Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity

6 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
uncountable nouns ★★★	3	sanalmaydigan otlar — ko‘plik shakli yo‘q	much/a great deal of + uncountable	Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi.	much / many / a lot of zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi IELTS’da eng ko‘p adashtiradiganlari: information, advice, research, knowledge, equipment, furniture, traffic, pollution, money, work, progress, evidence — ularda -s yo‘q va fe’l birlikda. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sanash uchun o‘lchov so‘zi qo‘shiladi: a piece of advice, two pieces of equipment, a great deal of research. Ba’zi otlar ikki xil ishlaydi: experience (tajriba — sanalmas) vs an experience (bir voqea — sanaladi). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ many researches → ✅ much research / many studies ❌ Traffics are heavy → ✅ Traffic is heavy ❌ a lot of works → ✅ a lot of work / a lot of jobs. Namunalar Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi much / many / a lot of — much = sanalmas; many = sanaladigan zero article — sanalmaydigan otlar umumiy ma’noda artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
much / many / a lot of ★★★	2	miqdor — «ko‘p»	much + uncountable · many + plural	A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi.	uncountable nouns few / a few / little / a little
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi many + sanaladigan ko‘plik · much + sanalmaydigan · a lot of / plenty of — ikkalasi bilan ham. Akademik yozuvda a lot of o‘rniga: a large number of (sanaladigan), a great deal of (sanalmas), numerous, considerable. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Tasdiq gapda yolg‘iz much g‘alati eshitiladi — There is much pollution ❌ → There is a great deal of* pollution* ✅. Inkor va so‘roqda esa much normal: not much progress. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ much people → ✅ many people · ❌ many money → ✅ much money / a great deal of money. Namunalar A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — much/many tanlash sanaladigan-sanalmasligiga bog‘liq few / a few / little / a little — few/little = OZ; many/much = KO‘P To‘liq sahifasi
few / a few / little / a little ★★☆	4	oz miqdor — «bir oz» yoki «juda kam» (ohangi qarama-qarshi)	few + plural · little + uncountable	Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi.	much / many / a lot of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi a few / a little = ijobiy ohang, «bir oz bor». few / little (artiklsiz) = salbiy ohang, «deyarli yo‘q». Sanash: few + ko‘plik, little + sanalmas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bitta a ma’noni teskari qiladi — bu Reading’da ham savol bo‘ladi: A few countries have met the target. = bir nechtasi uddaladi (ijobiy) Few countries have met the target. = deyarli hech biri uddalamadi (salbiy) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ a few information → ✅ a little information. Namunalar Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi much / many / a lot of — few/little = oz; many/much = ko‘p To‘liq sahifasi
most / most of / the most ★★★	4	ko‘pchilik — «aksariyat» (va «eng» bilan chalkashmasin)	most + noun · most of + the/my + noun	Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi.	the majority of superlative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi most + ot (umuman): most students · most of + aniqlovchi + ot: most of the* students in the survey* · the most = superlativ: the most effective solution. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan uchlik shu: Most respondents preferred… · Most of the increase occurred after 2010 · Japan recorded the most* significant growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The most of people* → ✅ Most people yoki Most of the people in the survey. ❌ Almost people → ✅ Most people / Almost all people — almost yolg‘iz ot oldida kelmaydi. Namunalar Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the majority of — the majority of = rasmiyroq va Task 1 uchun tabiiyroq superlative — the most = «eng» — bu butunlay boshqa vazifa To‘liq sahifasi
the majority of ★★★	4	ko‘pchilik — «katta qismi» (rasmiy)	The majority of + plural/uncountable + verb	The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor.	most / most of / the most
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The (vast/overwhelming) majority of + ot. Fe’l odatda ko‘plikda: The majority of respondents were* female.* Teskarisi: a minority of, a small proportion of. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng qulay yo‘li — bir xil raqamni ikki marta takrorlamaslik kerak: 62% → the majority of · 51% → just over half · 25% → a quarter · 12% → a small minority · 5% → a negligible proportion. Namunalar The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi most / most of / the most — the majority of = rasmiy; most = neytral va qisqa To‘liq sahifasi
all / every / each ★★☆	3	hamma — «barchasi, har biri»	all + plural · every/each + singular	Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi.	most / most of / the most both / either / neither
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi all + ko‘plik ot + ko‘plik fe’l · every / each + birlik ot + birlik fe’l. each alohida-alohida qaraydi, every guruhni yaxlit oladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Task 2 da all juda xavfli so‘z — bitta istisno butun da’voingizni yiqitadi. Uni hedging bilan almashtiring: most, the majority of, almost all. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Every students have a laptop → ✅ Every student has a laptop yoki All students have laptops. Namunalar Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi most / most of / the most — all = 100% (xavfli); most = aksariyat (xavfsiz) both / either / neither — these are for TWO items only To‘liq sahifasi

Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
both / either / neither ★★☆	4	ikkitalik — «ikkalasi, ikkisidan biri, ikkalasi ham emas»	both + plural · either/neither + singular	Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi.	all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi both + ko‘plik (both countries are) · either / neither + birlik (neither country is) · juftlangan shakl: both … and · either … or · neither … nor. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da ikki chiziqni bitta gapda birlashtirish uchun ideal: Both figures rose steadily, although neither reached the 2005 level. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Neither of them are correct → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is correct. ❌ Both of the two countries → ✅ Both countries — both ning o‘zida «ikkala» bor. Namunalar Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi all / every / each — both = faqat IKKITA; all/every = ikkitadan ko‘p To‘liq sahifasi

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

4 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
a / an ★★★	1	noaniq artikl — «bittasi, qandaydir» (birinchi marta tilga olinganda)	a/an + sanaladigan ot (birlik)	The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi.	the zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Undosh tovush oldidan a, unli tovush oldidan an — harf emas, talaffuz muhim: a university (yu-), an hour (au-), an MBA (em-). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sanaladigan otning birligi hech qachon artiklsiz turmaydi — yo a/an, yo the, yo this/my/each bo‘lishi shart. Kasb va misol keltirishda: as a result, She works as an engineer. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ He is engineer → ✅ He is an engineer. ❌ A pollution is a problem → ✅ Pollution is a problem — sanalmaydigan otga a qo‘yilmaydi. Namunalar The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — a/an = birinchi marta yoki qaysi biri muhim emas; the = ma’lum, aniq narsa zero article — zero article = umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot To‘liq sahifasi
the ★★★	2	aniq artikl — «o‘sha, ma’lum bo‘lgan»	the + ot (birlik, ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan)	The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi.	a / an zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the qo‘yiladi: ikkinchi marta eslatilganda · yagona narsa (the sun, the government, the environment) · superlativ bilan (the highest) · of birikmasi bilan (the number of students) · Task 1 da the figure, the period, the chart. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun oltin qoida: grafik, davr va ko‘rsatkichlar doim aniq — shuning uchun the chart, the period, the figure for Japan, the highest proportion. Foizlar bilan esa artikl yo‘q: 20% of households (❌ the 20%). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The education is important → ✅ Education is important — umumiy ma’noda the kerak emas. ❌ number of students are rising → ✅ The number of students is rising. Namunalar The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi. The government has introduced a new tax on plastic packaging. Hukumat plastik qadoq uchun yangi soliq joriy qildi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi a / an — the = ma’lum; a/an = noma’lum yoki birinchi marta zero article — the = aniq guruh; artiklsiz = umuman shu turdagi narsalar To‘liq sahifasi
zero article ★★★	3	artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no	∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot	Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.	the uncountable nouns
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik: ✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy) ✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy) ⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society. ❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information. Namunalar Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
subject-verb agreement ★★★	3	ega bilan kesimning moslashuvi — birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi	S(singular) + V(s) · S(plural) + V	The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.	uncountable nouns all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l bosh otga moslashadi, oradagi so‘zlarga emas: The number of students is rising (number = birlik) vs A number of students are waiting (= «bir necha»). Each, every, everyone, neither → birlik. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uzun ega bilan yozganda eng ko‘p sodir bo‘ladigan xato. Yozgandan keyin tekshiring: egadan predlogli qismni o‘chirib o‘qing — The impact* (of rising temperatures on coastal cities) is…* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number of cars have increased → ✅ The number of cars has* increased. ❌ Everyone know that…* → ✅ Everyone knows* that…* Namunalar The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan ot doim birlik fe’l oladi all / every / each — every/each doim birlik fe’l bilan To‘liq sahifasi