40%. Energiya tejaydigan binolar isitish xarajatini 40% gacha kamaytirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym effective — efficient = kam resurs bilan; effective = maqsadga erishadi To‘liq sahifasi

Sog‘liq — Health

5 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
psychological psyche (ruh) + -logy + -ical ★★☆	5	psixologik — ruhiy holat bilan bog‘liq Sifat — Adjective	log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) psychological effects · psychological wellbeing · mental health	Long working hours can have serious psychological effects. Uzoq ish soatlari jiddiy psixologik oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq va ta’lim mavzularida jismoniy va ruhiy tomonni ajratish uchun: the psychological* as well as physical benefits of exercise. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar psychological effects · psychological wellbeing · mental health So‘z o‘zagi log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan)* — so‘z, fikr — fan, ta’limot shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Long working hours can have serious psychological effects. Uzoq ish soatlari jiddiy psixologik oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word wellbeing — wellbeing = umumiy farovonlik holati To‘liq sahifasi
prevalent ★☆☆	6	keng tarqalgan, hukmron — ayniqsa muammo yoki kasallik haqida Sifat — Adjective	particularly prevalent among · the prevalence of obesity	Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent among schoolchildren. Semizlik maktab o‘quvchilari orasida tobora keng tarqalmoqda.	widespread
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — prevalence: the prevalence of* diabetes among young adults. Sog‘liq mavzusida band-7 birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar particularly prevalent among · the prevalence of obesity Namunalar Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent among schoolchildren. Semizlik maktab o‘quvchilari orasida tobora keng tarqalmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym widespread* — prevalent = ma’lum guruh ichida; widespread = umuman To‘liq sahifasi
sedentary ★★☆	6	harakatsiz — ko‘p o‘tirib o‘tkaziladigan (turmush tarzi) Sifat — Adjective	a sedentary lifestyle · sedentary work · increasingly sedentary	Increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising obesity. Tobora harakatsiz turmush tarzi semizlikning o‘sishiga hissa qo‘shdi.	active
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh a sedentary lifestyle — sog‘liq inshosining eng foydali birikmalaridan: Office work encourages a sedentary lifestyle. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a sedentary lifestyle · sedentary work · increasingly sedentary Namunalar Increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising obesity. Tobora harakatsiz turmush tarzi semizlikning o‘sishiga hissa qo‘shdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym active — sedentary = harakatsiz; active = faol To‘liq sahifasi
chronic ★★☆	5	surunkali — uzoq davom etadigan (kasallik yoki muammo) Sifat — Adjective	chronic illness · chronic shortage · chronic stress	Chronic illnesses account for the majority of healthcare spending. Surunkali kasalliklar sog‘liqni saqlash xarajatlarining katta qismini tashkil qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Faqat tibbiyotda emas: a chronic shortage of housing = «surunkali uy-joy tanqisligi». Teskarisi — acute (o‘tkir, keskin). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar chronic illness · chronic shortage · chronic stress Namunalar Chronic illnesses account for the majority of healthcare spending. Surunkali kasalliklar sog‘liqni saqlash xarajatlarining katta qismini tashkil qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prevalent — surunkali kasalliklar qanchalik keng tarqalgani muhim To‘liq sahifasi
preventive ★☆☆	6	profilaktik — oldini oluvchi Sifat — Adjective	pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) preventive measures · preventive healthcare · preventive medicine	Investment in preventive healthcare reduces long-term costs. Profilaktik tibbiyotga sarmoya uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni kamaytiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq inshosining eng kuchli dalili: preventive healthcare is far cheaper than treatment. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar preventive measures · preventive healthcare · preventive medicine So‘z o‘zagi pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) — oldin — oldindan, oldingi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Investment in preventive healthcare reduces long-term costs. Profilaktik tibbiyotga sarmoya uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni kamaytiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prevent — fe’l va sifat — bir ildizdan To‘liq sahifasi

Madaniyat va san’at — Culture & arts

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
indigenous indi- + gen + -ous ★☆☆	6	tub joyli, mahalliy — o‘sha yerda tug‘ilgan Sifat — Adjective	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) indigenous people · indigenous languages · indigenous species	Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing within a generation. Ko‘p tub joyli tillar bir avlod ichida yo‘q bo‘lib ketish xavfi ostida.	foreign
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Madaniyat va ekologiya mavzularida: indigenous languages are disappearing, indigenous species (mahalliy turlar). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar indigenous people · indigenous languages · indigenous species So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing within a generation. Ko‘p tub joyli tillar bir avlod ichida yo‘q bo‘lib ketish xavfi ostida. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym foreign — indigenous = tub joyli; foreign = chetdan kelgan To‘liq sahifasi

Vocabulary bank · Lug‘at bazasi

Akademik til — Academic language

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Ta’lim — Education

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi