Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
11 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners

11 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
a / an ★★★ 1 noaniq artikl — «bittasi, qandaydir» (birinchi marta tilga olinganda) a/an + sanaladigan ot (birlik) The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi. the zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Undosh tovush oldidan a, unli tovush oldidan an — harf emas, talaffuz muhim: a university (yu-), an hour (au-), an MBA (em-).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Sanaladigan otning birligi hech qachon artiklsiz turmaydi — yo a/an, yo the, yo this/my/each bo‘lishi shart.

Kasb va misol keltirishda: as a result, She works as an engineer.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ He is engineer → ✅ He is an engineer.

❌ A pollution is a problem → ✅ Pollution is a problem — sanalmaydigan otga a qo‘yilmaydi.

Namunalar

  • The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the — a/an = birinchi marta yoki qaysi biri muhim emas; the = ma’lum, aniq narsa
  • zero article — zero article = umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot
To‘liq sahifasi
the ★★★ 2 aniq artikl — «o‘sha, ma’lum bo‘lgan» the + ot (birlik, ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan) The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi. a / an zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

the qo‘yiladi: ikkinchi marta eslatilganda · yagona narsa (the sun, the government, the environment) · superlativ bilan (the highest) · of birikmasi bilan (the number of students) · Task 1 da the figure, the period, the chart.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun oltin qoida: grafik, davr va ko‘rsatkichlar doim aniq — shuning uchun the chart, the period, the figure for Japan, the highest proportion.

Foizlar bilan esa artikl yo‘q: 20% of households (❌ the 20%).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The education is important → ✅ Education is important — umumiy ma’noda the kerak emas.

❌ number of students are rising → ✅ The number of students is rising.

Namunalar

  • The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi.
  • The government has introduced a new tax on plastic packaging. Hukumat plastik qadoq uchun yangi soliq joriy qildi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • a / an — the = ma’lum; a/an = noma’lum yoki birinchi marta
  • zero article — the = aniq guruh; artiklsiz = umuman shu turdagi narsalar
To‘liq sahifasi
zero article ★★★ 3 artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no ∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak. the uncountable nouns
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik:

✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy)
✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy)
⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam)

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society.

❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information.

Namunalar

  • Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the — artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa
  • uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi
To‘liq sahifasi
uncountable nouns ★★★ 3 sanalmaydigan otlar — ko‘plik shakli yo‘q much/a great deal of + uncountable Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi. much / many / a lot of zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

IELTS’da eng ko‘p adashtiradiganlari: information, advice, research, knowledge, equipment, furniture, traffic, pollution, money, work, progress, evidence — ularda -s yo‘q va fe’l birlikda.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Sanash uchun o‘lchov so‘zi qo‘shiladi: a piece of advice, two pieces of equipment, a great deal of research.

Ba’zi otlar ikki xil ishlaydi: experience (tajriba — sanalmas) vs an experience (bir voqea — sanaladi).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ many researches → ✅ much research / many studies
❌ Traffics are heavy → ✅ Traffic is heavy
❌ a lot of works → ✅ a lot of work / a lot of jobs.

Namunalar

  • Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
much / many / a lot of ★★★ 2 miqdor — «ko‘p» much + uncountable · many + plural A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi. uncountable nouns few / a few / little / a little
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

many + sanaladigan ko‘plik · much + sanalmaydigan · a lot of / plenty of — ikkalasi bilan ham. Akademik yozuvda a lot of o‘rniga: a large number of (sanaladigan), a great deal of (sanalmas), numerous, considerable.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Tasdiq gapda yolg‘iz much g‘alati eshitiladi — There is much pollution ❌ → There is a great deal of pollution ✅. Inkor va so‘roqda esa much normal: not much progress.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ much people → ✅ many people · ❌ many money → ✅ much money / a great deal of money.

Namunalar

  • A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
few / a few / little / a little ★★☆ 4 oz miqdor — «bir oz» yoki «juda kam» (ohangi qarama-qarshi) few + plural · little + uncountable Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi. much / many / a lot of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

a few / a little = ijobiy ohang, «bir oz bor». few / little (artiklsiz) = salbiy ohang, «deyarli yo‘q». Sanash: few + ko‘plik, little + sanalmas.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Bitta a ma’noni teskari qiladi — bu Reading’da ham savol bo‘ladi:

A few countries have met the target. = bir nechtasi uddaladi (ijobiy)
Few countries have met the target. = deyarli hech biri uddalamadi (salbiy)

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ a few information → ✅ a little information.

Namunalar

  • Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
most / most of / the most ★★★ 4 ko‘pchilik — «aksariyat» (va «eng» bilan chalkashmasin) most + noun · most of + the/my + noun Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi. the majority of superlative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

most + ot (umuman): most students · most of + aniqlovchi + ot: most of the students in the survey · the most = superlativ: the most effective solution.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 da eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan uchlik shu: Most respondents preferred… · Most of the increase occurred after 2010 · Japan recorded the most significant growth.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The most of people → ✅ Most people yoki Most of the people in the survey.

❌ Almost people → ✅ Most people / Almost all people — almost yolg‘iz ot oldida kelmaydi.

Namunalar

  • Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the majority of — the majority of = rasmiyroq va Task 1 uchun tabiiyroq
  • superlative — the most = «eng» — bu butunlay boshqa vazifa
To‘liq sahifasi
the majority of ★★★ 4 ko‘pchilik — «katta qismi» (rasmiy) The majority of + plural/uncountable + verb The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor. most / most of / the most
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

The (vast/overwhelming) majority of + ot. Fe’l odatda ko‘plikda: The majority of respondents were female. Teskarisi: a minority of, a small proportion of.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng qulay yo‘li — bir xil raqamni ikki marta takrorlamaslik kerak:

62% → the majority of · 51% → just over half · 25% → a quarter · 12% → a small minority · 5% → a negligible proportion.

Namunalar

  • The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
all / every / each ★★☆ 3 hamma — «barchasi, har biri» all + plural · every/each + singular Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi. most / most of / the most both / either / neither
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

all + ko‘plik ot + ko‘plik fe’l · every / each + birlik ot + birlik fe’l. each alohida-alohida qaraydi, every guruhni yaxlit oladi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

⚠️ Task 2 da all juda xavfli so‘z — bitta istisno butun da’voingizni yiqitadi. Uni hedging bilan almashtiring: most, the majority of, almost all.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Every students have a laptop → ✅ Every student has a laptop yoki All students have laptops.

Namunalar

  • Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
both / either / neither ★★☆ 4 ikkitalik — «ikkalasi, ikkisidan biri, ikkalasi ham emas» both + plural · either/neither + singular Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi. all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

both + ko‘plik (both countries are) · either / neither + birlik (neither country is) · juftlangan shakl: both … and · either … or · neither … nor.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 da ikki chiziqni bitta gapda birlashtirish uchun ideal: Both figures rose steadily, although neither reached the 2005 level.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Neither of them are correct → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is correct.

❌ Both of the two countries → ✅ Both countries — both ning o‘zida «ikkala» bor.

Namunalar

  • Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
subject-verb agreement ★★★ 3 ega bilan kesimning moslashuvi — birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi S(singular) + V(s) · S(plural) + V The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi. uncountable nouns all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Fe’l bosh otga moslashadi, oradagi so‘zlarga emas: The number of students is rising (number = birlik) vs A number of students are waiting (= «bir necha»). Each, every, everyone, neither → birlik.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Uzun ega bilan yozganda eng ko‘p sodir bo‘ladigan xato. Yozgandan keyin tekshiring: egadan predlogli qismni o‘chirib o‘qing — The impact (of rising temperatures on coastal cities) is…

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The number of cars have increased → ✅ The number of cars has increased.

❌ Everyone know that… → ✅ Everyone knows that…

Namunalar

  • The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi