Powerty

Sabab — Cause

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
because / since / as ★★★	2	sabab — «chunki, ... sababli»	because/since/as + S + V	Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi.	due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham to‘liq gap oladi. because — eng kuchli va aniq; since/as — ma’lum sababni eslatadi va rasmiyroq, odatda gap boshida: Since resources are limited, … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ❗ Otdan oldin ular ishlamaydi — because of / due to kerak: because the rain ❌ → because of the rain ✅. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Because of the government failed to act… → ✅ Because the government failed to act… (gap keldi — of keraksiz). Namunalar Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi due to / owing to / because of — bular OT oladi; because/since/as GAP oladi therefore / consequently — sabab emas — NATIJANI bog‘laydi (teskari yo‘nalish) To‘liq sahifasi
due to / owing to / because of ★★★	4	sabab — «... tufayli, ... sababli» (otdan oldin)	due to / because of + noun / -ing	Owing to a lack of investment, the rail network deteriorated steadily. Sarmoya yetishmagani tufayli temir yo‘l tarmog‘i asta-sekin yomonlashdi.	because / since / as result in / result from thanks to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham ot yoki -ing oladi, gap emas: ✅ due to the increase* in fuel prices* · ❌ due to fuel prices increased. Gap kerak bo‘lsa: because / since / due to the fact that. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nozik farq: due to qat’iy grammatikada be dan keyin keladi (The delay was due to* heavy rain), owing to* esa butun gapga bog‘lanadi. Imtihonda ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi, lekin owing to yozma uslubda ko‘proq ball beradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Because of the traffic is heavy, I was late → ✅ Because the traffic was heavy… yoki ✅ Because of the heavy traffic… Namunalar Owing to a lack of investment, the rail network deteriorated steadily. Sarmoya yetishmagani tufayli temir yo‘l tarmog‘i asta-sekin yomonlashdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi because / since / as — because + GAP; because of / due to + OT result in / result from — due to = sababni kiritadi; result in = natijani kiritadi thanks to — thanks to = faqat IJOBIY sabab uchun To‘liq sahifasi

Natija — Result & consequence

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
result in / result from ★★☆	5	sabab yo‘nalishi — «... ga olib keladi» va «... dan kelib chiqadi»	X results in Y · Y results from X	Rapid urbanisation has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing. Tez urbanizatsiya arzon uy-joyning keskin tanqisligiga olib keldi.	due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi result in = sabab → natija (Deforestation results in soil erosion) · result from = natija ← sabab (Soil erosion results from* deforestation). Yo‘nalish teskari — predlog buni hal qiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-oqibatni ikki yo‘nalishda ayta olish Task 2 uchun juda foydali. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: lead to* · give rise to · bring about · stem from · arise from · be attributed to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The problem results to … → ✅ results in. ❌ lead into → ✅ lead to. Namunalar Rapid urbanisation has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing. Tez urbanizatsiya arzon uy-joyning keskin tanqisligiga olib keldi. Much of the pollution results from outdated industrial equipment. Ifloslanishning katta qismi eskirgan sanoat uskunalaridan kelib chiqadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi due to / owing to / because of — due to + OT (sabab); result in + OT (natija) therefore / consequently — bular jumlalarni bog‘laydi; result in gap ichida ishlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
therefore / consequently ★★★	3	natija — «shuning uchun, natijada»	Therefore, + S + V	Fuel prices rose sharply. Consequently, demand for public transport increased. Yoqilg‘i narxi keskin oshdi. Natijada jamoat transportiga talab ortdi.	because / since / as result in / result from
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Therefore / Consequently / As a result / Thus / Hence — jumla boshida vergul bilan, yoki nuqta-vergul bilan: …; therefore, … Thus va hence rasmiyroq va ixchamroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-natija zanjirini ko‘rsatish Task 2 ning yuragi. Xilma-xillik uchun jumla ichidagi variantlarga ham o‘ting: which is why, as a consequence, this has led to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Therefore of this… → ✅ Therefore, … yoki ✅ Because of this, … Namunalar Fuel prices rose sharply. Consequently, demand for public transport increased. Yoqilg‘i narxi keskin oshdi. Natijada jamoat transportiga talab ortdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi because / since / as — because = SABABNI kiritadi; therefore = NATIJANI (teskari yo‘nalish) result in / result from — result in = gap ichida; therefore = jumlalar orasida To‘liq sahifasi
whereby / thereby ★☆☆	6	vosita va natija — «shu orqali; shu yo‘l bilan»	…, thereby + V-ing · a system whereby + clause	Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling. Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin.	therefore / consequently participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi thereby + -ing — natijani qo‘shadi (…, thereby reducing* costs) · whereby* = «unga ko‘ra» — tizim yoki tartibni tavsiflaydi (a scheme whereby* firms pay for emissions). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi thereby + -ing* ikkinchi gapni boshlamasdan natijani qo‘shadi — juda zich va akademik: Congestion charges discourage driving, thereby improving* air quality.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ thereby it reduces costs → ✅ thereby reducing* costs* — thereby dan keyin -ing. Namunalar Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling. Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi therefore / consequently — therefore = yangi jumla; thereby = shu gapga qo‘shiladi participle clause — thereby + -ing — natija bildiruvchi ravishdosh oboroti To‘liq sahifasi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

5 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
used to ★★☆	3	o‘tmishdagi odat yoki holat — «ilgari ... edi, endi yo‘q»	S + used to + V (yalang‘och)	Families used to spend their evenings together. Oilalar ilgari kechqurunlarini birga o‘tkazardi.	would (past habit)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi used to + asosiy fe’l. Inkor va so‘roqda use to (didn’t use to). ⚠️ be used to + -ing butunlay boshqa narsa: «ko‘nikkan». Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Hozir va o‘tmishni qarama-qarshi qo‘yish uchun eng ixcham vosita — Speaking Part 3 va Task 2 uchun juda foydali: People used to* read newspapers; now they scroll through feeds.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I am used to live here → ✅ I am used to living here (ko‘nikkanman) · ❌ I used to living → ✅ I used to live (ilgari yashardim). Namunalar Families used to spend their evenings together. Oilalar ilgari kechqurunlarini birga o‘tkazardi. This area used to be farmland. Bu hudud ilgari qishloq xo‘jaligi yeri edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi would (past habit) — used to = odat HAM, holat ham; would = faqat takrorlangan harakat (❌ would be farmland) To‘liq sahifasi
whereas / while ★★★	4	solishtirma qarama-qarshilik — «... bo‘lsa, ... esa»	S + V, whereas + S + V	In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi.	although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi whereas / while + to‘liq gap. Odatda oldidan vergul qo‘yiladi. while ning ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor («davomida»), shuning uchun aniq solishtirma uchun whereas xavfsizroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning eng kerakli bog‘lovchisi — ikki ustunni bitta gapda solishtiradi: Spending on housing rose steadily, whereas* spending on food remained flat.* Har bir Task 1 tanasida kamida ikkita shunday gap bo‘lsin. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Whereas, the figure for Japan was higher. — whereas yangi jumla boshlamaydi; u ikki qismni ichkaridan bog‘laydi. Namunalar In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — whereas = sof solishtirish; although = kutilmaganlik ohangi bor in contrast / on the other hand — bular jumla boshida; whereas gap ichida To‘liq sahifasi
however ★★★	3	qarama-qarshilik — «biroq, lekin» (yangi jumla boshida)	However, + S + V	Online courses are convenient. However, they cannot replace laboratory work. Onlayn kurslar qulay. Biroq ular laboratoriya ishining o‘rnini bosa olmaydi.	although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi However — ravish, gaplarni bog‘lamaydi, balki yangi jumlani boshlaydi va vergul oladi. Gap o‘rtasida ishlatilsa ikki tomondan vergul: The policy, however, was abandoned. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ning eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan bog‘lovchisi — aynan shuning uchun har xatboshida takrorlamang. Muqobillar: nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, that said, by contrast. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The plan was expensive however it worked. — however ikki gapni ulay olmaydi. ✅ … expensive; however, it worked. yoki ✅ … expensive, but* it worked.* Namunalar Online courses are convenient. However, they cannot replace laboratory work. Onlayn kurslar qulay. Biroq ular laboratoriya ishining o‘rnini bosa olmaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — although = bitta gap ICHIDA; however = yangi jumla boshida in contrast / on the other hand — on the other hand = ikkinchi TOMONNI kiritadi; however = oddiy qarshilik despite / in spite of — despite + ot; however + yangi gap To‘liq sahifasi
in contrast / on the other hand ★★★	4	qarama-qarshi tomon — «aksincha; boshqa tomondan»	In contrast, + S + V	Spending on healthcare doubled. By contrast, the education budget remained flat. Sog‘liqni saqlashga sarflangan mablag‘ ikki baravar oshdi. Aksincha, ta’lim byudjeti o‘zgarmadi.	however whereas / while compared with / in comparison with
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi In contrast, / By contrast, / On the other hand, — jumla boshida, vergul bilan. On the one hand … on the other hand … juft holda ishlatiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da ikki guruh raqamni ajratadi: Consumption rose in Europe. In contrast, Asian figures fell steadily. Task 2 (discussion) da ikkinchi qarashga o‘tish signali. ⚠️ On the other hand ni faqat ikki tomon haqida yozayotganda ishlating — bir tomonlama inshoda o‘rinsiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In the other hand → ✅ On the other hand. Namunalar Spending on healthcare doubled. By contrast, the education budget remained flat. Sog‘liqni saqlashga sarflangan mablag‘ ikki baravar oshdi. Aksincha, ta’lim byudjeti o‘zgarmadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi however — however = umumiy qarshilik; in contrast = ikki narsani qarshi qo‘yadi whereas / while — whereas = bitta gap ichida; in contrast = alohida jumla compared with / in comparison with — compared with + ot; in contrast = jumla boshida To‘liq sahifasi
far from being ★☆☆	6	kutilganning aksi — «... bo‘lish o‘rniga, aksincha»	Far from + V-ing, S + V	Far from reducing inequality, the reform widened the gap between rich and poor. Tengsizlikni kamaytirish o‘rniga, islohot boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirdi.	participle clause in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Far from + -ing (yoki ot), keyin vergul va asosiy gap: Far from solving the problem, this policy made it worse. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Kuchli rad etish qolipi — qarshi fikrni faqat inkor qilibgina qolmay, uni teskarisiga aylantiradi. Xulosada yoki eng kuchli dalilingizda bir marta ishlating. Namunalar Far from reducing inequality, the reform widened the gap between rich and poor. Tengsizlikni kamaytirish o‘rniga, islohot boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi participle clause — shakli bir xil (-ing), lekin ma’nosi «aksincha» in contrast / on the other hand — far from = kutilgan natijaning teskarisini ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
although / though / even though ★★★	3	qarshi qo‘yish — «garchi ... bo‘lsa-da»	Although + S + V, S + V	Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi.	despite / in spite of whereas / while however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi although/though/even though + to‘liq gap (ega + kesim). Gap boshida kelsa, ikkinchi qismdan oldin vergul. even though kuchliroq, though og‘zakiroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da qarshi fikrni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun asosiy qolip: Although online learning is convenient, it cannot replace face-to-face interaction. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Although the cost is high, but it is worth it. → ingliz tilida although va but birga kelmaydi. Bittasini tanlang. ❌ Although the high cost → ✅ Although the cost is high. Namunalar Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi despite / in spite of — although + GAP; despite + ot yoki -ing whereas / while — whereas = ikki narsani solishtiradi; although = kutilmagan qarshilik however — however = yangi jumla boshlaydi; although = bitta gap ichida bog‘laydi To‘liq sahifasi
despite / in spite of ★★★	4	qaramaslik — «... ga qaramay»	Despite + noun / -ing, S + V	Despite substantial investment, the network remains unreliable. Katta sarmoyaga qaramay, tarmoq hamon ishonchsizligicha qolmoqda.	although / though / even though the fact that however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi despite / in spite of + ot yoki -ing — hech qachon to‘liq gap emas. Gap kerak bo‘lsa: despite the fact that + gap, yoki although + gap. ⚠️ ❌ despite of — of faqat in spite of da bor. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uchtasini bir-biriga aylantira olish Band 7 mashqi: Although costs rose, demand remained strong. Despite the rise in costs, demand remained strong. Costs rose; nevertheless, demand remained strong. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Despite the costs increased → ✅ Despite the increase in costs yoki ✅ Although the costs increased. Namunalar Despite substantial investment, the network remains unreliable. Katta sarmoyaga qaramay, tarmoq hamon ishonchsizligicha qolmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — despite + OT; although + GAP the fact that — despite the fact that = despite bilan gap ishlatishning yo‘li however — despite = bir gap ichida; however = ikki jumla orasida To‘liq sahifasi
admittedly ★☆☆	5	tan olish — «tan olish kerakki, ...»	Admittedly, + S + V	Admittedly, such reforms would be expensive in the short term. Tan olish kerakki, bunday islohotlar qisqa muddatda qimmatga tushardi.	although / though / even though it may well be that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Admittedly, jumla boshida vergul bilan. Shu oiladagilar: Granted, · It is true that · While it is true that · Of course,. Keyin deyarli doim however yoki nevertheless keladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Tan olish → rad etish» — Band 7 ning eng ishonchli xatboshi tuzilmasi: Admittedly, private cars offer unmatched convenience. Nevertheless, the environmental cost of mass car ownership is difficult to justify. Namunalar Admittedly, such reforms would be expensive in the short term. Tan olish kerakki, bunday islohotlar qisqa muddatda qimmatga tushardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — although = bir gap ichida; admittedly = butun xatboshini boshlaydi it may well be that — ikkalasi ham qarshi tomonni tan oladi — biri ehtimol bilan To‘liq sahifasi

Shart — Condition

8 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the zero conditional ★★☆	2	umumiy haqiqat sharti — «agar ... bo‘lsa, doim ... bo‘ladi»	If + present simple, present simple	If forests are cleared, soil erosion accelerates. Agar o‘rmonlar kesilsa, tuproq eroziyasi tezlashadi.	the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikkala tarafda ham present simple. Bu yerda if ni when bilan almashtirsa ham ma’no o‘zgarmaydi — shu belgi orqali zero conditional ekanini bilasiz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ilmiy va umumiy haqiqatlar uchun — Task 2 ning tushuntirish qismida sabab-oqibat mexanizmini ko‘rsatadi: If demand rises, prices increase. Namunalar If forests are cleared, soil erosion accelerates. Agar o‘rmonlar kesilsa, tuproq eroziyasi tezlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — zero = doimiy haqiqat; first = kelajakdagi aniq bir holat To‘liq sahifasi
the first conditional ★★★	2	real shart — «agar ... bo‘lsa, ... bo‘ladi» (kelajakda mumkin)	If + present simple, will + V	If cities expand without planning, congestion will worsen. Agar shaharlar rejasiz kengaysa, tirbandlik yomonlashadi.	the second conditional unless
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + present (❌ if it will rain), asosiy gapda will / may / can / should. will o‘rniga boshqa modal ham bo‘lishi mumkin: If costs fall, more people may* switch.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ogohlantirish jumlasi uchun tayyor qolip: If governments fail to act now, the problem will* become far harder to solve.* Unless bilan ham xuddi shu ma’no: Unless governments act, … ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If the government will invest more, … → ✅ If the government invests more, … — bu eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato. Namunalar If cities expand without planning, congestion will worsen. Agar shaharlar rejasiz kengaysa, tirbandlik yomonlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — first = real ehtimol; second = xayoliy yoki ehtimoli past unless — unless = «agar ... bo‘lmasa» — inkorli first conditional To‘liq sahifasi
the second conditional ★★★	4	xayoliy shart — «agar ... bo‘lganida, ... bo‘lardi» (hozir/kelajak)	If + past simple, would + V	If universities lowered their fees, more students would enrol. Agar universitetlar to‘lovni kamaytirsa, ko‘proq talaba o‘qishga kirardi.	the first conditional the third conditional would
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + past simple, asosiy gapda would / could / might + yalang‘och fe’l. Rasmiy uslubda be ning shakli were bo‘ladi: If the policy were* adopted…* (❌ was — Writing’da). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 yechim qismining eng kuchli qolipi — taklifning natijasini ko‘rsatadi: If public transport were* free, far fewer people would drive to work.* Speaking Part 3 dagi «What would happen if…» savollari ham aynan shu shaklni kutadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If I would have more time, I would travel → ✅ If I had more time, I would travel. if tarafida hech qachon would yo‘q. Namunalar If universities lowered their fees, more students would enrol. Agar universitetlar to‘lovni kamaytirsa, ko‘proq talaba o‘qishga kirardi. If I were the mayor, I would invest in cycling infrastructure. Agar men hokim bo‘lganimda, velosiped infratuzilmasiga sarmoya kiritardim. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — second = xayoliy/ehtimoli past; first = real ehtimol the third conditional — second = hozir yoki kelajak; third = o‘tmish, o‘zgartirib bo‘lmaydi would — second conditional — <i>would</i> ning shart bilan to‘ldirilgan shakli To‘liq sahifasi
the third conditional ★★☆	5	o‘tmishdagi xayoliy shart — «agar ... bo‘lganida edi, ... bo‘lardi»	If + past perfect, would have + V3	If the factory had installed filters earlier, the river would not have been polluted. Agar zavod filtrlarni ertaroq o‘rnatganida, daryo ifloslanmagan bo‘lardi.	the second conditional the mixed conditional past perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + had + V3, asosiy gapda would/could/might have + V3. Ikki tarafda ham «perfect» bor — shuni yodda tuting. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi O‘tmishdagi xatoni tahlil qiladi — Task 2 da tarixiy misol keltirganda ishlaydi: If stricter rules had been introduced* in the 1990s, emissions would have peaked far earlier.* Speaking Part 2 da afsus bildirish uchun ham tabiiy. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If I would have known → ✅ If I had known. would have faqat ikkinchi tarafda. Namunalar If the factory had installed filters earlier, the river would not have been polluted. Agar zavod filtrlarni ertaroq o‘rnatganida, daryo ifloslanmagan bo‘lardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — third = o‘tmish (o‘zgarmas); second = hozir/kelajak the mixed conditional — mixed = o‘tmishdagi shart, hozirgi natija past perfect — third conditional shart tarafida aynan past perfect turadi To‘liq sahifasi
the mixed conditional ★☆☆	6	aralash shart — o‘tmishdagi shart, hozirgi natija	If + past perfect, would + V (hozir)	If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now. Agar u tibbiyotni o‘qiganida, hozir shifokor bo‘lardi.	the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + had + V3 (o‘tmish sharti), asosiy gapda would + yalang‘och fe’l (hozirgi natija) — «have» yo‘q. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Band 7.5+ belgisi, chunki ikki vaqtni bitta gapda ushlab turadi: If the government had invested* in rail in the 1980s, the country would have a modern network today.* Bir marta, o‘rniga tushib ishlatilsa — juda kuchli. Zo‘rlab tiqilsa — xato. Namunalar If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now. Agar u tibbiyotni o‘qiganida, hozir shifokor bo‘lardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the third conditional — third = natija ham o‘tmishda; mixed = natija hozirda To‘liq sahifasi
unless ★★★	4	«agar ... bo‘lmasa» — inkor shart	Unless + S + V (tasdiq), S + will + V	Unless recycling becomes compulsory, landfill waste will keep rising. Agar qayta ishlash majburiy qilinmasa, poligon chiqindilari o‘sishda davom etadi.	the first conditional provided that / as long as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi unless ning o‘zi «if not» degani — shuning uchun ichida yana inkor kelmaydi: ❌ unless we don’t act → ✅ unless we act. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 xulosasining eng ishonchli jumlasi: Unless urgent measures are taken, these problems will only intensify. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Unless the government doesn’t act, the crisis will deepen. — ikkita inkor ma’noni teskari qiladi. ✅ Unless the government acts… Namunalar Unless recycling becomes compulsory, landfill waste will keep rising. Agar qayta ishlash majburiy qilinmasa, poligon chiqindilari o‘sishda davom etadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — unless = «if not» — first conditional’ning inkor shakli provided that / as long as — provided that = ijobiy shart; unless = inkor shart To‘liq sahifasi
provided that / as long as ★★☆	5	shart bilan rozilik — «... shart bilan, toki ... ekan»	S + V, provided that + S + V	Technology improves education, as long as teachers are properly trained. Texnologiya ta’limni yaxshilaydi, toki o‘qituvchilar yetarli tayyorgarlikka ega bo‘lsa.	unless the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi provided (that) / providing that / as long as / on condition that + present simple. Ma’nosi if ga yaqin, lekin «faqat shu shart bajarilsa» degan cheklovni qo‘shadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Muvozanatli xulosa yozishning eng oson yo‘li — bir tomonni to‘liq rad etmasdan shart qo‘yasiz: Tourism can benefit local communities, provided that* profits are reinvested locally.* Bu «to what extent do you agree» tipidagi savollar uchun juda mos. Namunalar Technology improves education, as long as teachers are properly trained. Texnologiya ta’limni yaxshilaydi, toki o‘qituvchilar yetarli tayyorgarlikka ega bo‘lsa. O‘xshashlaridan farqi unless — provided that = ijobiy shart; unless = inkor shart the first conditional — provided that = if, lekin cheklov ohangi kuchliroq To‘liq sahifasi
if it were not for ★☆☆	6	«... bo‘lmaganida edi» — bitta omilga bog‘liq natija	If it were not for + noun, S + would + V	If it were not for remittances, many rural households would struggle. Chetdan kelayotgan pul o‘tkazmalari bo‘lmaganida, ko‘p qishloq xonadonlari qiynalgan bo‘lardi.	the second conditional inversion
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Hozir: If it were not for + ot · O‘tmish: If it had not been for + ot. Rasmiy inversiya shakli: Were it not for … / Had it not been for … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bitta omilning hal qiluvchi rolini ta’kidlaydi: Were it not for government subsidies, the industry would have collapsed. — inversiya bilan Band 7.5+ ohangini beradi. Namunalar If it were not for remittances, many rural households would struggle. Chetdan kelayotgan pul o‘tkazmalari bo‘lmaganida, ko‘p qishloq xonadonlari qiynalgan bo‘lardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — bu — second/third conditional’ning «bitta omil» varianti inversion — Were it not for … = shu qolipning inversiyali shakli To‘liq sahifasi

Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence

15 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
present simple ★★★	1	hozirgi oddiy zamon — umumiy haqiqat, odat, doimiy holat	S + V(s/es) · S + do/does not + V	Air pollution affects millions of people in large cities. Havo ifloslanishi yirik shaharlarda millionlab odamga ta’sir qiladi.	present continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi 3-shaxs birlikda -s qo‘shiladi: he works, it depends. Inkor va so‘roqda do/does keladi, asosiy fe’l esa yalang‘och qoladi: he doesn’t work (❌ doesn’t works). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 inshosining asosiy zamoni shu. Umumiy haqiqat va hozirgi holat haqida yozasiz: Many countries face a shortage of teachers. Shuningdek diagramma jarayonini (process diagram) tasvirlashda ham present simple + passive ishlatiladi: The beans are dried and packed. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The government have to act → ✅ The government has to act (rasmiy Britaniya inglizchasida have ham to‘g‘ri, lekin imtihonda bittasini tanlab, oxirigacha shuni ishlating). ❌ Everyone have a phone → ✅ Everyone has a phone — everyone, each, every birlik. Namunalar Air pollution affects millions of people in large cities. Havo ifloslanishi yirik shaharlarda millionlab odamga ta’sir qiladi. The chart shows how much water each region consumes. Diagramma har bir mintaqa qancha suv iste’mol qilishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi present continuous — present simple = doimiy holat/odat; present continuous = aynan hozir davom etayotgan yoki vaqtinchalik jarayon To‘liq sahifasi
present continuous ★★☆	1	hozirgi davomiy zamon — hozir davom etayotgan, vaqtinchalik yoki o‘zgarib borayotgan	S + am/is/are + V-ing	The climate is changing faster than previously predicted. Iqlim ilgari bashorat qilinganidan tezroq o‘zgarmoqda.	present simple
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi am/is/are + fe’l-ing. Holat fe’llari (know, believe, own, consist, contain) odatda bu shaklda kelmaydi: ❌ I am knowing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi IELTS’da eng foydali vazifasi — o‘zgarib borayotgan tendensiya: The population is ageing rapidly. Bu Task 2 kirish qismida juda yaxshi ishlaydi. Speaking Part 1 da esa hozirgi hayotingiz haqida: I’m studying engineering at the moment. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Nowadays people use smartphones more and more → ✅ people are using … — o‘zgarish bo‘lsa continuous tabiiyroq. Namunalar The climate is changing faster than previously predicted. Iqlim ilgari bashorat qilinganidan tezroq o‘zgarmoqda. More and more students are choosing to study abroad. Tobora ko‘proq talaba chet elda o‘qishni tanlamoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi present simple — continuous = vaqtinchalik va o‘zgaruvchan; simple = doimiy haqiqat To‘liq sahifasi
past simple ★★★	1	o‘tgan oddiy zamon — tugagan va vaqti aytilgan ish	S + V-ed / V2 · S + did not + V	The figure for renewable energy doubled between 2005 and 2015. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ko‘rsatkichi 2005-2015 yillarda ikki baravar oshdi.	present perfect past continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi To‘g‘ri fe’llar -ed, noto‘g‘ri fe’llar 2-shakl (rise → rose, fall → fell, begin → began). Inkorda did not + yalang‘och fe’l: ❌ didn’t rose → ✅ didn’t rise. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning asosiy zamoni, agar grafikdagi yillar o‘tib bo‘lgan bo‘lsa: Between 1990 and 2005, car ownership rose sharply. Yillar berilgan — demak past simple, present perfect emas. Speaking Part 2 (hikoya) ham deyarli butunlay shu zamonda. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In 2010 the number has increased → ✅ increased — aniq vaqt aytilgan joyda present perfect ishlatilmaydi. Namunalar The figure for renewable energy doubled between 2005 and 2015. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ko‘rsatkichi 2005-2015 yillarda ikki baravar oshdi. Last year I took the test for the first time. O‘tgan yili men imtihonni birinchi marta topshirdim. O‘xshashlaridan farqi present perfect — past simple = vaqt AYTILGAN (in 2010, last year); present perfect = vaqt aytilmagan, natijasi hozir muhim past continuous — past simple = tugagan voqea; past continuous = o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan fon To‘liq sahifasi
past continuous ★★☆	3	o‘tgan davomiy zamon — o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan fon harakati	S + was/were + V-ing	Afsona was preparing for the exam when the power went out. Afsona imtihonga tayyorlanayotganda elektr o‘chib qoldi.	past simple
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi was (I/he/she/it) yoki were (you/we/they) + -ing. Ko‘pincha when (past simple) yoki while (past continuous) bilan juftlashadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 2 hikoyasini jonlantiradigan zamon: fonni continuous, voqeani simple bilan bering — I was waiting* for the bus when I met my old teacher.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ While I studied, the phone rang → ✅ While I was studying, the phone rang. Namunalar Afsona was preparing for the exam when the power went out. Afsona imtihonga tayyorlanayotganda elektr o‘chib qoldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — continuous = davom etayotgan fon; simple = uni bo‘lgan voqea To‘liq sahifasi
present perfect ★★★	3	hozirgi tugallangan zamon — o‘tmishda bo‘lgan, natijasi hozir muhim	S + have/has + V3	The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010. Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi.	past simple present perfect continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have/has + 3-shakl (been, done, risen, fallen). Belgilar: since (boshlanish nuqtasi), for (davomiylik), already, yet, just, recently, over the past decade. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Band 6 dan 7 ga o‘tishning eng oddiy yo‘li — Task 2 da hozirgi holatning tarixini ko‘rsatish: Over the past two decades, governments have invested* heavily in renewable energy.* Task 1 da esa faqat grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa ishlatiladi (masalan 2015-present). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I have finished it yesterday → ✅ I finished it yesterday. Aniq o‘tgan vaqt bo‘lsa — past simple. ❌ I have went → ✅ I have gone — 3-shakl kerak, 2-shakl emas. Namunalar The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010. Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi. Technology has transformed the way we work. Texnologiya ishlash usulimizni tubdan o‘zgartirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — present perfect = vaqt aytilmaydi, natija hozir; past simple = vaqt aytilgan va tugagan present perfect continuous — perfect = natija/miqdor muhim; perfect continuous = jarayonning davomiyligi muhim To‘liq sahifasi
present perfect continuous ★☆☆	5	hozirgi tugallangan davomiy — o‘tmishda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etayotgan jarayon	S + have/has been + V-ing	Researchers have been studying this phenomenon since the 1980s. Tadqiqotchilar bu hodisani 1980-yillardan beri o‘rganib kelmoqda.	present perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have/has been + -ing. Odatda for / since bilan. Holat fe’llari (know, believe) bilan ishlatilmaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Davomiylikning o‘zini ta’kidlaydi: Scientists have been warning* about this for decades.* — «yillar davomida ogohlantirib kelishmoqda». Bitta yaxshi joyda ishlatilgan bu shakl Grammatical Range bahosini oshiradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I am living here since 2019 → ✅ I have been living here since 2019 — o‘zbekcha «yashayapman» present continuous’ni tortadi, lekin ingliz tilida since bo‘lsa perfect kerak. Namunalar Researchers have been studying this phenomenon since the 1980s. Tadqiqotchilar bu hodisani 1980-yillardan beri o‘rganib kelmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi present perfect — perfect = qancha/qanday natija; perfect continuous = qancha VAQTDAN beri davom etayotgani To‘liq sahifasi
past perfect ★★☆	4	o‘tgan zamondan oldingi zamon — «undan ham oldin bo‘lgan» ish	S + had + V3	By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million. 2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi.	past simple the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi had + 3-shakl — barcha shaxslarda bir xil. Ko‘pincha by (by 2000), before, after, already bilan keladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki o‘tgan voqeaning qaysi biri oldin bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi. Task 1 da juda foydali: By 2010, the figure had reached* its peak.* — «2010-yilga kelib allaqachon cho‘qqiga chiqqan edi». Third conditional ham shu shaklda quriladi (If they had acted…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Har bir o‘tgan gapga had qo‘shib chiqmang. Voqealar tartib bilan aytilsa, oddiy past simple yetarli. Namunalar By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million. 2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi. The factory had already closed before the new law was passed. Yangi qonun qabul qilinishidan oldin zavod allaqachon yopilgan edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — past perfect = ikki o‘tgan ishning OLDINGISI; past simple = oddiy ketma-ketlik the third conditional — third conditional shu shaklni <i>if</i> bilan ishlatadi To‘liq sahifasi
future continuous ★☆☆	5	kelasi davomiy — kelajakning ma’lum bir paytida davom etayotgan bo‘ladi	S + will be + V-ing	By 2040, millions of drivers will be using electric vehicles. 2040-yilga borib millionlab haydovchi elektromobildan foydalanayotgan bo‘ladi.	will future perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi will be + -ing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqidagi savolga o‘zgacha javob beradi: In ten years’ time, most people will be working* remotely.* Bitta shunday jumla Grammatical Range uchun yaxshi dalil. Namunalar By 2040, millions of drivers will be using electric vehicles. 2040-yilga borib millionlab haydovchi elektromobildan foydalanayotgan bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi will — will = oddiy bashorat; will be doing = o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan holat future perfect — future perfect = o‘sha paytga qadar TUGAGAN bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
future perfect ★☆☆	6	kelasi tugallangan — kelajakdagi bir vaqtga qadar tugagan bo‘ladi	S + will have + V3 (+ by 2030)	By 2030, the country will have cut its emissions by half. 2030-yilga borib mamlakat chiqindilarini ikki baravar qisqartirgan bo‘ladi.	future continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi will have + 3-shakl. Deyarli doim by + sana bilan: by 2050, by the end of the decade. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bashoratli grafiklar (projection) uchun tayyor qolip: By 2050, the urban population will have overtaken* the rural one.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ By 2050 the population will overtake… — noto‘g‘ri emas, lekin by bilan future perfect aniqroq va band-ballga foydaliroq. Namunalar By 2030, the country will have cut its emissions by half. 2030-yilga borib mamlakat chiqindilarini ikki baravar qisqartirgan bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi future continuous — future continuous = davom etayotgan bo‘ladi; future perfect = tugagan bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
would (past habit) ★☆☆	5	o‘tmishda takrorlangan harakat — «... qilib turardi»	S + would + V (yalang‘och)	Every summer we would visit my grandparents in the village. Har yozda buvim va bobomnikiga qishloqqa borar edik.	used to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi would + asosiy fe’l. Faqat harakat fe’llari bilan; holat fe’llari (be, have, know) bilan used to ishlatiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 2 (bolalik haqidagi kartochkalar) uchun tayyor vosita: avval used to bilan fonni bering, keyin would bilan davom eting — takrorlanish bo‘lmaydi va imtihon oluvchi buni sezadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ My village would be very small → ✅ used to be — holat fe’li bilan would ishlamaydi. Namunalar Every summer we would visit my grandparents in the village. Har yozda buvim va bobomnikiga qishloqqa borar edik. O‘xshashlaridan farqi used to — used to = ham odat, ham holat; would = faqat takrorlangan harakat To‘liq sahifasi
the tense of the chart (Task 1) ★★★	3	Task 1 zamon tanlash qoidasi — sana o‘tganmi, hozirmi yoki bashoratmi	past simple / present simple / will + V	The graph shows the changes that took place between 1980 and 2000. Grafik 1980-2000 yillarda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarishlarni ko‘rsatadi.	past simple present perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi O‘tgan yillar (1990-2010) → past simple · Sanasiz yoki hozirgi holat → present simple · Kelajak, «projected», «forecast» → will yoki be expected to · Jarayon diagrammasi → present simple passive. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bu alohida grammatika emas, qoida — lekin Task 1 da eng ko‘p ball yo‘qotiladigan joy shu. Yozishdan oldin grafikning sanalariga qarang va zamonni bir marta tanlab, butun matnda saqlang. Aralash grafik (2000-2030) bo‘lsa: o‘tgan qismga past simple, bashorat qismiga is projected to / will. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The graph showed … → ✅ The graph shows … — grafik hozir ko‘rsatib turibdi, uning ma’lumoti esa o‘tmishda bo‘lishi mumkin. Namunalar The graph shows the changes that took place between 1980 and 2000. Grafik 1980-2000 yillarda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarishlarni ko‘rsatadi. Consumption is projected to rise steadily until 2040. Iste’mol 2040-yilgacha barqaror o‘sishi kutilmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — grafikdagi yillar o‘tgan bo‘lsa — past simple present perfect — grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa — present perfect To‘liq sahifasi
as soon as / by the time / once ★☆☆	4	vaqt ergash gaplari — «... bilanoq, ... ga qadar, bir marta ... bo‘lsa»	As soon as + S + V(present), S + will + V	Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi.	the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Vaqt ergash gapida kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi: ❌ as soon as he will arrive → ✅ as soon as he arrives. by the time ko‘pincha perfect bilan: by the time they acted, the damage had been done. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqida gapirganda bu qoida tez-tez buziladi — shuning uchun uni yodda saqlang: when / as soon as / once / until / before / after dan keyin present, asosiy gapda will. Namunalar Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the tense of the chart (Task 1) — ikkalasi ham zamon tanlash qoidasi — biri grafikda, biri ergash gapda To‘liq sahifasi
the process passive (Task 1) ★★☆	4	jarayon diagrammasi tili — «avval ... qilinadi, so‘ng ... qilinadi»	First, X is + V3. Then it is + V3.	Once the glass has been sorted, it is melted at high temperature. Shisha saralanganidan so‘ng, u yuqori haroratda eritiladi.	the passive the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi present simple passive + ketma-ketlik ravishlari: First · Next · Then · After that · Subsequently · Finally. Bir xil egani takrorlamaslik uchun it va which ishlating. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Process diagram (Task 1) uchun tayyor tuzilma — bu turdagi topshiriq deyarli butunlay shu qolipdan iborat: First, raw materials are collected. They are then crushed and washed, after which the mixture is heated to 200°C. Finally, the product is packaged for distribution. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ They collect the materials, then they crush them… — «they» kim? Jarayonda bajaruvchi noma’lum, shuning uchun passive kerak. Namunalar Once the glass has been sorted, it is melted at high temperature. Shisha saralanganidan so‘ng, u yuqori haroratda eritiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — bu — passive’ning Task 1 jarayoni uchun maxsus qolipi the tense of the chart (Task 1) — jarayon diagrammasi doim present simple da yoziladi To‘liq sahifasi
in / on / at (time) ★★★	1	vaqt predloglari — yil, kun, soat	in 2010 · on Monday · at 8 a.m.	In 2008 the figure peaked, and by 2012 it had fallen back to its earlier level. 2008-yilda ko‘rsatkich cho‘qqiga chiqdi, 2012-yilga kelib esa avvalgi darajasiga qaytdi.	from … to …
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in — yil, oy, fasl, asr, «uzun» davr (in the 1990s, in June, in the future) · on — aniq kun va sana (on 5 May, on Friday) · at — aniq vaqt nuqtasi (at 6 p.m., at night, at the weekend). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun kerakli qo‘shimchalar: during the period · throughout the decade · by 2010 (shu vaqtga qadar) · over the next five years · within a decade. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In 5 May → ✅ on 5 May · ❌ In the weekend → ✅ at the weekend (BrE). Namunalar In 2008 the figure peaked, and by 2012 it had fallen back to its earlier level. 2008-yilda ko‘rsatkich cho‘qqiga chiqdi, 2012-yilga kelib esa avvalgi darajasiga qaytdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi from … to … — in/on/at = bitta nuqta; from…to = oraliq To‘liq sahifasi
participle clause ★★☆	6	ravishdosh oboroti — «... qilib; ... bo‘lgani uchun»	V-ing/V3 + …, S + V	Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda.	reduced relative clause because / since / as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat: -ing (Having considered both views, …) · Majhul: V3 (Faced with rising costs, firms …). ⚠️ Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart — aks holda «dangling participle» xatosi chiqadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki gapni bittaga siqadi va matnni akademik qiladi: Because the government had reduced subsidies, prices rose. → Having reduced subsidies, the government saw prices rise. Sabab ma’nosida: Given the scale of the problem, … — bu tayyor va juda ishonchli qolip. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Walking into the room, the lights were on. — chiroqlar yurmaydi! ✅ Walking into the room, I saw that the lights were on. Namunalar Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda. Having examined both sides, this essay argues that the benefits are greater. Ikkala tomonni ko‘rib chiqqach, ushbu insho foyda ko‘proq degan fikrni ilgari suradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi reduced relative clause — reduced relative OTni aniqlaydi; participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi because / since / as — participle clause = shu sababni ixchamroq aytish yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi

Maqsad — Purpose

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
so that / in order that ★★☆	4	maqsad — «... bo‘lishi uchun»	S + V + so that + S + can/will + V	Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin.	in order to / so as to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi so that + to‘liq gap, odatda ichida can / could / will / would: …so that* people can access services.* ❌ so that to access. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Maqsadni ikki xil ayting va takrorlanishdan qoching: to + fe’l (ixcham) · in order to (rasmiy) · so that + gap (ega o‘zgarganda majburiy). Ega o‘zgarsa faqat so that ishlaydi: The city built cycle lanes so that residents could* commute safely.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Governments should subsidise buses for reduce congestion. → ✅ to reduce / in order to reduce congestion. Namunalar Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in order to / so as to — in order to + FE’L; so that + GAP (ega boshqa bo‘lsa) To‘liq sahifasi
in case ★☆☆	5	ehtiyot chorasi — «... bo‘lib qolsa deb, oldindan»	S + V + in case + S + V (present)	Cities are building flood defences in case sea levels rise faster than expected. Shaharlar dengiz sathi kutilganidan tez ko‘tarilishi ehtimoliga qarshi to‘g‘onlar qurmoqda.	the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in case + present simple — kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi. ⚠️ in case ≠ if: if = shart bajarilgach qilamiz; in case = shart bajarilishi mumkinligi uchun oldindan qilamiz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Take an umbrella in case* it rains* = yomg‘ir yog‘masidan OLDIN olib chiqasiz. Take an umbrella if it rains = yog‘gandan keyin olasiz. Bu farq Listening’da savol bo‘lib keladi. Namunalar Cities are building flood defences in case sea levels rise faster than expected. Shaharlar dengiz sathi kutilganidan tez ko‘tarilishi ehtimoliga qarshi to‘g‘onlar qurmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — if = shart bajarilsa; in case = shart ehtimoliga qarshi oldindan To‘liq sahifasi
in order to / so as to ★★★	4	maqsad — «... qilish uchun»	in order to + V · so as to + V	Many governments subsidise renewables in order to cut their dependence on imports. Ko‘p hukumatlar importga qaramlikni kamaytirish uchun qayta tiklanuvchi energiyani subsidiyalaydi.	so that / in order that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi to + fe’l (eng oddiy) · in order to + fe’l (rasmiy) · so as to + fe’l (rasmiy). Inkor shakli faqat uzun variantlarda: in order not to / so as not to (❌ not to yolg‘iz). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ega bir xil bo‘lsa — in order to; ega o‘zgarsa — so that + gap. Bu ikkisini to‘g‘ri tanlash Band 7 belgisi: The city introduced a toll in order to* reduce traffic.* (bir ega) The city introduced a toll so that residents could* breathe cleaner air.* (ega o‘zgardi) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ for reduce congestion / ❌ for reducing congestion (maqsad ma’nosida) → ✅ to reduce congestion. Namunalar Many governments subsidise renewables in order to cut their dependence on imports. Ko‘p hukumatlar importga qaramlikni kamaytirish uchun qayta tiklanuvchi energiyani subsidiyalaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi so that / in order that — in order to + FE’L; so that + GAP (ega boshqa bo‘lsa) To‘liq sahifasi

Qiyoslash — Comparison

7 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
comparative ★★★	2	qiyosiy daraja — «... roq, ... dan ko‘ra»	adj-er / more + adj + than	Rural households consumed far less electricity than urban ones. Qishloq xonadonlari shahar xonadonlariga qaraganda ancha kam elektr iste’mol qildi.	superlative as … as significantly / slightly + comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Bir bo‘g‘inli sifat → -er (higher, larger, bigger) · ikki va undan ko‘p bo‘g‘in → more (more expensive). -y bilan tugasa: happier. Noto‘g‘ri shakllar: good → better, bad → worse, far → further. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da raqamlarni sanab chiqish emas, solishtirish ball beradi: Spending on housing was considerably higher than* spending on transport throughout the period.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ more higher → ✅ higher (ikki marta qiyoslamang) · ❌ higher then → ✅ higher than (then = keyin, than = dan). Namunalar Rural households consumed far less electricity than urban ones. Qishloq xonadonlari shahar xonadonlariga qaraganda ancha kam elektr iste’mol qildi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi superlative — comparative = ikkitasini solishtiradi; superlative = hammasidan eng as … as — as…as = tenglik; comparative = farq significantly / slightly + comparative — bu ravishlar farqning HAJMINI aytadi To‘liq sahifasi
superlative ★★★	2	orttirma daraja — «eng ...»	the + adj-est / the most + adj	The most striking feature of the graph is the sharp rise after 2010. Grafikning eng ko‘zga tashlanadigan jihati — 2010-yildan keyingi keskin o‘sish.	comparative most / most of / the most
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the majburiy: the highest, the most significant. Keyin ko‘pincha of yoki in: the highest of the four countries, the largest city in the region. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning umumiy xulosasi (overview) deyarli doim superlativ bilan yoziladi: Overall, China recorded the highest* level of consumption, while Brazil saw the sharpest decline.* «Ikkinchi o‘rin» uchun: the second-highest, the next largest. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Japan had highest figure → ✅ the highest figure — superlativda the tushib qolmaydi. Namunalar The most striking feature of the graph is the sharp rise after 2010. Grafikning eng ko‘zga tashlanadigan jihati — 2010-yildan keyingi keskin o‘sish. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — superlative = eng; comparative = ikkisidan biri most / most of / the most — the most = «eng»; most = «aksariyat» — chalkashtirmang To‘liq sahifasi
as … as ★★☆	3	tenglik — «... kabi, ... darajada»	as + adj/adv + as	Solar power was almost as widespread as wind power by the end of the period. Davr oxiriga kelib quyosh energiyasi shamol energiyasi kabi keng tarqalgan edi.	comparative twice / three times as many as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi as + sifat/ravish (asl shakl) + as. Inkor: not as … as yoki not so … as. Miqdor bilan: as many … as (sanaladigan), as much … as (sanalmas). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Karra bilan birga Task 1 ning eng kuchli qolipini beradi: Germany consumed twice as much* energy as Italy.* Yaqin, lekin teng bo‘lmagan raqamlar uchun: almost as … as, just as … as, nearly as … as. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ as higher as → ✅ as high* as* — orasida qiyosiy shakl ishlatilmaydi. Namunalar Solar power was almost as widespread as wind power by the end of the period. Davr oxiriga kelib quyosh energiyasi shamol energiyasi kabi keng tarqalgan edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — as…as = teng; comparative = farqli twice / three times as many as — karrali tenglik — as…as ning miqdorli shakli To‘liq sahifasi
twice / three times as many as ★★★	4	karrali qiyos — «ikki baravar ko‘p, uch baravar»	twice/three times + as many/much + as	By 2015, three times as many households had broadband as in 2005. 2015-yilga kelib keng polosali internetga ega xonadonlar 2005-yildagidan uch baravar ko‘p edi.	as … as comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi twice (2×) · three times (3×) · half (½) + as many/much … as. Muqobil shakl: double / triple (fe’l), a threefold increase (ot birikmasi). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bir xil raqamni turlicha aytishning uch yo‘li — Task 1 da uchalasini aralashtiring: France produced twice as much as* Spain.* Output in France was double that of* Spain.* France recorded a twofold* advantage over Spain.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ twice more than → ✅ twice as much as yoki ✅ twice the amount. Namunalar By 2015, three times as many households had broadband as in 2005. 2015-yilga kelib keng polosali internetga ega xonadonlar 2005-yildagidan uch baravar ko‘p edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi as … as — bu — as…as ning karrali varianti comparative — comparative = qancha farq; karrali qiyos = necha baravar To‘liq sahifasi
compared with / in comparison with ★★☆	4	qiyoslash iborasi — «... bilan solishtirganda»	Compared with X, Y + V	In comparison with 1990, energy use per household has fallen by a fifth. 1990-yil bilan solishtirganda, har bir xonadonning energiya sarfi beshdan birga kamaydi.	whereas / while in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi compared with / to + ot · in comparison with + ot · by comparison (yolg‘iz, jumla boshida). Gap boshida kelsa vergul qo‘yiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da uchinchi xatboshini boshlashning tabiiy yo‘li: Compared with European countries, Asian economies showed a far steeper rise. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Compared with Japan is higher → ✅ Compared with Japan, the figure is higher — compared with ot oladi. Namunalar In comparison with 1990, energy use per household has fallen by a fifth. 1990-yil bilan solishtirganda, har bir xonadonning energiya sarfi beshdan birga kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi whereas / while — whereas = gap ichida bog‘laydi; compared with = ot bilan in contrast / on the other hand — in contrast = qarama-qarshilikni ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
the more … the more ★☆☆	6	parallel o‘zgarish — «qancha ... shuncha ...»	The + comparative …, the + comparative …	The higher the level of education, the lower the unemployment rate tends to be. Ta’lim darajasi qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa, ishsizlik darajasi shunchalik past bo‘ladi.	comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikkala qismda ham the + qiyosiy shakl: The more people commute by car, the worse congestion becomes. Ikkinchi qismdan oldin vergul. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-natijani ixcham va ta’sirchan qilib beradi — Task 2 tanasida bitta shunday gap Grammatical Range uchun yaxshi dalil. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ More people work from home, less traffic there is — the tushib qolgan: ✅ The more people work from home, the less traffic there is. Namunalar The higher the level of education, the lower the unemployment rate tends to be. Ta’lim darajasi qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa, ishsizlik darajasi shunchalik past bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — bu — qiyosiy shaklning juftlangan, ta’sirchan varianti To‘liq sahifasi
outweigh ★★☆	5	ustun kelmoq — «foydasi zararidan ko‘p»	X outweigh(s) Y	The long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the initial financial costs. Uzoq muddatli ekologik foyda dastlabki moliyaviy xarajatlardan ancha ustun.	comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi outweigh — fe’l, to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri to‘ldiruvchi oladi (predlogsiz): The benefits outweigh* the drawbacks.* Kuchaytirish: far outweigh, clearly outweigh. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Advantages and disadvantages» tipidagi savolning xulosasi aynan shu so‘z bilan yoziladi — savol matnining o‘zi ham shuni so‘raydi. Tayyor qolip: In my view, the advantages of X far outweigh* its disadvantages, provided that …* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The benefits outweigh than the drawbacks → ✅ outweigh the drawbacks. Namunalar The long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the initial financial costs. Uzoq muddatli ekologik foyda dastlabki moliyaviy xarajatlardan ancha ustun. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — outweigh = «ustun kelmoq» ma’nosini bitta fe’lda beradi To‘liq sahifasi

O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
increase by / increase to ★★★	3	o‘sish miqdori va yakuniy nuqtasi — «... ga oshdi» va «... gacha yetdi»	rise/increase by + farq · rise/increase to + natija	Car ownership rose by 30% between 2000 and 2010. Avtomobilga egalik 2000-2010 yillarda 30% ga oshdi.	from … to … at (a rate / a level of)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi by = qancha o‘zgardi (farq) · to = qayerga yetdi (yakuniy raqam): Sales rose by 20% (o‘sish miqdori) to 60 million (yakuniy raqam). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 dagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato aynan shu ikkisining chalkashishi. Bitta gapda ikkalasini birga ishlatsangiz, ekspert darajasida ko‘rinadi: The figure increased by 15 percentage points, from* 45% to 60%.* ⚠️ percent va percentage point farq qiladi: 45% dan 60% ga o‘sish = 15 percentage points, lekin ~33% o‘sish. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number increased to 20% — agar 20% o‘sish miqdori bo‘lsa: ✅ increased by 20%. Namunalar Car ownership rose by 30% between 2000 and 2010. Avtomobilga egalik 2000-2010 yillarda 30% ga oshdi. The proportion of renewable energy climbed to almost a quarter of total output. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ulushi umumiy ishlab chiqarishning deyarli chorak qismiga yetdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi from … to … — from … to = boshlang‘ich va yakuniy nuqta; by = farq at (a rate / a level of) — at = qayd etilgan daraja, o‘zgarish emas To‘liq sahifasi
from … to … ★★★	2	boshlang‘ich va yakuniy nuqta — «... dan ... gacha»	from X to Y (raqam yoki sana)	Between 1995 and 2015, the figure for coal fell from 40% to just 12%. 1995-2015 yillar oralig‘ida ko‘mir ko‘rsatkichi 40% dan atigi 12% gacha tushdi.	increase by / increase to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi from … to … raqamlar bilan ham, sanalar bilan ham ishlaydi. Sana uchun muqobil: between … and … · over the period …. Ikkalasini aralashtirmang: ❌ between 1990 to 2000. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 kirish va tana qismida takrorlanishdan qochish uchun uch xil ayting: from 1990 to 2000 · between 1990 and 2000 · over the following decade. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The figure fell from 40% until 25% → ✅ fell from* 40% to 25%. Namunalar Between 1995 and 2015, the figure for coal fell from 40% to just 12%. 1995-2015 yillar oralig‘ida ko‘mir ko‘rsatkichi 40% dan atigi 12% gacha tushdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi increase by / increase to* — from…to = ikkala nuqta; by = ular orasidagi farq To‘liq sahifasi

Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity

10 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
uncountable nouns ★★★	3	sanalmaydigan otlar — ko‘plik shakli yo‘q	much/a great deal of + uncountable	Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi.	much / many / a lot of zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi IELTS’da eng ko‘p adashtiradiganlari: information, advice, research, knowledge, equipment, furniture, traffic, pollution, money, work, progress, evidence — ularda -s yo‘q va fe’l birlikda. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sanash uchun o‘lchov so‘zi qo‘shiladi: a piece of advice, two pieces of equipment, a great deal of research. Ba’zi otlar ikki xil ishlaydi: experience (tajriba — sanalmas) vs an experience (bir voqea — sanaladi). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ many researches → ✅ much research / many studies ❌ Traffics are heavy → ✅ Traffic is heavy ❌ a lot of works → ✅ a lot of work / a lot of jobs. Namunalar Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi much / many / a lot of — much = sanalmas; many = sanaladigan zero article — sanalmaydigan otlar umumiy ma’noda artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
much / many / a lot of ★★★	2	miqdor — «ko‘p»	much + uncountable · many + plural	A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi.	uncountable nouns few / a few / little / a little
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi many + sanaladigan ko‘plik · much + sanalmaydigan · a lot of / plenty of — ikkalasi bilan ham. Akademik yozuvda a lot of o‘rniga: a large number of (sanaladigan), a great deal of (sanalmas), numerous, considerable. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Tasdiq gapda yolg‘iz much g‘alati eshitiladi — There is much pollution ❌ → There is a great deal of* pollution* ✅. Inkor va so‘roqda esa much normal: not much progress. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ much people → ✅ many people · ❌ many money → ✅ much money / a great deal of money. Namunalar A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — much/many tanlash sanaladigan-sanalmasligiga bog‘liq few / a few / little / a little — few/little = OZ; many/much = KO‘P To‘liq sahifasi
few / a few / little / a little ★★☆	4	oz miqdor — «bir oz» yoki «juda kam» (ohangi qarama-qarshi)	few + plural · little + uncountable	Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi.	much / many / a lot of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi a few / a little = ijobiy ohang, «bir oz bor». few / little (artiklsiz) = salbiy ohang, «deyarli yo‘q». Sanash: few + ko‘plik, little + sanalmas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bitta a ma’noni teskari qiladi — bu Reading’da ham savol bo‘ladi: A few countries have met the target. = bir nechtasi uddaladi (ijobiy) Few countries have met the target. = deyarli hech biri uddalamadi (salbiy) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ a few information → ✅ a little information. Namunalar Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi much / many / a lot of — few/little = oz; many/much = ko‘p To‘liq sahifasi
most / most of / the most ★★★	4	ko‘pchilik — «aksariyat» (va «eng» bilan chalkashmasin)	most + noun · most of + the/my + noun	Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi.	the majority of superlative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi most + ot (umuman): most students · most of + aniqlovchi + ot: most of the* students in the survey* · the most = superlativ: the most effective solution. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan uchlik shu: Most respondents preferred… · Most of the increase occurred after 2010 · Japan recorded the most* significant growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The most of people* → ✅ Most people yoki Most of the people in the survey. ❌ Almost people → ✅ Most people / Almost all people — almost yolg‘iz ot oldida kelmaydi. Namunalar Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the majority of — the majority of = rasmiyroq va Task 1 uchun tabiiyroq superlative — the most = «eng» — bu butunlay boshqa vazifa To‘liq sahifasi
the majority of ★★★	4	ko‘pchilik — «katta qismi» (rasmiy)	The majority of + plural/uncountable + verb	The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor.	most / most of / the most
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The (vast/overwhelming) majority of + ot. Fe’l odatda ko‘plikda: The majority of respondents were* female.* Teskarisi: a minority of, a small proportion of. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng qulay yo‘li — bir xil raqamni ikki marta takrorlamaslik kerak: 62% → the majority of · 51% → just over half · 25% → a quarter · 12% → a small minority · 5% → a negligible proportion. Namunalar The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi most / most of / the most — the majority of = rasmiy; most = neytral va qisqa To‘liq sahifasi
all / every / each ★★☆	3	hamma — «barchasi, har biri»	all + plural · every/each + singular	Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi.	most / most of / the most both / either / neither
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi all + ko‘plik ot + ko‘plik fe’l · every / each + birlik ot + birlik fe’l. each alohida-alohida qaraydi, every guruhni yaxlit oladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Task 2 da all juda xavfli so‘z — bitta istisno butun da’voingizni yiqitadi. Uni hedging bilan almashtiring: most, the majority of, almost all. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Every students have a laptop → ✅ Every student has a laptop yoki All students have laptops. Namunalar Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi most / most of / the most — all = 100% (xavfli); most = aksariyat (xavfsiz) both / either / neither — these are for TWO items only To‘liq sahifasi
at (a rate / a level of) ★★☆	4	qayd etilgan daraja — «... darajasida, ... tezlikda»	stood at / peaked at / at a rate of	Unemployment remained at around 5% throughout the period. Ishsizlik butun davr davomida taxminan 5% darajasida qoldi.	increase by / increase to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi stand at · peak at · remain at · at a rate of — hammasi at oladi, chunki bu nuqta, harakat emas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da raqamni takrorlamasdan kiritishning eng qulay yo‘li: Consumption stood at* 40 units in 2000 and peaked at 75 units a decade later.* Namunalar Unemployment remained at around 5% throughout the period. Ishsizlik butun davr davomida taxminan 5% darajasida qoldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi increase by / increase to — at = qimmatning o‘zi; by/to = o‘zgarish To‘liq sahifasi
significantly / slightly + comparative ★★★	4	farqning hajmi — «ancha ko‘proq, biroz kamroq»	much/far/slightly + comparative + than	Wages rose slightly faster in the private sector than in the public sector. Ish haqi xususiy sektorda davlat sektoridagiga qaraganda biroz tezroq o‘sdi.	comparative adverbs of degree (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Katta farq: far · much · considerably · significantly · substantially + qiyosiy shakl. Kichik farq: slightly · marginally · a little. ⚠️ very qiyosiy shakl bilan ishlatilmaydi: ❌ very higher. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bu ravishlarsiz Task 1 quruq bo‘ladi. Ular tekshiruvchiga siz raqamlarni talqin qila olishingizni ko‘rsatadi: The figure for Japan was marginally higher* than that for Korea, whereas China’s was far greater than both.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ very more expensive → ✅ much more expensive. Namunalar Wages rose slightly faster in the private sector than in the public sector. Ish haqi xususiy sektorda davlat sektoridagiga qaraganda biroz tezroq o‘sdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — bu ravishlar qiyosiy shaklga «qancha» ma’nosini qo‘shadi adverbs of degree (Task 1) — bir oila: biri qiyos bilan, biri fe’l bilan To‘liq sahifasi
adverbs of degree (Task 1) ★★★	3	o‘zgarish tezligi va hajmi — «keskin, barqaror, sekin»	verb + adverb · adjective + noun	The number of visitors fell dramatically after 2008 before recovering gradually. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2008-yildan keyin keskin tushdi, so‘ng asta-sekin tiklandi.	significantly / slightly + comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki xil aytiladi, ma’no bir xil: fe’l + ravish — rose sharply · sifat + ot — a sharp* rise. Juftlar: sharp/sharply · dramatic/dramatically · steady/steadily · gradual/gradually · slight/slightly · rapid/rapidly. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da bir xil so‘zni takrorlamaslikning eng oson yo‘li — ikki qolipni almashtirib turish: Sales increased sharply in 2005, followed by a gradual decline over the next five years.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ increased sharp → ✅ increased sharply (fe’lga ravish kerak) · ❌ a sharply increase → ✅ a sharp* increase* (otga sifat). Namunalar The number of visitors fell dramatically after 2008 before recovering gradually. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2008-yildan keyin keskin tushdi, so‘ng asta-sekin tiklandi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi significantly / slightly + comparative — biri fe’lni, biri qiyosni o‘lchaydi To‘liq sahifasi
it takes + time + to ★☆☆	4	vaqt yoki resurs talab qilish — «... uchun ... kerak bo‘ladi»	It takes + (somebody) + time + to + V	It takes decades to restore a forest that was cleared in a single season. Bir mavsumda kesilgan o‘rmonni tiklash uchun o‘nlab yil kerak bo‘ladi.	it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It takes (+ odam) + vaqt/resurs + to + fe’l: It takes years to build* a reliable network.* O‘tmish: It took … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Yechimning «tez emas» ekanini aytish uchun qulay — muvozanatli xulosa yozishda foydali: It takes considerable time and investment to change established habits. Namunalar It takes decades to restore a forest that was cleared in a single season. Bir mavsumda kesilgan o‘rmonni tiklash uchun o‘nlab yil kerak bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is + adjective + that/to — bir oila: <i>it</i> bilan boshlanadigan shaxssiz qoliplar To‘liq sahifasi

Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging

5 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
may / might / could (possibility) ★★★	4	ehtimollik — «bo‘lishi mumkin»	S + may/might/could + V	Higher fuel taxes may discourage unnecessary car journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ining oshirilishi keraksiz avtosafarlarni kamaytirishi mumkin.	be likely to can / could / be able to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham yalang‘och fe’l oladi. Ishonch darajasi: may (~50%) > might (~40%) > could (nazariy imkoniyat). O‘tmish uchun: may/might have + V3. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Band 7 ga chiqishning eng arzon yo‘li. Har bir dalilni «har doim shunday» deb emas, ehtimollik sifatida bering: ❌ Banning cars solves air pollution. → ✅ Banning cars in city centres may* significantly reduce air pollution.* — ikkinchisi tekshiruvchiga o‘ylab yozilgandek ko‘rinadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Maybe governments should… — maybe og‘zaki. Insho uchun: may, possibly, it is possible that. Namunalar Higher fuel taxes may discourage unnecessary car journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ining oshirilishi keraksiz avtosafarlarni kamaytirishi mumkin. Such a policy might have unintended consequences for low-income families. Bunday siyosat kam ta’minlangan oilalar uchun kutilmagan oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi be likely to — be likely to = ehtimol yuqoriroq va o‘lchovli; may = ochiq ehtimol can / could / be able to — can = umuman mumkin; may = shu holatda ehtimol To‘liq sahifasi
be likely to ★★★	4	ehtimoli yuqori — «... bo‘lishi ehtimoli katta»	S + be likely to + V · It is likely that + gap	Cities with poor public transport are likely to suffer from congestion. Jamoat transporti yomon shaharlar tirbandlikdan aziyat chekishi ehtimoli katta.	may / might / could (possibility) will tend to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be likely to + fe’l, yoki It is (highly/increasingly) likely that + to‘liq gap. Teskarisi: be unlikely to. Kuchaytirish: highly likely, far more likely. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik yozuvda will ning eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: bashoratni aytadi, lekin uni haqiqat sifatida da’vo qilmaydi. Task 2 xulosasi uchun tayyor qolip: Without decisive action, the problem is likely to* worsen over the coming decades.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is likely to happen that… → ✅ It is likely that it will happen · yoki ✅ It is likely to happen. Ikkovini aralashtirmang. Namunalar Cities with poor public transport are likely to suffer from congestion. Jamoat transporti yomon shaharlar tirbandlikdan aziyat chekishi ehtimoli katta. It is highly unlikely that these measures will succeed on their own. Bu choralar yolg‘iz o‘zi muvaffaqiyat qozonishi ehtimoli juda past. O‘xshashlaridan farqi may / might / could (possibility) — may = ochiq ehtimol; be likely to = ehtimoli yuqori, o‘lchangan will — will = qat’iy bashorat; be likely to = ehtiyotkor bashorat tend to — tend to = hozirgi tendensiya (kuzatilgan); be likely to = kelajak ehtimoli To‘liq sahifasi
tend to ★★★	4	tendensiya — «odatda ... qiladi, moyil»	S + tend to + V · There is a tendency for X to + V	Wealthier countries tend to consume far more energy per capita. Boyroq davlatlar aholi jon boshiga ancha ko‘p energiya iste’mol qilishga moyil.	be likely to in general / on the whole
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi tend to + fe’l · ot shakli: a tendency to/for. Kuchaytirish: tend to be far more… Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Umumlashtirishni xavfsiz qiladi. Har qanday «people are…» gapini shu bilan yumshating: ❌ Young people are addicted to social media. → ✅ Young people tend to* spend considerably more time on social media than older generations.* Task 1 da ham ishlaydi: Figures for both countries tended to* fluctuate throughout the period.* Namunalar Wealthier countries tend to consume far more energy per capita. Boyroq davlatlar aholi jon boshiga ancha ko‘p energiya iste’mol qilishga moyil. O‘xshashlaridan farqi be likely to — tend to = kuzatilgan hozirgi moyillik; be likely to = kelajak ehtimoli in general / on the whole — bular ravish; tend to esa fe’lning o‘ziga singadi To‘liq sahifasi
it may well be that ★☆☆	6	ehtiyotkor tan olish — «ehtimol, ... to‘g‘ridir»	It may well be that + to‘liq gap	It may well be that stricter penalties deter some offenders. Ehtimol, qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytarar.	may / might / could (possibility) admittedly
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It may well be that + gap. Qisqaroq varianti: may well + fe’l (this may well explain…). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Discussion (both views) inshosida qarshi tomonni tan olish uchun elegant qolip: It may well be that online learning suits independent students; however, it cannot replace laboratory work. Bir insho ichida bir marta ishlating — bu «bezak» qolip. Namunalar It may well be that stricter penalties deter some offenders. Ehtimol, qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytarar. O‘xshashlaridan farqi may / might / could (possibility) — bir xil ma’no, lekin bu qolip butun gapni yumshatadi va rasmiyroq admittedly — admittedly = ochiq tan olish; it may well be that = ehtimollik bilan tan olish To‘liq sahifasi
would ★★★	3	farazli natija va muloyimlik — «... bo‘lardi»	S + would + V · S + would have + V3	Investing in rail networks would reduce road congestion considerably. Temir yo‘l tarmog‘iga sarmoya kiritish yo‘l tirbandligini sezilarli kamaytirardi.	the second conditional will
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi would + yalang‘och fe’l (hozir/kelajak farazi) · would have + V3 (o‘tmish farazi). Speaking’da qisqaradi: I’d. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki vazifasi IELTS uchun muhim: Taklifning natijasini aytish — Task 2 yechim qismining yuragi: Such a policy would* encourage more people to cycle.* Fikrni yumshatish — I would* argue that…* «men da’vo qilaman» dan ancha akademikroq. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If governments would invest more, … → ✅ If governments invested more, … — if tarafida would kelmaydi. Namunalar Investing in rail networks would reduce road congestion considerably. Temir yo‘l tarmog‘iga sarmoya kiritish yo‘l tirbandligini sezilarli kamaytirardi. I would argue that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Menimcha, foydasi kamchiligidan ustun keladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — second conditional aynan shu <i>would</i> ni <i>if</i>-gap bilan to‘ldiradi will — will = haqiqiy bashorat; would = farazga bog‘liq natija To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’kid — Emphasis

5 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
it is + adjective + that/to ★★☆	4	shaxssiz baho — «... ekani aniq/muhim»	It is + adj + that + clause · It is + adj + to + V	It is essential that governments coordinate their climate policies. Hukumatlarning iqlim siyosatini muvofiqlashtirishi zarur.	it is often argued that cleft sentence (It is … that)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It is + sifat (clear, evident, essential, difficult, unrealistic) + that + gap, yoki + to + fe’l. Bu yerdagi it — «bu» emas, shunchaki o‘rin to‘ldiruvchi ega. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Men o‘ylaymanki» ni akademik qiladi: It is evident that urbanisation has accelerated. · It is difficult to justify such spending. Hedging bilan birlashtiring: It is arguably* the most effective measure available.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Is clear that… — ingliz tilida ega tushib qolmaydi, It majburiy. Namunalar It is essential that governments coordinate their climate policies. Hukumatlarning iqlim siyosatini muvofiqlashtirishi zarur. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is often argued that — argued = boshqalarning fikri; it is clear that = sizning bahoyingiz cleft sentence (It is … that) — cleft = gapning bir bo‘lagini ajratib ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
in particular / notably ★☆☆	5	ajratib ko‘rsatish — «xususan, ayniqsa»	…, in particular, … · notably + noun	Young people, in particular, rely on social media for news. Ayniqsa yoshlar yangiliklar uchun ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga tayanadi.	for instance / such as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in particular — otdan keyin yoki jumla boshida · notably / particularly — otdan oldin · especially — og‘zakiroq, lekin ishlaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da eng keskin raqamni ajratib ko‘rsatish uchun ideal: All four countries saw growth, notably* Vietnam, whose figure tripled.* Namunalar Young people, in particular, rely on social media for news. Ayniqsa yoshlar yangiliklar uchun ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga tayanadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi for instance / such as — such as = umumiy misol; notably = eng muhim misolni ajratadi To‘liq sahifasi
inversion ★☆☆	6	teskari tartib — ta’kid uchun ega va yordamchi fe’l o‘rin almashadi	Negative adverb + auxiliary + S + V	Not only does recycling reduce waste, but it also creates local employment. Qayta ishlash nafaqat chiqindini kamaytiradi, balki mahalliy ish o‘rinlari ham yaratadi.	not only … but also cleft sentence (It is … that) if it were not for
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Inkor yoki cheklov ma’nosidagi ravish gap boshiga chiqsa, so‘roq tartibi keladi: Rarely / Seldom / Never / Not only / Little / Under no circumstances / Only when / No sooner + do/does/did/has/is + ega + fe’l. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ta’sirchan, lekin xavfli. Bir inshoda bittadan ko‘p ishlatmang va faqat haqiqatan ta’kid kerak bo‘lgan joyda: Rarely has a single technology transformed daily life so rapidly. Only when governments act together will emissions fall. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Never I have seen… → ✅ Never have I* seen…* — yordamchi fe’l egadan OLDIN turadi. Namunalar Not only does recycling reduce waste, but it also creates local employment. Qayta ishlash nafaqat chiqindini kamaytiradi, balki mahalliy ish o‘rinlari ham yaratadi. Under no circumstances should safety standards be relaxed. Hech qanday holatda xavfsizlik standartlari yumshatilmasligi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi not only … but also — gap boshida kelganda aynan shu inversiyani talab qiladi cleft sentence (It is … that) — ikkalasi ham ta’kid vositasi — biri tartib, biri tuzilma orqali if it were not for — Were it not for … = shart gapdagi inversiya To‘liq sahifasi
cleft sentence (It is … that) ★☆☆	6	ajratma gap — bir bo‘lakni ajratib ta’kidlaydi	It is X that/who + V · What … is …	It is the lack of enforcement, rather than the law itself, that causes the problem. Muammoni qonunning o‘zi emas, balki uning ijro etilmasligi keltirib chiqaradi.	inversion it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki shakl: It is + ta’kidlanayotgan bo‘lak + that/who + qolgan gap · What + gap + is + ta’kid. Governments must act → It is governments that must act / What governments must do is act. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Xulosada asosiy fikringizni ta’kidlash uchun juda mos: What is needed is not more legislation but stricter enforcement. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ What is needed are stricter rules → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is (What = birlik). Namunalar It is the lack of enforcement, rather than the law itself, that causes the problem. Muammoni qonunning o‘zi emas, balki uning ijro etilmasligi keltirib chiqaradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi inversion — ikkalasi ham ta’kid uchun — cleft xavfsizroq va tabiiyroq it is + adjective + that/to — shakli o‘xshash, lekin vazifasi boshqa — u baho beradi To‘liq sahifasi
emphatic do ★☆☆	6	ta’kidlovchi do — «haqiqatan ham ... qiladi»	S + do/does/did + V (yalang‘och)	Stricter penalties do deter some offenders, but they do not address the root cause. Qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytaradi, biroq ular asosiy sababni hal qilmaydi.	cleft sentence (It is … that) admittedly
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Tasdiq gapga do/does/did qo‘shiladi va asosiy fe’l yalang‘och qoladi: Technology does* offer real benefits.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Qarshi tomonni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun juda mos: Online learning does* provide flexibility; however, it cannot replicate classroom interaction.* — bu «muvozanatli fikr» taassurotini beradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It does offers → ✅ It does offer. Namunalar Stricter penalties do deter some offenders, but they do not address the root cause. Qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytaradi, biroq ular asosiy sababni hal qilmaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi cleft sentence (It is … that) — ikkalasi ham ta’kid — do fe’lni, cleft bo‘lakni ta’kidlaydi admittedly — admittedly = tan olishni ochiq aytadi; emphatic do = uni fe’l bilan beradi To‘liq sahifasi

Misol keltirish — Exemplification

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
for instance / such as ★★★	3	misol keltirish — «masalan, ... kabi»	For instance, + gap · noun + such as + noun	Practical subjects such as cooking and budgeting are rarely taught at school. Ovqat pishirish va byudjet tuzish kabi amaliy fanlar maktabda kam o‘qitiladi.	in particular / notably
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi For example / For instance, + to‘liq gap (vergul bilan) · such as / like + ot, vergulsiz: renewable sources such as* wind and solar. e.g.* — qavs ichida, insho matnida emas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da har bir dalilni misol bilan mustahkamlash kerak — Task Response bahosi shuni talab qiladi. Misol o‘ylab topilgan bo‘lishi ham mumkin, lekin aniq bo‘lsin: countries such as* Norway and Denmark. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ such as the government invests* → ✅ such as Norway (ot) yoki ✅ For instance, the government invests… (gap). Namunalar Practical subjects such as cooking and budgeting are rarely taught at school. Ovqat pishirish va byudjet tuzish kabi amaliy fanlar maktabda kam o‘qitiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in particular / notably — notably = ayni bir misolni ajratib ko‘rsatadi To‘liq sahifasi

Umumlashtirish — Summarising

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
in conclusion / overall ★★★	3	yakun — «xulosa qilib aytganda; umuman olganda»	In conclusion, + S + V	Overall, the figures for both countries followed a similar upward trend. Umuman olganda, ikkala mamlakat ko‘rsatkichlari o‘xshash o‘sish tendensiyasini kuzatdi.	firstly / secondly / finally
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Task 2 xulosasi: In conclusion, / To conclude, / To sum up, · Task 1 umumiy manzarasi: Overall, / In general, / It is clear that. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Ikkalasi bir xil emas. Task 1 da In conclusion emas, Overall yozing — Task 1 da fikr bildirilmaydi, faqat umumiy manzara beriladi. Va u ikkinchi xatboshi bo‘lishi mumkin, oxirida bo‘lishi shart emas. Xulosada yangi dalil kiritmang — bu Task Response bahosini tushiradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Task 1 da: In conclusion, I think this graph is interesting. → ✅ Overall, consumption rose in all four countries, with the sharpest increase in Vietnam. Namunalar Overall, the figures for both countries followed a similar upward trend. Umuman olganda, ikkala mamlakat ko‘rsatkichlari o‘xshash o‘sish tendensiyasini kuzatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi firstly / secondly / finally — finally = oxirgi dalil; in conclusion = butun inshoning yakuni To‘liq sahifasi

Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
in terms of / with regard to ★★☆	5	mavzuni belgilash — «... jihatdan, ... ga kelsak»	In terms of + noun, S + V	In terms of overall spending, the two countries followed similar paths. Umumiy xarajatlar jihatidan ikki mamlakat o‘xshash yo‘ldan bordi.	in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in terms of / with regard to / as far as X is concerned + ot yoki -ing. Odatda gap boshida, vergul bilan. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da bir ustundan ikkinchisiga o‘tishning tabiiy yo‘li: In terms of energy consumption, the pattern was rather different. Task 2 da esa yangi jihatga o‘tish uchun: With regard to cost, the argument is less convincing. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In terms of the education is expensive → ✅ In terms of cost, education… — faqat ot keladi. Namunalar In terms of overall spending, the two countries followed similar paths. Umumiy xarajatlar jihatidan ikki mamlakat o‘xshash yo‘ldan bordi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in contrast / on the other hand — in terms of = mavzuni belgilaydi; in contrast = qarama-qarshi qo‘yadi To‘liq sahifasi
this / such + noun (referencing) ★★☆	5	ishora bilan bog‘lash — «bu tendensiya, bunday choralar»	This/These/Such + summarising noun	Cities have banned older vehicles. Such measures have cut emissions considerably. Shaharlar eski transport vositalarini taqiqladi. Bunday choralar chiqindilarni sezilarli kamaytirdi.	the former / the latter nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi this / these / such + umumlashtiruvchi ot: this trend, this shift, these measures, such policies, this phenomenon. ⚠️ Yolg‘iz This is… noaniq — otni albatta qo‘shing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Coherence & Cohesion bahosining eng kam ishlatiladigan quroli. Bog‘lovchi so‘z qo‘shmasdan xatboshilarni ulaydi va bir vaqtning o‘zida oldingi fikrni umumlashtiradi: More families are moving to the suburbs. This trend* has placed pressure on rural infrastructure.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is a big problem (nima «it»?) → ✅ This shortage is a serious problem. Namunalar Cities have banned older vehicles. Such measures have cut emissions considerably. Shaharlar eski transport vositalarini taqiqladi. Bunday choralar chiqindilarni sezilarli kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the former / the latter — former/latter = ikkitadan qaysi birini aniqlaydi nominalisation — ishora oti ko‘pincha nominalizatsiyadan olinadi (shift, increase) To‘liq sahifasi
the former / the latter ★☆☆	6	avvalgisi / keyingisi — ikkitadan qaysi biriga ishora	the former … the latter …	Both nuclear and solar power were expanded, though the latter grew far faster. Ham yadro, ham quyosh energiyasi kengaytirildi, biroq ikkinchisi ancha tez o‘sdi.	this / such + noun (referencing)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the former = birinchi tilga olingani · the latter = ikkinchisi. Faqat ikkita narsa bo‘lganda ishlaydi; uchta bo‘lsa the first / the last deyiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Otni takrorlamaslikning eng akademik yo‘li: Students can choose between vocational and academic courses; the former* leads to employment more quickly, while the latter offers broader options.* Bir inshoda bir marta — noto‘g‘ri ishlatilsa, o‘quvchi adashadi. Namunalar Both nuclear and solar power were expanded, though the latter grew far faster. Ham yadro, ham quyosh energiyasi kengaytirildi, biroq ikkinchisi ancha tez o‘sdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi this / such + noun (referencing) — such + ot = umumlashtiradi; the former/latter = ikkitadan birini tanlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition

4 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
both / either / neither ★★☆	4	ikkitalik — «ikkalasi, ikkisidan biri, ikkalasi ham emas»	both + plural · either/neither + singular	Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi.	all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi both + ko‘plik (both countries are) · either / neither + birlik (neither country is) · juftlangan shakl: both … and · either … or · neither … nor. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da ikki chiziqni bitta gapda birlashtirish uchun ideal: Both figures rose steadily, although neither reached the 2005 level. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Neither of them are correct → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is correct. ❌ Both of the two countries → ✅ Both countries — both ning o‘zida «ikkala» bor. Namunalar Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi all / every / each — both = faqat IKKITA; all/every = ikkitadan ko‘p To‘liq sahifasi
moreover / furthermore ★★☆	3	qo‘shimcha dalil — «bundan tashqari, qolaversa»	Moreover, + S + V	Furthermore, congestion charges generate revenue for public transport. Qolaversa, tirbandlik yig‘imlari jamoat transporti uchun daromad keltiradi.	firstly / secondly / finally not only … but also
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / What is more — jumla boshida vergul bilan. In addition to + ot/-ing (bu — predlogli shakl, boshqa qolip). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Eng ko‘p suiiste’mol qilinadigan bog‘lovchilar shu. Tekshiruvchi har xatboshi Moreover bilan boshlanganini darrov sezadi va buni «mexanik» deb baholaydi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta yetadi; qolganida gapni mazmun bilan bog‘lang (This is not the only concern…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In addition of the cost → ✅ In addition to the cost · ❌ Beside, … → ✅ Besides, … Namunalar Furthermore, congestion charges generate revenue for public transport. Qolaversa, tirbandlik yig‘imlari jamoat transporti uchun daromad keltiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi firstly / secondly / finally — bular tartibni; moreover = qo‘shimchani bildiradi not only … but also — not only…but also = bir gap ichida ikki dalilni bog‘laydi To‘liq sahifasi
firstly / secondly / finally ★★☆	2	tartib bilan sanash — «birinchidan, ikkinchidan, nihoyat»	Firstly, + S + V	Firstly, urban expansion destroys farmland; secondly, it increases commuting times. Birinchidan, shaharlarning kengayishi ekin maydonlarini yo‘q qiladi; ikkinchidan, qatnov vaqtini oshiradi.	moreover / furthermore in conclusion / overall
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly / Finally — jumla boshida vergul bilan. Lastly ham to‘g‘ri; At last — ❌ (u «nihoyat, kutib» degani). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki dalilli xatboshida bu ketma-ketlik strukturani aniq qiladi. Lekin butun insho Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly… bo‘lib qolsa, matn ro‘yxatga aylanadi — Coherence bahosi tushadi. Ba’zilarini mazmuniy o‘tish bilan almashtiring: A further concern is… ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ At first, education is important → ✅ Firstly, … (at first = «dastlab, keyin o‘zgardi»). Namunalar Firstly, urban expansion destroys farmland; secondly, it increases commuting times. Birinchidan, shaharlarning kengayishi ekin maydonlarini yo‘q qiladi; ikkinchidan, qatnov vaqtini oshiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi moreover / furthermore — firstly/secondly = tartib; moreover = qo‘shimcha dalil in conclusion / overall — finally = oxirgi dalil; in conclusion = xulosa qismi To‘liq sahifasi
not only … but also ★★☆	5	ikki dalilni birlashtirish — «nafaqat ..., balki ... ham»	not only + X but also + Y	Cycling not only reduces congestion but also improves public health. Velosipedda yurish nafaqat tirbandlikni kamaytiradi, balki jamoat salomatligini ham yaxshilaydi.	moreover / furthermore inversion
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki tarafda bir xil turdagi bo‘lak turishi shart: ot + ot, fe’l + fe’l (❌ not only cheap but also it saves time). Gap boshida kelsa inversiya talab qiladi: Not only does it save money, but it also reduces emissions. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki foydani bitta gapda berish — ixcham va ta’sirchan. Inversiyali shakli Band 7.5+ belgisi, lekin does/did/is ni to‘g‘ri qo‘yish shart. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Not only it saves money… → ✅ Not only does it save* money…* Namunalar Cycling not only reduces congestion but also improves public health. Velosipedda yurish nafaqat tirbandlikni kamaytiradi, balki jamoat salomatligini ham yaxshilaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi moreover / furthermore — moreover = alohida jumla; not only…but also = bitta gap inversion — gap boshida kelganda inversiya majburiy bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi

Taxmin — Speculation

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
will ★★★	2	kelasi zamon — bashorat, qaror, va’da	S + will + V (yalang‘och)	The demand for water will double over the next thirty years. Suvga bo‘lgan talab keyingi o‘ttiz yilda ikki baravar oshadi.	be going to be likely to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi will + fe’lning asosiy shakli, barcha shaxslarda bir xil. ❌ will to go · ❌ will goes. Inkor: will not / won’t. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 xulosasida deyarli har doim kerak bo‘ladi: Unless action is taken, the situation will* deteriorate further.* ⚠️ Yolg‘iz will juda qat’iy jaranglaydi. Band 7 uchun uni yumshating: will probably, is likely to, may well. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If it will rain, we will stay → ✅ If it rains, we will stay — if ergash gapida will ishlatilmaydi. Namunalar The demand for water will double over the next thirty years. Suvga bo‘lgan talab keyingi o‘ttiz yilda ikki baravar oshadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi be going to — will = shu topda qaror yoki umumiy bashorat; be going to = oldindan qilingan reja yoki hozirgi dalilga asoslangan bashorat be likely to — be likely to = ehtiyotkorroq va akademikroq — Task 2 uchun xavfsizroq To‘liq sahifasi
be going to ★★☆	2	kelasi zamon — oldindan qilingan reja yoki ko‘rinib turgan natija	S + am/is/are going to + V	Jasur is going to take the test in September. Jasur imtihonni sentyabrda topshirmoqchi.	will
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi am/is/are going to + asosiy fe’l. Og‘zaki nutqda gonna eshitiladi — Speaking’da tabiiy, Writing’da hech qachon. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 1-2 da rejalar haqida gapirganda eng tabiiy shakl: I’m going to apply for a master’s next year. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Task 2 inshosida gonna yoki I’m going to talk about… — bu og‘zaki uslub, insho uchun mos emas. Namunalar Jasur is going to take the test in September. Jasur imtihonni sentyabrda topshirmoqchi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi will — going to = reja allaqachon bor; will = shu topda qaror qilingan To‘liq sahifasi
be expected to / be projected to ★★☆	5	bashorat qilinmoqda — «... kutilmoqda, prognoz qilingan»	S + is/are expected to + V	Global demand for electricity is expected to rise by a third over the next decade. Elektr energiyasiga jahon talabi keyingi o‘n yilda uchdan birga oshishi kutilmoqda.	will be likely to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be expected to / be projected to / be forecast to + fe’l. Majhul shakl — kim bashorat qilgani aytilmaydi, bu akademik uslubga mos. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning bashorat grafiklari uchun aynan shu kerak. Grafikda «projected», «forecast», «estimated» so‘zi yoki kelajak yili bo‘lsa: The urban population is projected to* reach 70% by 2050.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The population will reach 70% by 2050 — grafik shunchaki prognoz bo‘lsa, buni haqiqat sifatida aytmang. Namunalar Global demand for electricity is expected to rise by a third over the next decade. Elektr energiyasiga jahon talabi keyingi o‘n yilda uchdan birga oshishi kutilmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi will — will = to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri bashorat; be expected to = manbaga tayangan prognoz be likely to — likely = ehtimol; expected/projected = rasmiy prognoz To‘liq sahifasi

Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation

7 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
must / have to ★★☆	2	majburiyat — «shart, kerak»	S + must + V · S + have/has to + V	Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart.	should / ought to be required to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi must + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ must to go). have to esa zamonga qarab o‘zgaradi: had to, will have to, has to. Shuning uchun o‘tgan yoki kelasi zamonda faqat have to ishlaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Farqi: must = ichki, so‘zlovchidan chiqqan majburiyat; have to = tashqi qoida yoki vaziyat talabi. ⚠️ mustn’t ≠ don’t have to. mustn’t = taqiqlangan; don’t have to = shart emas (lekin mumkin). Bu farq Listening’da ham savol bo‘lib keladi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Governments must to invest → ✅ Governments must invest. ❌ Task 2 da har jumlada must — juda buyruqona jaranglaydi. Tavsiya bersangiz should yoki ought to ishlating. Namunalar Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart. Students have to wear a uniform in most state schools. Ko‘pchilik davlat maktablarida o‘quvchilar forma kiyishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — must = majburiyat; should = tavsiya — insho uchun should xavfsizroq be required to — be required to = rasmiy, majhul ohang: akademik yozuvda tabiiy To‘liq sahifasi
should / ought to ★★★	2	tavsiya — «kerak, ma’qul bo‘lardi»	S + should + V · S + ought to + V	Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak.	must / have to had better
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi should + yalang‘och fe’l · ought to + fe’l (yagona to oladigan modal). O‘tmish uchun: should have + V3 («qilishi kerak edi, lekin qilmadi»). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ning yechim (solution) qismidagi asosiy modal. Tayyor qolip: Governments should* invest more heavily in public transport, and individuals ought to reconsider their daily habits.* Xilma-xillik uchun aralashtiring: should · ought to · it would be advisable to · the best approach would be to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I think government should to ban it → ✅ should ban it. Namunalar Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak. Policymakers ought to consider the long-term consequences. Siyosat ishlab chiquvchilar uzoq muddatli oqibatlarni hisobga olishlari lozim. O‘xshashlaridan farqi must / have to — should = tavsiya, yumshoq; must = majburiyat, qat’iy had better — had better = ogohlantirish ohangi bor («aks holda yomon bo‘ladi») — insho uchun juda og‘zaki To‘liq sahifasi
need to / needn't ★★☆	3	zaruriyat — «kerak; shart emas»	S + need to + V · S + needn’t + V	Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak.	must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Oddiy fe’l sifatida: need to + fe’l (needs to, needed to). Modal sifatida faqat inkorda: needn’t + yalang‘och fe’l. ❌ needn’t to. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da must dan ko‘ra tabiiyroq: Policymakers need to* strike a balance between growth and sustainability.* ⚠️ needn’t have done = «qilish shart emas edi, lekin qildingiz» — Listening’da tuzoq sifatida keladi. Namunalar Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi must / have to — need to = zaruriyat, neytral; must = majburiyat, qat’iy To‘liq sahifasi
modal + passive ★★☆	5	majhul modal — «... qilinishi kerak / mumkin»	S + modal + be + V3	Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak.	the passive should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi modal + be + 3-shakl: should be introduced, must be addressed, can be reduced. O‘tmish: modal + have been + V3. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Yechim taklif qilishning eng akademik shakli — kim qilishini aytmasdan nima qilinishi kerakligini aytadi: Stricter regulations should be introduced, and public transport must be made* more affordable.* Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta — undan ko‘pi matnni sovuq qiladi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ This problem should be solve → ✅ should be solved — be dan keyin doim 3-shakl. Namunalar Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — bu — passive’ning modal bilan birikkan shakli should / ought to — should + be + V3 = tavsiyani shaxssiz qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
it's time + past simple ★☆☆	6	kechikkan zaruriyat — «endi ... qiladigan vaqt keldi»	It is (high) time + S + past simple	It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi.	should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It is time / It is high time + ega + past simple (shakli o‘tmish, ma’nosi hozir): It is high time governments took* this seriously.* Muqobil: It is time to + fe’l. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Xulosaga kuch beradigan, lekin kam ishlatiladigan qolip. Bir insho ichida bir marta — va faqat da’vongiz qat’iy bo‘lsa. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is high time governments take action → ✅ took action. Namunalar It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — should = neytral tavsiya; it's high time = kechikkanini ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
make / let / have (causative) ★★☆	4	majburlash va ruxsat — «majbur qilmoq, ruxsat bermoq»	make/let/have + somebody + V (yalang‘och)	Some countries make voting compulsory for all adult citizens. Ba’zi mamlakatlar barcha voyaga yetgan fuqarolar uchun ovoz berishni majburiy qiladi.	have / get something done must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi make / let / have + odam + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ make him to study). Ammo allow va force to oladi: allow him to study. Majhul shaklda make ham to oladi: be made to pay. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da bahsli mavzu (majburiy ta’lim, majburiy harbiy xizmat) haqida yozganda kerak bo‘ladi. Rasmiyroq muqobillar: compel, oblige, require somebody to, permit. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Schools should make students to wear uniforms → ✅ make students wear uniforms. Namunalar Some countries make voting compulsory for all adult citizens. Ba’zi mamlakatlar barcha voyaga yetgan fuqarolar uchun ovoz berishni majburiy qiladi. Parents should let children choose at least some of their activities. Ota-onalar bolalarga hech bo‘lmaganda ba’zi mashg‘ulotlarni tanlashga ruxsat berishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi have / get something done — make somebody do = odamni majburlash; have something done = xizmatni bajartirish must / have to — make = boshqaga majburlash; must = o‘ziga majburiyat To‘liq sahifasi
the subjunctive (It is essential that …) ★☆☆	6	buyruq maylining rasmiy shakli — «... bo‘lishi shart»	It is essential that + S + V (yalang‘och)	It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart.	should / ought to it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi essential / vital / imperative / crucial yoki recommend / suggest / demand / insist dan keyin that + ega + yalang‘och fe’l — -s ham, should ham yo‘q: It is essential that every school have* a library.* (Britaniya uslubida should have ham to‘g‘ri.) Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Eng rasmiy tavsiya shakli. Agar ishonchingiz komil bo‘lmasa, xavfsiz varianti — should qo‘shish: It is vital that governments should* act.* Ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The committee recommended that he goes → ✅ recommended that he go (yoki should go). Namunalar It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — should = oddiy tavsiya; subjunctive = eng rasmiy shakl it is + adjective + that/to — shu qolipning oddiy, xavfsiz varianti To‘liq sahifasi

Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
can / could / be able to ★★☆	2	imkoniyat va qobiliyat — «... oladi, mumkin»	S + can/could + V · S + be able to + V	Renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya uglerod chiqindilarini sezilarli kamaytira oladi.	may / might / could (possibility)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi can (hozir) · could (o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat yoki yumshoq hozir) · was able to (o‘tmishda bir marta uddaladi) · will be able to (kelajak — ❌ will can). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi O‘tmishda bir martalik muvaffaqiyat uchun was able to kerak: The team was able to* reduce costs by 20%* (❌ could reduce, chunki could bu yerda «imkoni bor edi, ammo qildimi — noma’lum» degan ma’no beradi). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In the future people will can work from home → ✅ will be able to work from home. Namunalar Renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya uglerod chiqindilarini sezilarli kamaytira oladi. Thanks to the scholarship, Sherbek was able to continue his studies. Stipendiya tufayli Sherbek o‘qishini davom ettira oldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi may / might / could (possibility) — can = umumiy imkoniyat; may/might = aniq bir holatning ehtimoli To‘liq sahifasi

Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
it is said that / X is thought to ★☆☆	6	manbasi aytilmagan da’vo — «aytilishicha, hisoblanadi»	It is said/believed/thought that + gap · S + is said to + V	Air travel is widely believed to be the fastest-growing source of emissions. Havo transporti chiqindilarning eng tez o‘sib borayotgan manbai deb hisoblanadi.	the passive it is often argued that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki shakl bir ma’noni beradi: It is believed that smoking causes… = Smoking is believed to cause…. Ikkinchisi ixchamroq va akademikroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Odamlar aytishadi» degan gapni akademik qiladi. Task 2 da umumiy qarashni keltirib, keyin unga qarshi chiqish uchun qulay: Homework is widely believed to* improve results, yet research suggests otherwise.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ People say that… / Some people think that… — bu Band 5-6 darajasidagi ifoda. Majhul shaklga o‘ting. Namunalar Air travel is widely believed to be the fastest-growing source of emissions. Havo transporti chiqindilarning eng tez o‘sib borayotgan manbai deb hisoblanadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — bu — majhul nisbatning ko‘chirma gapdagi maxsus qolipi it is often argued that — argued = bahsli fikr; believed/thought = keng tarqalgan qarash To‘liq sahifasi
it is often argued that ★★☆	5	boshqalarning qarashini keltirish — «ko‘pincha aytiladiki»	It is often argued/claimed that + clause	It is widely assumed that economic growth automatically reduces poverty. Iqtisodiy o‘sish qashshoqlikni o‘z-o‘zidan kamaytiradi, deb keng tarqalgan fikr bor.	it is said that / X is thought to it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It is (often/widely/commonly) + argued / claimed / assumed / acknowledged + that + to‘liq gap. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Discussion inshosining kirish jumlasi uchun tayyor qolip: qarshi fikrni keltirasiz, keyin however bilan o‘z fikringizga o‘tasiz: It is often argued that examinations are the fairest way to assess students. However, this view overlooks… ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Some people say that… — bu Band 5-6 ifodasi. Majhul qolipga o‘ting. Namunalar It is widely assumed that economic growth automatically reduces poverty. Iqtisodiy o‘sish qashshoqlikni o‘z-o‘zidan kamaytiradi, deb keng tarqalgan fikr bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is said that / X is thought to — bir oila: argued = bahsli fikr, believed = keng qabul qilingan qarash it is + adjective + that/to — biri boshqalarning fikri, biri sizning bahoyingiz To‘liq sahifasi

Baho va munosabat — Attitude

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
I wish / if only ★☆☆	5	afsus va orzu — «... bo‘lganida edi»	I wish + past simple / past perfect	If only more people had taken the warnings seriously. Koshki ko‘proq odam ogohlantirishlarni jiddiy qabul qilganida.	the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Hozirgi holatga afsus: wish + past simple (I wish I had* more time) · O‘tmishga afsus: wish* + past perfect (I wish I had studied* harder) · Boshqa odamning xatti-harakatidan norozilik: wish* + would. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 2 da hikoyani chuqurlashtiradi: I wish* I had known about the scholarship earlier.* Writing’da esa kam ishlating — shaxsiy ohangi bor. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I wish I would have studied → ✅ I wish I had studied. Namunalar If only more people had taken the warnings seriously. Koshki ko‘proq odam ogohlantirishlarni jiddiy qabul qilganida. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the third conditional — ikkalasi ham o‘tmishdagi xayoliy holat — biri afsus, biri sabab-natija To‘liq sahifasi

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

25 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
defining relative clause ★★★	3	aniqlovchi ergash gap — qaysi narsa haqida ketayotganini belgilaydi	noun + who/which/that + verb	Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil.	non-defining relative clause reduced relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Odam → who (yoki that) · narsa → which yoki that · egalik → whose. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Agar who/which to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirib qoldirsa ham bo‘ladi: the skills (that) employers value. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ergash gapsiz ikkita qisqa gap bo‘lardi; u bilan bitta murakkab gap chiqadi — Grammatical Range aynan shuni izlaydi: Students who* take a gap year often return more motivated.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Students who they take a gap year → ✅ Students who take… — who ning o‘zi ega, ikkinchi olmosh keraksiz. ❌ People which live in cities → ✅ People who live in cities. Namunalar Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil. The graph shows the number of people who used public transport. Grafik jamoat transportidan foydalangan odamlar sonini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi non-defining relative clause — defining = vergulsiz, MAJBURIY ma’lumot; non-defining = vergul bilan, qo‘shimcha ma’lumot reduced relative clause — reduced = who/which tushib, -ing yoki V3 qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
non-defining relative clause ★★☆	5	izohlovchi ergash gap — qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi (vergul bilan)	, which/who + verb ,	Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi va that ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ Tashkent, that is the capital… → ✅ Tashkent, which is the capital…. Butun gapga ishora qilishi ham mumkin: …, which* explains the rise.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun ajoyib vosita — raqamga izoh qo‘shadi: The figure peaked in 2008, which* coincided with the financial crisis.* Bu «gapga ishora qiluvchi which» Band 7 belgisi, lekin faqat vergul bilan to‘g‘ri ishlatilsa. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number rose sharply which was surprising → vergul qo‘ying: ✅ rose sharply, which was surprising. Namunalar Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — non-defining = vergul + qo‘shimcha izoh; defining = vergulsiz va ma’noni belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + which ★☆☆	6	predlogli ergash gap — «... bo‘lgan/qilinadigan»	noun + in/for/to + which + clause	The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Predlog which/whom dan oldin keladi: the rate at which* forests disappear* · the extent to which* …* · the way in which* …. Odam bilan: whom* (❌ for who → ✅ for whom). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «The extent to which» — IELTS savol matnining o‘zida uchraydigan ibora («To what extent do you agree?»), shuning uchun uni javobda qaytarish juda tabiiy: This essay will examine the extent to which* technology has reshaped education.* Namunalar The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — bu — o‘sha ergash gapning predlogli, rasmiyroq varianti To‘liq sahifasi
reduced relative clause ★☆☆	6	qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl	noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …)	The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.	defining relative clause participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying* abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019* = the policy introduced* in 2019. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi. Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living* in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat). Namunalar The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — reduced = who/which + be tushirilgan, ixchamroq participle clause — participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi; reduced relative faqat otni aniqlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
that-clause ★★★	3	to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap — «... ligini/ekanligini»	verb/adjective + that + clause	Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi.	the fact that wh-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi that + to‘liq gap. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin tushib qolishi mumkin (I think (that) …), lekin akademik yozuvda saqlang. Sifatlardan keyin ham keladi: it is clear that… Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Fikr bildirishning asosiy quroli. Xilma-xillik uchun boshqa fe’llarga o‘ting: argue / maintain / suggest / demonstrate / indicate that. I think that ni butun insho bo‘yi takrorlamang. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I agree with that education is important. → ✅ I agree that* education is important.* — agree that, agree with + ot. Namunalar Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the fact that — the fact that = shu gapni OT sifatida ishlatadi (ega bo‘la oladi) wh-clause — wh-clause = qanday/nima/nega degan savolni ichiga oladi To‘liq sahifasi
the fact that ★★☆	5	«... ligi» — butun gapni ot qilib ishlatish	The fact that + clause + verb	The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi.	that-clause despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The fact that + to‘liq gap — natijada butun birikma ot bo‘lib, ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘la oladi: The fact that wages have stagnated explains the fall in demand. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Predloglardan keyin gap kelolmaydi — shu yerda the fact that qutqaradi: ❌ despite he is young → ✅ despite the fact that* he is young. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Har jumlada takrorlash matnni og‘irlashtiradi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta. Namunalar The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi. Despite the fact that the law was passed, enforcement remains weak. Qonun qabul qilinganiga qaramay, uning ijrosi hamon zaif. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause* — the fact that = gapni OT qiladi; that-clause = fe’lga bog‘lanadi despite / in spite of — despite + the fact that = predlogdan keyin gap qo‘yishning yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi
wh-clause ★★☆	4	so‘roq so‘zli ergash gap — «nima/qanday/nega ... ligi»	verb + what/how/why/whether + S + V	The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi.	that-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Ichkarida so‘roq tartibi ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ I don’t know where is it → ✅ I don’t know where it is. do/does/did ham tushadi: ❌ how does it work → ✅ how it works. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 kirishini qayta yozishning eng qulay usuli: The chart shows how much* electricity each country produced.* — savol matnini ko‘chirmasdan boshqacha aytasiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The graph shows what is the number of students → ✅ shows what the number of students is, yoki soddaroq: ✅ shows the number of students. Namunalar The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi. It is unclear whether stricter laws would reduce crime. Qattiqroq qonunlar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirar-kamaytirmasligi noaniq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause — that = tasdiqni uzatadi; wh-clause = savolni uzatadi To‘liq sahifasi
the passive ★★★	3	majhul nisbat — «... qilinadi, qilindi» (bajaruvchi aytilmaydi)	S + be + V3 (+ by …)	Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi.	the process passive (Task 1) modal + passive nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be ning kerakli zamondagi shakli + 3-shakl: is built · was built · has been built · is being built · will be built. Bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lsagina by qo‘shiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nima uchun IELTS uni yaxshi ko‘radi: akademik yozuvda ish muhim, kim qilgani emas. People built the bridge in 1990 → The bridge was built* in 1990.* ⚠️ Butun inshoni passive’da yozmang — matn og‘ir va noaniq bo‘ladi. Har xatboshida 1-2 ta yetadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The problem is discuss in this essay → ✅ is discussed. ❌ be ni tushirib qoldirish: The report published last year («hisobot nashr qildi») → ✅ The report was published last year. Namunalar Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi. The beans are harvested, dried and then transported to the factory. Doni yig‘iladi, quritiladi va so‘ng zavodga tashiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the process passive (Task 1) — process passive = jarayon diagrammasidagi present simple passive qolipi modal + passive — modal + be + V3 = tavsiyani shaxssiz aytadi nominalisation — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi; nominalisation buni OT orqali qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
have / get something done ★☆☆	5	birovga qildirish — «... qildirmoq»	S + have/get + object + V3	Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi.	make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have (neytral) yoki get (og‘zakiroq) + ot + 3-shakl: have a house built, get the car repaired. Ega ishni o‘zi bajarmaydi — boshqaga qildiradi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking’da juda tabiiy: I had my documents translated. Writing’da esa xizmatlar haqida gapirganda: Wealthier families have* their children tutored privately.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I repaired my laptop — bu «o‘zim ta’mirladim» degani. Ustaga bergan bo‘lsangiz: ✅ I had my laptop repaired. Namunalar Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi make / let / have (causative) — have something done = ish natijasi; make somebody do = odamga majburlash To‘liq sahifasi
nominalisation ★★☆	6	otlashtirish — fe’lni otga aylantirib, akademik uslub yasash	verb → noun (decide → the decision)	The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi.	the passive the fact that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l yoki sifatni otga aylantiring va uni gapning egasi qiling: The government decided to cut spending, which affected schools. → The government’s decision to cut spending had a significant impact on schools. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik uslubning eng ko‘zga ko‘rinadigan belgisi. Ko‘p ishlatiladigan juftlar: decide → decision · grow → growth · reduce → reduction · consume → consumption · pollute → pollution · unemployed → unemployment. Foydasi ikki karra: matn zichlashadi va gapni ot bilan boshlash imkonini beradi — The rapid expansion of cities has placed enormous pressure on infrastructure. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Haddan tashqari otlashtirish gapni o‘qib bo‘lmas qiladi: The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation of… — bitta gapda 1-2 ta ot yetarli. Namunalar The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi — biri fe’l orqali, biri ot orqali the fact that — the fact that = gapni ot qiladi; nominalisation = fe’lni ot qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
there is / there are ★★☆	2	mavjudlik — «bor, mavjud»	There + is/are + noun	There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor.	nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l keyingi otga qarab moslashadi: There is a reason · There are* several reasons. Boshqa zamonlar: there was / there have been / there will be. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Foydali, lekin haddan ortiq ishlatilgan* qolip. Band 7 uchun ba’zilarini kuchliroq fe’lga almashtiring: There are many people who think… → Many people argue that… There is an increase in… → X has increased … ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ There are a lot of pollution → ✅ There is a lot of pollution — pollution sanalmaydigan ot. ❌ In the graph have three lines → ✅ There are* three lines. Namunalar There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi nominalisation* — there is + ot o‘rniga otni ega qiling — matn kuchliroq bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
a / an ★★★	1	noaniq artikl — «bittasi, qandaydir» (birinchi marta tilga olinganda)	a/an + sanaladigan ot (birlik)	The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi.	the zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Undosh tovush oldidan a, unli tovush oldidan an — harf emas, talaffuz muhim: a university (yu-), an hour (au-), an MBA (em-). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sanaladigan otning birligi hech qachon artiklsiz turmaydi — yo a/an, yo the, yo this/my/each bo‘lishi shart. Kasb va misol keltirishda: as a result, She works as an engineer. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ He is engineer → ✅ He is an engineer. ❌ A pollution is a problem → ✅ Pollution is a problem — sanalmaydigan otga a qo‘yilmaydi. Namunalar The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — a/an = birinchi marta yoki qaysi biri muhim emas; the = ma’lum, aniq narsa zero article — zero article = umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot To‘liq sahifasi
the ★★★	2	aniq artikl — «o‘sha, ma’lum bo‘lgan»	the + ot (birlik, ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan)	The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi.	a / an zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the qo‘yiladi: ikkinchi marta eslatilganda · yagona narsa (the sun, the government, the environment) · superlativ bilan (the highest) · of birikmasi bilan (the number of students) · Task 1 da the figure, the period, the chart. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun oltin qoida: grafik, davr va ko‘rsatkichlar doim aniq — shuning uchun the chart, the period, the figure for Japan, the highest proportion. Foizlar bilan esa artikl yo‘q: 20% of households (❌ the 20%). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The education is important → ✅ Education is important — umumiy ma’noda the kerak emas. ❌ number of students are rising → ✅ The number of students is rising. Namunalar The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi. The government has introduced a new tax on plastic packaging. Hukumat plastik qadoq uchun yangi soliq joriy qildi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi a / an — the = ma’lum; a/an = noma’lum yoki birinchi marta zero article — the = aniq guruh; artiklsiz = umuman shu turdagi narsalar To‘liq sahifasi
zero article ★★★	3	artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no	∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot	Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.	the uncountable nouns
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik: ✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy) ✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy) ⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society. ❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information. Namunalar Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
subject-verb agreement ★★★	3	ega bilan kesimning moslashuvi — birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi	S(singular) + V(s) · S(plural) + V	The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.	uncountable nouns all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l bosh otga moslashadi, oradagi so‘zlarga emas: The number of students is rising (number = birlik) vs A number of students are waiting (= «bir necha»). Each, every, everyone, neither → birlik. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uzun ega bilan yozganda eng ko‘p sodir bo‘ladigan xato. Yozgandan keyin tekshiring: egadan predlogli qismni o‘chirib o‘qing — The impact* (of rising temperatures on coastal cities) is…* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number of cars have increased → ✅ The number of cars has* increased. ❌ Everyone know that…* → ✅ Everyone knows* that…* Namunalar The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan ot doim birlik fe’l oladi all / every / each — every/each doim birlik fe’l bilan To‘liq sahifasi
an increase in / an impact on ★★★	4	ot + predlog juftlari — «... dagi o‘sish», «... ga ta’sir»	noun + in/on/of/to + noun	The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.	nominalisation adjective + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Yodlanadigan juftlar: an increase / a rise / a fall / a decline in · an impact / an effect / pressure on · a solution / an approach / access to · the cause / the number / the proportion of · a reason for. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nominalizatsiya bilan birga ishlatiladi va Task 1 ni takrorlanishdan qutqaradi: There was a sharp increase in* demand* = Demand increased sharply — bir xil ma’no, boshqa tuzilma. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ an increase of tourists → ✅ an increase in the number of tourists (an increase of 20% — bu miqdor, boshqa narsa). ❌ impact to the environment → ✅ impact on the environment. Namunalar The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi nominalisation — ot + predlog juftlari nominalizatsiyaning amaliy tomoni adjective + preposition — bir oila: sifatning ham o‘z predlogi bor To‘liq sahifasi
adjective + preposition ★★☆	4	sifat + predlog juftlari — «... uchun javobgar», «... dan xabardor»	adj + of/for/to/with/in	Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar.	an increase in / an impact on verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Eng kerakli juftlar: responsible for · aware of · capable of · similar to · different from · familiar with · dependent on · essential to/for · interested in · concerned about. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bularni qoida bilan chiqarib bo‘lmaydi — juft holda yodlanadi. Lug‘at daftaringizga sifatni yolg‘iz emas, predlogi bilan yozing. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ different than (amerikacha) → Britaniya imtihonida ✅ different from · ❌ responsible of → ✅ responsible for. Namunalar Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar. O‘xshashlaridan farqi an increase in / an impact on — bir oila — otning predlogi verb + preposition — bir oila — fe’lning predlogi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + preposition ★★★	4	fe’l + predlog juftlari — «... ga bog‘liq», «... dan iborat»	verb + on/of/to/for/with	Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi.	adjective + preposition preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi depend on · consist of · contribute to · lead to · account for · benefit from · cope with · rely on · focus on · invest in · suffer from. ⚠️ Predlogdan keyin fe’l kelsa — -ing shaklida. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi account for Task 1 uchun alohida muhim: Coal accounted for* 40% of total output.* — foizni aytishning eng akademik yo‘li. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ discuss about the problem → ✅ discuss the problem (predlog kerak emas) · ❌ emphasise on → ✅ emphasise something. Namunalar Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi. The success of the scheme depends largely on public awareness. Loyihaning muvaffaqiyati ko‘p jihatdan aholining xabardorligiga bog‘liq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi adjective + preposition — bir oila — sifatning predlogi preposition + -ing — predlogdan keyingi fe’l doim -ing shaklida To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + -ing ★★★	3	predlogdan keyingi fe’l — doim -ing shaklida	preposition + V-ing	By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi.	verb + -ing (gerund) verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har qanday predlogdan keyin fe’l -ing bo‘ladi: instead of building · by investing · after graduating · without considering · capable of solving. ⚠️ to ba’zan predlog: look forward to seeing, be used to living. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi by + -ing — Task 2 yechim qismining eng ixcham qolipi: By investing in public transport, cities can cut emissions considerably. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ instead of to build new roads → ✅ instead of building* new roads. Namunalar By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund)* — bir qoidaning ikki tomoni: fe’ldan keyin ham, predlogdan keyin ham -ing verb + preposition — predlogli fe’ldan keyin ham -ing keladi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + -ing (gerund) ★★★	3	-ing oladigan fe’llar — «... ishni qilishni»	verb + V-ing	Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak.	verb + to-infinitive preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Shu fe’llardan keyin doim -ing: avoid, suggest, involve, consider, risk, deny, admit, recommend, practise, mind, enjoy, keep, finish, delay. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 uchun eng kerakli uchtasi: involve (The solution involves reducing* subsidies), suggest* (Research suggests investing* earlier), avoid* (to avoid causing* further damage). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I suggest to build more schools* → ✅ I suggest building* more schools* yoki ✅ I suggest that* the government build more schools. Namunalar Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + to-infinitive* — ikki ro‘yxat — qaysi fe’l qaysi shaklni olishini yodlang preposition + -ing — predlogdan keyin ham doim -ing To‘liq sahifasi
verb + to-infinitive ★★★	3	to + fe’l oladigan fe’llar — «... qilishga»	verb + to + V	Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi.	verb + -ing (gerund) verb + object + to-infinitive
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Shu fe’llardan keyin doim to + fe’l: aim, tend, fail, manage, decide, hope, expect, refuse, agree, offer, seem, appear, afford, learn. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik yozuvda eng foydalilari: tend to (hedging), fail to (Policies that fail to* address the root cause…), aim to* (This essay aims to* examine…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ They decided building a new line* → ✅ decided to build · ❌ manage doing → ✅ manage to do. Namunalar Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund) — boshqa ro‘yxat — bir xil ma’noda ikkalasini ishlatib bo‘lmaydi verb + object + to-infinitive — oradagi to‘ldiruvchi bilan qolip o‘zgaradi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + object + to-infinitive ★★☆	4	birovga nimadir qildirish — «... ni ... qilishga undamoq»	verb + somebody + to + V	Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi.	verb + to-infinitive make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi encourage / allow / enable / persuade / force / require / advise / expect / want + to‘ldiruvchi + to + fe’l: encourage people to recycle. ⚠️ make va let bu qolipga kirmaydi — ular to siz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 yechim jumlalarining asosiy qolipi: Tax incentives would encourage companies to invest* in cleaner technology and enable households to reduce their bills.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ allow to students to choose → ✅ allow students* to choose* · ❌ suggest me to study → ✅ advise me to* study* (suggest bu qolipni olmaydi). Namunalar Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + to-infinitive — bu variantda o‘rtada to‘ldiruvchi bor make / let / have (causative) — make/let = to SIZ; encourage/allow = to BILAN To‘liq sahifasi
stop / remember / regret + -ing or to ★☆☆	5	ma’no o‘zgaradigan juftlar — shakl ma’noni o‘zgartiradi	verb + V-ing / verb + to + V	The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi.	verb + -ing (gerund)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi stop doing = ishni tugatdi · stop to do = boshqa ish uchun to‘xtadi remember doing = qilganini eslaydi · remember to do = qilishni unutmadi regret doing = qilganidan afsus · regret to say = afsus bilan xabar bermoq Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Listening Section 3-4 da bu farq to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri javobni hal qiladi: He stopped smoking (tashladi) va He stopped to smoke (chekish uchun to‘xtadi) — butunlay boshqa ma’no. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I stopped to use plastic bags (agar «tashladim» demoqchi bo‘lsangiz) → ✅ I stopped using* plastic bags. Namunalar The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund)* — bu fe’llar ikkala shaklni ham oladi — lekin ma’no o‘zgaradi To‘liq sahifasi
-ing as subject ★★☆	4	-ing shakli ega o‘rnida — «... qilish (foydali)»	V-ing + verb (singular)	Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi.	it is + adjective + that/to nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi -ing birikmasi ega bo‘lganda fe’l birlikda: Investing in education is the most effective strategy. Muqobil: To invest in education is… (rasmiyroq, kamroq tabiiy). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Gapni fe’ldan boshlash — insho jumlalarini xilma-xil qilishning oson yo‘li. Ketma-ket uchta gap The government… bilan boshlansa, bittasini shunga aylantiring. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Reduce emissions is essential → ✅ Reducing emissions is essential. ❌ Building new roads are expensive → ✅ is expensive — ega birlik. Namunalar Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is + adjective + that/to — It is essential to invest = shu fikrning boshqa, shaxssiz shakli nominalisation — -ing = fe’lni ega qiladi; nominalisation = uni otga aylantiradi To‘liq sahifasi
there is no point in -ing ★☆☆	5	foydasizlik — «... qilishning ma’nosi yo‘q»	There is no point in + V-ing	It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi.	preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi There is no point in + -ing. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: It is worth + -ing · It is no use + -ing · have difficulty (in) + -ing · spend time + -ing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Qarshi dalilni rad etishning ixcham yo‘li: There is little point in building more roads if public transport remains unreliable. no o‘rniga little qo‘ysangiz — yumshoqroq va akademikroq. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is worth to invest → ✅ It is worth investing. Namunalar It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi preposition + -ing — in + -ing — shu qolipdagi predlog ham -ing talab qiladi To‘liq sahifasi

Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

Sabab — Cause

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Natija — Result & consequence

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shart — Condition

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

Namunalar

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

Shakl qoidasi

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi