Vocabulary bank · Lug‘at bazasi

167 words for IELTS — meaning, root family, collocations, an example and the synonym/antonym pair.

spect So‘z oilalari — 31 ta ildiz spect = «qaramoq» ni bilsangiz — inspect, spectator, perspective, prospect, spectacular ni ham tushunasiz. Bitta ildiz — o‘nlab so‘z.

Akademik til — Academic language

6 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
perspective per- + spect + -ive ★★★	4	nuqtai nazar — qarash burchagi Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) from a different perspective · a global perspective · put into perspective	From an environmental perspective, the policy is difficult to justify. Ekologik nuqtai nazardan bu siyosatni oqlash qiyin.	viewpoint
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Orqali qarash» — per- (orqali) + spect (qarash). Task 2 da opinion so‘zining eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: from an economic perspective. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar from a different perspective · a global perspective · put into perspective So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar From an environmental perspective, the policy is difficult to justify. Ekologik nuqtai nazardan bu siyosatni oqlash qiyin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prospect — bir ildiz: perspective = qarash burchagi; prospect = istiqbol Sinonim — Synonym viewpoint — viewpoint = shaxsning qarashi; perspective = butun bir yo‘nalish yoki soha nuqtai nazari To‘liq sahifasi
evidence e- + vid + -ence ★★★	4	dalil, isbot — «ko‘z oldida turgan narsa» Ot — Noun	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) strong evidence · there is little evidence · evidence suggests	There is little evidence that stricter penalties reduce crime. Qattiqroq jazolar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirishiga dalil kam.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan ot: ❌ an evidence, ❌ evidences → ✅ a piece of evidence, much evidence. Task 2 da dalilni kiritishning eng akademik yo‘li: There is growing evidence that… Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar strong evidence · there is little evidence · evidence suggests So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar There is little evidence that stricter penalties reduce crime. Qattiqroq jazolar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirishiga dalil kam. Recent evidence suggests a link between air quality and school performance. So‘nggi dalillar havo sifati bilan o‘quv natijalari orasida bog‘liqlik borligini ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word visible — bir ildiz — «ko‘rmoq» dan To‘liq sahifasi
phenomenon phainomenon (yun.) — ko‘rinadigan narsa ★★☆	5	hodisa — kuzatiladigan voqelik Ot — Noun	a global phenomenon · a recent phenomenon · this phenomenon	Remote working is no longer a temporary phenomenon. Masofaviy ish endi vaqtinchalik hodisa emas.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Ko‘pligi noto‘g‘ri yasaladi: one phenomenon → two phenomena (❌ phenomenons). Ishora oti sifatida juda foydali: This phenomenon* is not confined to developing countries.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a global phenomenon · a recent phenomenon · this phenomenon Namunalar Remote working is no longer a temporary phenomenon. Masofaviy ish endi vaqtinchalik hodisa emas. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word trend — trend = uzoq davom etadigan yo‘nalish; phenomenon = hodisaning o‘zi To‘liq sahifasi
concept con- + cept (olmoq) ★★☆	4	tushuncha, g‘oya Ot — Noun	the concept of · a difficult concept · conceptual	The concept of lifelong learning has gained ground in recent decades. Umrbod o‘rganish tushunchasi so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda ommalashdi.	notion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Mavhum mavzuni kiritishning oson yo‘li: The concept of* work-life balance is relatively new.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the concept of · a difficult concept · conceptual Namunalar The concept of lifelong learning has gained ground in recent decades. Umrbod o‘rganish tushunchasi so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda ommalashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym notion — notion = qarash, taxmin (biroz shubha ohangi); concept = aniq shakllangan tushuncha To‘liq sahifasi
criteria kriterion (yun.) — o‘lchov ★☆☆	5	mezonlar — baholash o‘lchovlari Ot — Noun	meet the criteria · selection criteria · a key criterion	Universities should not rely on examination results as the sole criterion. Universitetlar imtihon natijalarini yagona mezon sifatida olmasligi kerak.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ criteria — KO‘PLIK; birligi criterion. ❌ an important criteria → ✅ an important criterion. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar meet the criteria · selection criteria · a key criterion Namunalar Universities should not rely on examination results as the sole criterion. Universitetlar imtihon natijalarini yagona mezon sifatida olmasligi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word phenomenon — ikkalasi ham noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik yasaydi: criteria, phenomena To‘liq sahifasi
notion ★☆☆	6	qarash, taxmin — asoslanmagan bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan fikr Ot — Noun	the notion that · reject the notion · a popular notion	The notion that young people are less engaged politically is questionable. Yoshlar siyosatga kamroq qiziqadi degan qarash bahsli.	concept
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ichida yengil shubha bor — shuning uchun qarshi fikrni kiritishda juda mos: The notion that* money buys happiness is widely challenged.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the notion that · reject the notion · a popular notion Namunalar The notion that young people are less engaged politically is questionable. Yoshlar siyosatga kamroq qiziqadi degan qarash bahsli. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym concept — concept = shakllangan tushuncha; notion = shubhali qarash To‘liq sahifasi

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

8 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
consumption con- + sumpt + -ion ★★★	4	iste’mol — sarflash miqdori Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) energy consumption · consumption per capita · household consumption	Energy consumption per capita fell steadily throughout the period. Aholi jon boshiga energiya iste’moli davr davomida barqaror kamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 ning eng ko‘p uchraydigan otlaridan biri. Fe’li — consume, iste’molchi — consumer. per capita («jon boshiga») bilan juftlanadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar energy consumption · consumption per capita · household consumption So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Energy consumption per capita fell steadily throughout the period. Aholi jon boshiga energiya iste’moli davr davomida barqaror kamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word expenditure — consumption = sarflangan miqdor; expenditure = sarflangan pul To‘liq sahifasi
surge ★☆☆	5	to‘satdan keskin o‘sish — «to‘lqin» Ot — Noun	a surge in demand · a sudden surge · surge to a record high	There was a surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Pandemiya davrida onlayn xaridda keskin o‘sish kuzatildi.	soar
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot va fe’l sifatida ishlaydi. a surge in* …* — predlogi in, xuddi an increase in kabi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a surge in demand · a sudden surge · surge to a record high Namunalar There was a surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Pandemiya davrida onlayn xaridda keskin o‘sish kuzatildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym soar — surge = qisqa va to‘satdan; soar = uzoq va baland To‘liq sahifasi
peak ★★★	4	cho‘qqi — eng yuqori nuqta Ot — Noun	reach a peak of · peak at 80% · a peak in 2010	Visitor numbers peaked at 3 million in 2015 before falling back. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2015-yilda 3 millionga chiqib, so‘ng pasaydi.	trough
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ham ot, ham fe’l: reached a peak of* 80 million* = peaked at 80 million. Ikkinchisi ixchamroq — Task 1 da shuni ishlating. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reach a peak of · peak at 80% · a peak in 2010 Namunalar Visitor numbers peaked at 3 million in 2015 before falling back. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2015-yilda 3 millionga chiqib, so‘ng pasaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym trough — peak = eng yuqori nuqta; trough = eng past nuqta To‘liq sahifasi
trough ★☆☆	6	eng past nuqta — chuqurlik Ot — Noun	hit a trough · a low of · reach its lowest point	Production reached a trough in 2009 and recovered slowly thereafter. Ishlab chiqarish 2009-yilda eng past nuqtaga tushdi va keyin sekin tiklandi.	peak
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kamroq ishlatiladi; xavfsizroq muqobil — a low of yoki its lowest point: The figure fell to a low of* 12%.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar hit a trough · a low of · reach its lowest point Namunalar Production reached a trough in 2009 and recovered slowly thereafter. Ishlab chiqarish 2009-yilda eng past nuqtaga tushdi va keyin sekin tiklandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym peak — trough = eng past; peak = eng yuqori To‘liq sahifasi
proportion ★★★	4	ulush, nisbat — butunning qismi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) a large proportion of · the proportion of X rose · in proportion to	The proportion of households with internet access rose from 20% to 85%. Internetga ega xonadonlar ulushi 20% dan 85% gacha oshdi.	percentage
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng akademik yo‘li: a significant proportion of* households. ⚠️ Fe’l proportion* ga emas, ma’noga qarab moslashadi — imtihonda birlik xavfsizroq. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a large proportion of · the proportion of X rose · in proportion to So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The proportion of households with internet access rose from 20% to 85%. Internetga ega xonadonlar ulushi 20% dan 85% gacha oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym percentage — percentage = aniq foiz raqami; proportion = umumiy ulush To‘liq sahifasi
percentage ★★★	3	foiz ko‘rsatkichi Ot — Noun	the percentage of · a high percentage · percentage points	The percentage of women in higher education rose steadily. Oliy ta’limdagi ayollar ulushi barqaror o‘sdi.	proportion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ percentage (ot, «foiz ko‘rsatkichi») va percent / % (raqam bilan) farq qiladi: ❌ 20 percentage → ✅ 20 percent yoki ✅ the percentage* of students. Foizlar orasidagi farq — percentage points, foiz emas. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the percentage of · a high percentage · percentage points Namunalar The percentage of women in higher education rose steadily. Oliy ta’limdagi ayollar ulushi barqaror o‘sdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym proportion* — proportion = umumiy ulush (so‘z bilan); percentage = aniq foiz To‘liq sahifasi
gap ★★☆	3	tafovut, farq — ikki ko‘rsatkich orasidagi bo‘shliq Ot — Noun	the gap widened · a narrowing gap · the gap between rich and poor	The gap between urban and rural incomes widened throughout the period. Shahar va qishloq daromadlari orasidagi tafovut davr davomida kengaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki chiziqning bir-biridan uzoqlashishi yoki yaqinlashishi: The gap* between the two widened after 2000* · the gap narrowed. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the gap widened · a narrowing gap · the gap between rich and poor Namunalar The gap between urban and rural incomes widened throughout the period. Shahar va qishloq daromadlari orasidagi tafovut davr davomida kengaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — gap = raqamli farq; inequality = ijtimoiy tengsizlik To‘liq sahifasi
expenditure ★★☆	5	xarajat — sarflangan mablag‘ Ot — Noun	household expenditure · public expenditure · expenditure on health	Household expenditure on food fell steadily as incomes rose. Daromadlar oshgani sari xonadonlarning oziq-ovqatga xarajati barqaror kamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh spending ning rasmiy varianti; Task 1 diagrammalarida ko‘p uchraydi. Predlogi on: expenditure on education. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar household expenditure · public expenditure · expenditure on health Namunalar Household expenditure on food fell steadily as incomes rose. Daromadlar oshgani sari xonadonlarning oziq-ovqatga xarajati barqaror kamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word consumption — expenditure = sarflangan pul; consumption = sarflangan miqdor To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’lim — Education

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
curriculum ★★☆	5	o‘quv dasturi — maktabda o‘qitiladigan fanlar majmui Ot — Noun	the school curriculum · add to the curriculum · a national curriculum	Financial literacy should be part of the school curriculum. Moliyaviy savodxonlik maktab o‘quv dasturining bir qismi bo‘lishi kerak.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Ko‘pligi curricula. Ta’lim inshosining kalit so‘zi: Practical subjects should be added to the curriculum. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the school curriculum · add to the curriculum · a national curriculum Namunalar Financial literacy should be part of the school curriculum. Moliyaviy savodxonlik maktab o‘quv dasturining bir qismi bo‘lishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word literacy — curriculum = nima o‘qitiladi; literacy = natijada nima bilinadi To‘liq sahifasi
literacy ★★☆	5	savodxonlik — o‘qish-yozish (yoki bir sohani bilish) darajasi Ot — Noun	adult literacy · literacy rates · digital literacy	Literacy rates have risen sharply in the region since 1990. Mintaqada savodxonlik darajasi 1990-yildan beri keskin oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kengaygan ma’nosi ham bor: digital literacy, financial literacy — «o‘sha sohani bilish». Teskarisi — illiteracy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar adult literacy · literacy rates · digital literacy Namunalar Literacy rates have risen sharply in the region since 1990. Mintaqada savodxonlik darajasi 1990-yildan beri keskin oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word curriculum — o‘quv dasturi savodxonlikning natijasini belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Ish va kasb — Work & careers

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
prospect pro- + spect ★★☆	4	istiqbol — kelajakdagi imkoniyat, «oldinga qarash» Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) career prospects · the prospect of · prospects for growth	A degree no longer guarantees good career prospects. Diplom endi yaxshi martaba istiqbolini kafolatlamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ko‘plikda (prospects) = kelajakdagi imkoniyatlar, ayniqsa ish sohasida: job prospects. Sifati prospective (bo‘lg‘usi): prospective students. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar career prospects · the prospect of · prospects for growth So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar A degree no longer guarantees good career prospects. Diplom endi yaxshi martaba istiqbolini kafolatlamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word perspective — bir ildiz, boshqa ma’no — chalkashtirmang To‘liq sahifasi
unemployment ★★★	3	ishsizlik Ot — Noun	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) high unemployment · youth unemployment · the unemployment rate	Youth unemployment remains stubbornly high in several regions. Yoshlar orasidagi ishsizlik bir necha mintaqada hamon o‘jarlik bilan yuqori.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ unemployments. Odam haqida the unemployed (ko‘plik ma’noda): the unemployed are… Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar high unemployment · youth unemployment · the unemployment rate So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Youth unemployment remains stubbornly high in several regions. Yoshlar orasidagi ishsizlik bir necha mintaqada hamon o‘jarlik bilan yuqori. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word workforce — unemployment = ishsizlar; workforce = ishlayotganlar To‘liq sahifasi
workforce ★★☆	5	ishchi kuchi — ishlayotganlar jamlanmasi Ot — Noun	enter the workforce · a skilled workforce · an ageing workforce	More women have entered the workforce over the past three decades. So‘nggi uch o‘n yillikda ishchi kuchi safiga ko‘proq ayol qo‘shildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh an ageing workforce — demografiya va nafaqa yoshi mavzularida tayyor birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar enter the workforce · a skilled workforce · an ageing workforce Namunalar More women have entered the workforce over the past three decades. So‘nggi uch o‘n yillikda ishchi kuchi safiga ko‘proq ayol qo‘shildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word unemployment — ikkalasi ham mehnat bozori haqida To‘liq sahifasi

Jamiyat — Society

7 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
access ac- + cess ★★★	3	kirish imkoni, foydalanish imkoniyati Ot — Noun	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) access to education · have access to · limited access	Millions of people still lack access to safe drinking water. Millionlab odam hamon xavfsiz ichimlik suvidan foydalana olmaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi doim to: access to clean water (❌ access of). Sanalmaydigan ot — ❌ accesses. Sifati accessible. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar access to education · have access to · limited access So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Millions of people still lack access to safe drinking water. Millionlab odam hamon xavfsiz ichimlik suvidan foydalana olmaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word exceed — bir ildiz — «yurmoq»: exceed = chegaradan o‘tib ketmoq To‘liq sahifasi
generation gen + -ation ★★★	3	avlod — bir vaqtda tug‘ilgan odamlar guruhi Ot — Noun	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) the younger generation · from generation to generation · generation gap	Traditional skills are passed from one generation to the next. An’anaviy hunarlar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh the generation gap — avlodlar orasidagi tafovut: oila va texnologiya mavzularida tayyor ibora. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the younger generation · from generation to generation · generation gap So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Traditional skills are passed from one generation to the next. An’anaviy hunarlar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word generate — bir ildiz — «tug‘ilish, hosil bo‘lish» To‘liq sahifasi
inequality in- + equal + -ity ★★★	4	tengsizlik — imkoniyat yoki daromaddagi tafovut Ot — Noun	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) income inequality · widen inequality · social inequality	Unequal access to the internet has widened educational inequality. Internetdan teng bo‘lmagan foydalanish ta’limdagi tengsizlikni kengaytirdi.	equality
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jamiyat mavzusining markaziy so‘zi: the gap between rich and poor ni bitta so‘z bilan aytadi. Sifati — unequal. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar income inequality · widen inequality · social inequality So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Unequal access to the internet has widened educational inequality. Internetdan teng bo‘lmagan foydalanish ta’limdagi tengsizlikni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym equality — in- qo‘shimchasi ma’noni teskari qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
urbanisation urban + -ise + -ation ★★★	5	urbanizatsiya — aholining shaharga ko‘chishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) rapid urbanisation · the pace of urbanisation · urban sprawl	Rapid urbanisation has placed enormous strain on public services. Jadal urbanizatsiya jamoat xizmatlariga ulkan yuk tushirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 ning eng ko‘p qaytariladigan mavzularidan biri. Yonidagi so‘zlar: urban sprawl (shaharning tartibsiz kengayishi), rural depopulation (qishloqning bo‘shashi). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rapid urbanisation · the pace of urbanisation · urban sprawl So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rapid urbanisation has placed enormous strain on public services. Jadal urbanizatsiya jamoat xizmatlariga ulkan yuk tushirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word demographic — urbanisation — demografik o‘zgarishning bir turi To‘liq sahifasi
integration ★☆☆	6	integratsiya — jamiyatga qo‘shilib ketish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) social integration · integrate into society · successful integration	Language classes play a crucial role in the integration of migrants. Til kurslari migrantlarning integratsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Migratsiya mavzusining kalit so‘zi. Fe’li — integrate into. Teskarisi — segregation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar social integration · integrate into society · successful integration So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Language classes play a crucial role in the integration of migrants. Til kurslari migrantlarning integratsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — integratsiya xilma-xil jamiyatda muhim masala To‘liq sahifasi
discrimination ★★☆	5	kamsitish — noqonuniy farq qilish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) age discrimination · discrimination against · anti-discrimination laws	Age discrimination remains common in hiring decisions. Yosh bo‘yicha kamsitish ishga qabul qilishda hamon keng tarqalgan.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi against: discrimination against* older workers. Fe’li — discriminate against. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar age discrimination · discrimination against · anti-discrimination laws So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi)* — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Age discrimination remains common in hiring decisions. Yosh bo‘yicha kamsitish ishga qabul qilishda hamon keng tarqalgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — kamsitish tengsizlikning sabablaridan biri To‘liq sahifasi
congestion ★★★	5	tirbandlik — yo‘llardagi tiqilinch Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) traffic congestion · ease congestion · congestion charges	Congestion charges have significantly eased traffic in central London. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari Londonning markazidagi transport oqimini sezilarli yengillashtirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. congestion charge — shahar markaziga kirish uchun to‘lov; transport mavzusidagi eng ko‘p keltiriladigan yechim. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar traffic congestion · ease congestion · congestion charges So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Congestion charges have significantly eased traffic in central London. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari Londonning markazidagi transport oqimini sezilarli yengillashtirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overcrowded — congestion = yo‘lda; overcrowding = joyda To‘liq sahifasi

Iqtisod — Economy

7 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
productivity pro- + duct + -ivity ★★★	4	unumdorlik — mehnat samaradorligi Ot — Noun	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) boost productivity · a rise in productivity · labour productivity	Remote work has been shown to increase productivity in some sectors. Masofaviy ish ba’zi sohalarda unumdorlikni oshirishi ko‘rsatilgan.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da ish va iqtisod mavzusining kalit so‘zi: flexible working hours can boost productivity. Sifati — productive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar boost productivity · a rise in productivity · labour productivity So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Remote work has been shown to increase productivity in some sectors. Masofaviy ish ba’zi sohalarda unumdorlikni oshirishi ko‘rsatilgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word conduct — bir ildiz — «yetaklamoq» ma’nosidan To‘liq sahifasi
export ex- + port ★★☆	3	eksport — tashqariga sotish, «tashqariga tashish» Ot — Noun	port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) export earnings · exports rose · a major exporter of	Oil exports accounted for nearly half of the country’s revenue. Neft eksporti mamlakat daromadining deyarli yarmini tashkil qildi.	import
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot va fe’l urg‘usi farq qiladi: EXport (ot) — exPORT (fe’l). Task 1 diagrammalarida tez-tez uchraydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar export earnings · exports rose · a major exporter of So‘z o‘zagi port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) — tashimoq — olib yurmoq, ko‘tarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Oil exports accounted for nearly half of the country’s revenue. Neft eksporti mamlakat daromadining deyarli yarmini tashkil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym import — ex- = tashqariga; im- = ichkariga To‘liq sahifasi
import im- + port ★★☆	3	import — chetdan olib kirish Ot — Noun	port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) import tariffs · rely on imports · imported goods	The country still relies heavily on imported energy. Mamlakat hamon chetdan keltirilgan energiyaga qattiq tayanadi.	export
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh rely on imports — Task 2 da oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi va energiya mavzularida kerak bo‘ladigan birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar import tariffs · rely on imports · imported goods So‘z o‘zagi port(portare (lat.) — tashimoq) — tashimoq — olib yurmoq, ko‘tarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The country still relies heavily on imported energy. Mamlakat hamon chetdan keltirilgan energiyaga qattiq tayanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym export — im- = ichkariga; ex- = tashqariga To‘liq sahifasi
recession re- + cess + -ion ★☆☆	5	tanazzul, iqtisodiy pasayish — «orqaga yurish» Ot — Noun	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) a deep recession · during the recession · slide into recession	Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Tanazzul davrida ishsizlik keskin oshdi.	boom
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 grafiklaridagi keskin pasayishlarni izohlashda foydali: The drop after 2008 coincided with a global recession. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a deep recession · during the recession · slide into recession So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Tanazzul davrida ishsizlik keskin oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym boom — recession = pasayish; boom = jadal o‘sish To‘liq sahifasi
revenue ★★☆	5	daromad — tushum (davlat yoki kompaniya) Ot — Noun	tax revenue · generate revenue · revenue from tourism	Tourism generates substantial revenue for coastal regions. Turizm sohil mintaqalari uchun katta daromad keltiradi.	income
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaxsiy daromad emas — u income. Revenue = tashkilot yoki davlat tushumi: tax revenue. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar tax revenue · generate revenue · revenue from tourism Namunalar Tourism generates substantial revenue for coastal regions. Turizm sohil mintaqalari uchun katta daromad keltiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym income — income = shaxs/oila daromadi; revenue = tashkilot yoki davlat tushumi To‘liq sahifasi
incentive ★★☆	5	rag‘bat — nimadir qilishga undovchi foyda Ot — Noun	financial incentives · provide an incentive to · tax incentives	Governments could offer incentives for households to install solar panels. Hukumatlar xonadonlarni quyosh panellari o‘rnatishga rag‘batlantirishi mumkin.	deterrent
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yechim taklif qilishning eng amaliy so‘zi: Tax incentives would encourage firms to invest in clean technology. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar financial incentives · provide an incentive to · tax incentives Namunalar Governments could offer incentives for households to install solar panels. Hukumatlar xonadonlarni quyosh panellari o‘rnatishga rag‘batlantirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym deterrent — incentive = qilishga undaydi; deterrent = qilishdan qaytaradi To‘liq sahifasi
subsidy ★★☆	5	subsidiya — davlat tomonidan beriladigan moliyaviy yordam Ot — Noun	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) government subsidies · fuel subsidies · subsidise public transport	Fuel subsidies encourage consumption and slow the shift to renewables. Yoqilg‘i subsidiyalari iste’molni rag‘batlantiradi va qayta tiklanuvchi manbalarga o‘tishni sekinlashtiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — subsidise (BrE) / subsidize (AmE). Ko‘pligi subsidies. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar government subsidies · fuel subsidies · subsidise public transport So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Fuel subsidies encourage consumption and slow the shift to renewables. Yoqilg‘i subsidiyalari iste’molni rag‘batlantiradi va qayta tiklanuvchi manbalarga o‘tishni sekinlashtiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word incentive — subsidy = pul yordami; incentive = umumiy rag‘bat To‘liq sahifasi

Ekologiya — Environment

7 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
emission e- + miss + -ion ★★★	4	chiqindi gaz, emissiya — «tashqariga yuborish» Ot — Noun	mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) carbon emissions · cut emissions · greenhouse gas emissions	The country pledged to halve its carbon emissions by 2035. Mamlakat 2035-yilga qadar uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishga va’da berdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Deyarli doim ko‘plikda: emissions. Ekologiya inshosining birinchi darajali so‘zi — reduce/cut/curb emissions. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar carbon emissions · cut emissions · greenhouse gas emissions So‘z o‘zagi mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) — yubormoq — jo‘natmoq, qo‘yib yubormoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The country pledged to halve its carbon emissions by 2035. Mamlakat 2035-yilga qadar uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishga va’da berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word transmit — bir ildiz: emit = tashqariga yubormoq; transmit = uzatmoq To‘liq sahifasi
depletion ★☆☆	6	tugash, kamayib ketish — zaxiraning yo‘qolib borishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) resource depletion · the depletion of fish stocks · deplete reserves	The depletion of natural resources threatens future economic growth. Tabiiy resurslarning tugab borishi kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o‘sishga tahdid soladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — deplete. Tabiiy resurslar mavzusida: the depletion of* groundwater. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar resource depletion · the depletion of fish stocks · deplete reserves So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi)* — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The depletion of natural resources threatens future economic growth. Tabiiy resurslarning tugab borishi kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o‘sishga tahdid soladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word conservation — depletion = yo‘qotish; conservation = saqlash To‘liq sahifasi
conservation ★★☆	5	muhofaza — tabiatni asrash Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) wildlife conservation · energy conservation · conservation efforts	Conservation projects have helped several species recover. Muhofaza loyihalari bir necha turning tiklanishiga yordam berdi.	depletion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — conserve (asramoq), preserve ga yaqin. Ikki sohada: tabiat muhofazasi va energiya tejash. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar wildlife conservation · energy conservation · conservation efforts So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Conservation projects have helped several species recover. Muhofaza loyihalari bir necha turning tiklanishiga yordam berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym depletion — conservation = asrash; depletion = tugatish To‘liq sahifasi
biodiversity ★★☆	6	biologik xilma-xillik — turlarning rang-barangligi Ot — Noun	loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity · biodiversity hotspots	Deforestation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. O‘rmonlarning kesilishi dunyo bo‘ylab biologik xilma-xillik yo‘qolishining asosiy sababi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh bio- (hayot) + diversity (xilma-xillik). the loss of biodiversity — o‘rmon kesish va iqlim mavzularida eng kuchli oqibat. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity · biodiversity hotspots Namunalar Deforestation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. O‘rmonlarning kesilishi dunyo bo‘ylab biologik xilma-xillik yo‘qolishining asosiy sababi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — bir o‘zak: diversity — xilma-xillik To‘liq sahifasi
deforestation ★★☆	5	o‘rmonlarning kesilishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) large-scale deforestation · combat deforestation · deforestation rates	Deforestation in tropical regions accelerated sharply after 1990. Tropik mintaqalarda o‘rmon kesilishi 1990-yildan keyin keskin tezlashdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Teskari jarayon — reforestation (qayta o‘rmonzorlashtirish), u yechim qismida ishlaydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar large-scale deforestation · combat deforestation · deforestation rates So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Deforestation in tropical regions accelerated sharply after 1990. Tropik mintaqalarda o‘rmon kesilishi 1990-yildan keyin keskin tezlashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word biodiversity — o‘rmon kesish → xilma-xillik yo‘qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
pollution ★★★	2	ifloslanish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) air pollution · water pollution · reduce pollution levels	Air pollution is responsible for millions of premature deaths each year. Havo ifloslanishi har yili millionlab bevaqt o‘limga sabab bo‘ladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ pollutions → ✅ types of pollution. Fe’li — pollute, manba — pollutant (ifloslantiruvchi modda). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar air pollution · water pollution · reduce pollution levels So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Air pollution is responsible for millions of premature deaths each year. Havo ifloslanishi har yili millionlab bevaqt o‘limga sabab bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — emission = manba; pollution = natija To‘liq sahifasi
landfill ★☆☆	5	chiqindi poligoni — chiqindi ko‘miladigan joy Ot — Noun	sent to landfill · landfill sites · reduce landfill waste	Around half of household waste still ends up in landfill. Maishiy chiqindining qariyb yarmi hamon poligonga tushadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Chiqindi mavzusida uchta bosqich: reduce → reuse → recycle, va oxirgi chora — landfill. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sent to landfill · landfill sites · reduce landfill waste Namunalar Around half of household waste still ends up in landfill. Maishiy chiqindining qariyb yarmi hamon poligonga tushadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word recycle — qayta ishlash poligonga tushadigan chiqindini kamaytiradi To‘liq sahifasi

Fan va texnologiya — Science & technology

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
technology techne (hunar) + -logy ★★★	2	texnologiya — texnik bilim va vositalar Ot — Noun	log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) advances in technology · technological change · digital technology	Rapid advances in technology have transformed the workplace. Texnologiyadagi jadal yutuqlar ish joyini tubdan o‘zgartirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Odatda sanalmaydigan: ❌ technologies are… emas, ✅ technology is… (aniq turlari haqida gapirilsa technologies ham bo‘ladi). Sifati — technological. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar advances in technology · technological change · digital technology So‘z o‘zagi log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) — so‘z, fikr — fan, ta’limot shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rapid advances in technology have transformed the workplace. Texnologiyadagi jadal yutuqlar ish joyini tubdan o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word innovation — technology = vosita; innovation = yangilik joriy etish To‘liq sahifasi
innovation ★★★	4	innovatsiya — yangilik joriy etish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) technological innovation · drive innovation · a culture of innovation	Public funding for research drives long-term technological innovation. Tadqiqotlarga davlat mablag‘i uzoq muddatli texnologik innovatsiyani harakatga keltiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — innovate, sifati — innovative. Iqtisod va ta’lim mavzularida: education systems that encourage innovation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar technological innovation · drive innovation · a culture of innovation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Public funding for research drives long-term technological innovation. Tadqiqotlarga davlat mablag‘i uzoq muddatli texnologik innovatsiyani harakatga keltiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word technology — technology = vosita; innovation = uni yangilash jarayoni To‘liq sahifasi
automation ★★★	5	avtomatlashtirish — mehnatni mashinaga o‘tkazish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) the rise of automation · automation of routine tasks · automated systems	Automation is expected to replace many routine administrative roles. Avtomatlashtirish ko‘plab bir xildagi ma’muriy ish o‘rinlarini almashtirishi kutilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ish mavzusidagi eng dolzarb savol: Will automation* destroy jobs?* Yonidagi so‘zlar: artificial intelligence, redundant (ortiqcha, ishdan bo‘shatilgan). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the rise of automation · automation of routine tasks · automated systems So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Automation is expected to replace many routine administrative roles. Avtomatlashtirish ko‘plab bir xildagi ma’muriy ish o‘rinlarini almashtirishi kutilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word workforce — avtomatlashtirish ishchi kuchi tarkibini o‘zgartiradi To‘liq sahifasi
alternative ★★★	3	muqobil — o‘rniga ishlatiladigan variant Ot — Noun	a viable alternative to · alternative energy sources · offer an alternative	Cycling offers a practical alternative to short car journeys. Velosiped qisqa avtosafarlarga amaliy muqobil taklif qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi to: an alternative to private cars (❌ alternative of). Yechim taklif qilishning eng qulay shakli. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a viable alternative to · alternative energy sources · offer an alternative Namunalar Cycling offers a practical alternative to short car journeys. Velosiped qisqa avtosafarlarga amaliy muqobil taklif qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word viable — «a viable alternative» — tayyor birikma To‘liq sahifasi

Sog‘liq — Health

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
wellbeing ★★☆	5	farovonlik — jismoniy va ruhiy yaxshi holat Ot — Noun	mental wellbeing · improve wellbeing · a sense of wellbeing	Access to green space has a measurable effect on mental wellbeing. Yashil hududlardan foydalanish ruhiy farovonlikka o‘lchanadigan ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq, ish va ta’lim mavzularining umumiy so‘zi: flexible hours improve employees’ wellbeing. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar mental wellbeing · improve wellbeing · a sense of wellbeing Namunalar Access to green space has a measurable effect on mental wellbeing. Yashil hududlardan foydalanish ruhiy farovonlikka o‘lchanadigan ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word welfare — wellbeing = shaxsiy holat; welfare = davlat yordami To‘liq sahifasi
obesity ★★★	5	semizlik — sog‘liqqa zarar darajadagi ortiqcha vazn Ot — Noun	childhood obesity · rising obesity rates · tackle obesity	Childhood obesity has tripled in many countries since the 1980s. 1980-yillardan beri ko‘p mamlakatlarda bolalar semizligi uch baravar oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. Sifati — obese. Sabablari sifatida: processed food, a sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar childhood obesity · rising obesity rates · tackle obesity Namunalar Childhood obesity has tripled in many countries since the 1980s. 1980-yillardan beri ko‘p mamlakatlarda bolalar semizligi uch baravar oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word sedentary — harakatsiz hayot semizlikning asosiy sabablaridan To‘liq sahifasi
healthcare ★★★	3	sog‘liqni saqlash — tibbiy xizmat tizimi Ot — Noun	free healthcare · access to healthcare · healthcare system	Universal access to healthcare remains a distant goal in many regions. Sog‘liqni saqlashdan umumiy foydalanish ko‘p mintaqalarda hamon uzoq maqsad.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan va bir so‘z (BrE’da health care ham uchraydi). free healthcare — davlat xarajatlari haqidagi savolning markazi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar free healthcare · access to healthcare · healthcare system Namunalar Universal access to healthcare remains a distant goal in many regions. Sog‘liqni saqlashdan umumiy foydalanish ko‘p mintaqalarda hamon uzoq maqsad. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word welfare — sog‘liqni saqlash ijtimoiy ta’minotning bir qismi To‘liq sahifasi

Jinoyat va qonun — Crime & law

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
deterrent ★★☆	6	qaytaruvchi chora — jinoyatdan qo‘rqitib to‘xtatuvchi omil Ot — Noun	an effective deterrent · act as a deterrent · deter offenders	There is little evidence that long sentences act as an effective deterrent. Uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosi samarali qaytaruvchi omil bo‘lishiga dalil kam.	incentive
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jinoyat mavzusining markaziy tushunchasi: qattiq jazo act as a deterrent qiladimi yoki yo‘qmi — savol shu. Fe’li — deter (somebody from doing). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an effective deterrent · act as a deterrent · deter offenders Namunalar There is little evidence that long sentences act as an effective deterrent. Uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosi samarali qaytaruvchi omil bo‘lishiga dalil kam. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym incentive — deterrent = qaytaradi; incentive = undaydi To‘liq sahifasi
rehabilitation ★☆☆	6	qayta tarbiyalash — jinoyatchini jamiyatga qaytarish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) focus on rehabilitation · rehabilitation programmes · rehabilitate offenders	Prison systems that focus on rehabilitation report lower reoffending rates. Qayta tarbiyaga urg‘u beradigan qamoq tizimlarida qayta jinoyat qilish darajasi pastroq.	punishment
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jinoyat inshosining ikkinchi tomoni: punishment (jazo) yoki rehabilitation (qayta tarbiya) — muvozanatli javob ikkalasini ham qamrab oladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar focus on rehabilitation · rehabilitation programmes · rehabilitate offenders So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Prison systems that focus on rehabilitation report lower reoffending rates. Qayta tarbiyaga urg‘u beradigan qamoq tizimlarida qayta jinoyat qilish darajasi pastroq. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym punishment — rehabilitation = tuzatish; punishment = jazolash To‘liq sahifasi
punishment ★★☆	3	jazo Ot — Noun	harsh punishment · capital punishment · a form of punishment	Many argue that harsher punishment does not reduce crime rates. Ko‘pchilik qattiqroq jazo jinoyatchilik darajasini kamaytirmaydi deb hisoblaydi.	rehabilitation
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh capital punishment = o‘lim jazosi (o‘z-o‘zidan tayyor insho mavzusi). Fe’li — punish. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar harsh punishment · capital punishment · a form of punishment Namunalar Many argue that harsher punishment does not reduce crime rates. Ko‘pchilik qattiqroq jazo jinoyatchilik darajasini kamaytirmaydi deb hisoblaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym rehabilitation — punishment = jazo; rehabilitation = qayta tarbiya To‘liq sahifasi

Hukumat va siyosat — Government & politics

6 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
intervention inter- + vent + -ion ★★☆	6	aralashuv — hukumat yoki tashkilotning chora ko‘rishi Ot — Noun	inter-(inter- (lat.) — orasida) -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) government intervention · early intervention · intervene in	Early intervention in childhood produces the greatest long-term benefits. Bolalikdagi erta aralashuv eng katta uzoq muddatli foyda beradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da «davlat aralashuvi kerakmi?» tipidagi savollarda markaziy so‘z. Fe’li — intervene (in). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar government intervention · early intervention · intervene in So‘z o‘zagi inter-(inter- (lat.) — orasida) — orasida — o‘zaro shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Early intervention in childhood produces the greatest long-term benefits. Bolalikdagi erta aralashuv eng katta uzoq muddatli foyda beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word regulation — intervention = aralashuv harakati; regulation = qoida orqali nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
legislation ★★☆	6	qonunchilik — qabul qilingan qonunlar majmui Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) introduce legislation · strict legislation · anti-smoking legislation	Anti-smoking legislation has significantly reduced consumption. Chekishga qarshi qonunchilik iste’molni sezilarli kamaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ legislations → ✅ a piece of legislation. Law ning rasmiy varianti. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar introduce legislation · strict legislation · anti-smoking legislation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Anti-smoking legislation has significantly reduced consumption. Chekishga qarshi qonunchilik iste’molni sezilarli kamaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word regulation — legislation = qonunlar; regulation = qoidalar va nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
regulation ★★☆	5	tartibga solish, qoida — davlat nazorati Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) stricter regulation · government regulation · regulate the industry	Stricter regulation of social media has been proposed in several countries. Bir necha mamlakatda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni qattiqroq tartibga solish taklif qilindi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — regulate. Bahsning ikki qutbi: regulation (nazorat) va deregulation (erkinlashtirish). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar stricter regulation · government regulation · regulate the industry So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Stricter regulation of social media has been proposed in several countries. Bir necha mamlakatda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni qattiqroq tartibga solish taklif qilindi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word legislation — regulation = qoida/nazorat; legislation = qonun To‘liq sahifasi
welfare ★★☆	5	ijtimoiy ta’minot; farovonlik Ot — Noun	the welfare state · welfare benefits · child welfare	An ageing population places growing pressure on the welfare system. Aholining qarishi ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimiga tobora ko‘proq bosim o‘tkazadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki ma’no: davlat yordami (welfare benefits) va umumiy farovonlik (animal welfare). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the welfare state · welfare benefits · child welfare Namunalar An ageing population places growing pressure on the welfare system. Aholining qarishi ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimiga tobora ko‘proq bosim o‘tkazadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word wellbeing — welfare = tizim/yordam; wellbeing = shaxsning holati To‘liq sahifasi
infrastructure ★★★	5	infratuzilma — yo‘l, transport, tarmoq va inshootlar Ot — Noun	invest in infrastructure · transport infrastructure · ageing infrastructure	Rapid population growth has outpaced investment in infrastructure. Aholining tez o‘sishi infratuzilmaga sarmoyadan o‘zib ketdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ infrastructures. Yechim jumlalarida deyarli har doim kerak: invest in public transport infrastructure. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar invest in infrastructure · transport infrastructure · ageing infrastructure Namunalar Rapid population growth has outpaced investment in infrastructure. Aholining tez o‘sishi infratuzilmaga sarmoyadan o‘zib ketdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word urbanisation — shaharlashuv infratuzilmaga bosim o‘tkazadi To‘liq sahifasi
surveillance ★★☆	6	kuzatuv, nazorat — kameralar va ma’lumot orqali Ot — Noun	state surveillance · surveillance cameras · under surveillance	The expansion of state surveillance has raised serious privacy concerns. Davlat kuzatuvining kengayishi shaxsiy hayot bo‘yicha jiddiy xavotir uyg‘otdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Xavfsizlik va shaxsiy hayot muvozanati haqidagi bahsning markazi: surveillance improves safety but erodes privacy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar state surveillance · surveillance cameras · under surveillance Namunalar The expansion of state surveillance has raised serious privacy concerns. Davlat kuzatuvining kengayishi shaxsiy hayot bo‘yicha jiddiy xavotir uyg‘otdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word privacy — kuzatuv va maxfiylik — doim juftlashadigan qarama-qarshilik To‘liq sahifasi

Madaniyat va san’at — Culture & arts

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
spectator spect + -ator ★☆☆	3	tomoshabin — qarab turuvchi Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) spectator sport · thousands of spectators	Football remains the most popular spectator sport worldwide. Futbol dunyodagi eng ommabop tomoshabop sport bo‘lib qolmoqda.	audience
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh spectator sport — o‘ynaladigan emas, tomosha qilinadigan sport: Speaking Part 3 da sport mavzusida foydali. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar spectator sport · thousands of spectators So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Football remains the most popular spectator sport worldwide. Futbol dunyodagi eng ommabop tomoshabop sport bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym audience — audience = tinglovchi/tomoshabin jamoasi (yaxlit); spectator = alohida tomoshabin To‘liq sahifasi

OAV va axborot — Media & information

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
audience aud + -ience ★★☆	3	tomoshabinlar, tinglovchilar, auditoriya Ot — Noun	aud(audire (lat.) — eshitmoq) a wide audience · reach an audience · target audience	Streaming platforms have given independent films a global audience. Strimning platformalari mustaqil filmlarga global auditoriya berdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yaxlit ot: fe’l ham birlikda, ham ko‘plikda kelishi mumkin, lekin imtihonda birlik xavfsizroq: The audience was* larger than expected.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a wide audience · reach an audience · target audience So‘z o‘zagi aud(audire (lat.) — eshitmoq) — eshitmoq — tinglamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Streaming platforms have given independent films a global audience. Strimning platformalari mustaqil filmlarga global auditoriya berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word spectator — audience = tinglovchi/tomoshabin jamoasi; spectator = alohida odam To‘liq sahifasi
privacy ★★☆	4	shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligi, maxfiylik Ot — Noun	invade privacy · privacy concerns · the right to privacy	Social media platforms have been criticised for invading users’ privacy. Ijtimoiy tarmoq platformalari foydalanuvchilar maxfiyligini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. Fe’l birikmasi — invade somebody’s privacy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar invade privacy · privacy concerns · the right to privacy Namunalar Social media platforms have been criticised for invading users’ privacy. Ijtimoiy tarmoq platformalari foydalanuvchilar maxfiyligini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word surveillance — maxfiylik kuzatuv kuchayganda yo‘qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
misinformation ★★☆	6	noto‘g‘ri axborot — tarqalayotgan yolg‘on ma’lumot Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) the spread of misinformation · combat misinformation · online misinformation	The rapid spread of misinformation online undermines public trust. Internetda noto‘g‘ri axborotning tez tarqalishi jamoatchilik ishonchini yemiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. the spread of misinformation — ijtimoiy tarmoqlar mavzusidagi eng kuchli salbiy dalil. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the spread of misinformation · combat misinformation · online misinformation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The rapid spread of misinformation online undermines public trust. Internetda noto‘g‘ri axborotning tez tarqalishi jamoatchilik ishonchini yemiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undermine — noto‘g‘ri axborot ishonchni yemiradi To‘liq sahifasi

Odamlar va munosabat — People & relationships

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
empathy em- + path + -y ★☆☆	5	hamdardlik, o‘zgani his qila olish Ot — Noun	path(pathos (yun.) — his, azob) develop empathy · a lack of empathy · empathetic	Studying literature helps young people develop empathy. Adabiyot o‘qish yoshlarda hamdardlik tuyg‘usini rivojlantiradi.	sympathy
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusida: adabiyot va san’at nima beradi degan savolga eng yaxshi javob — reading fiction develops empathy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar develop empathy · a lack of empathy · empathetic So‘z o‘zagi path(pathos (yun.) — his, azob) — his-tuyg‘u — kasallik, azob shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Studying literature helps young people develop empathy. Adabiyot o‘qish yoshlarda hamdardlik tuyg‘usini rivojlantiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym sympathy — sympathy = achinish, birovga rahm; empathy = uning o‘rnida his qila olish To‘liq sahifasi