zero article
artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no
Qanday yasaladi
∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot
Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands).
Namunalar — Examples
Governments should invest more in renewable energy.
Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik:
✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy)
✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy)
⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam)
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society.
❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| the | artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa |
| uncountable nouns | sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi |
| a / an | noaniq artikl — «bittasi, qandaydir» (birinchi marta tilga olinganda) — zero article = umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
defining relative clause T3
non-defining relative clause T5
preposition + which T6
reduced relative clause T6
that-clause T3
the fact that T5
wh-clause T4
the passive T3
have / get something done T5
nominalisation T6
there is / there are T2
a / an T1
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish