Vocabulary bank

Akademik til — Academic language

10 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
perspective per- + spect + -ive ★★★	4	nuqtai nazar — qarash burchagi Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) from a different perspective · a global perspective · put into perspective	From an environmental perspective, the policy is difficult to justify. Ekologik nuqtai nazardan bu siyosatni oqlash qiyin.	viewpoint
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Orqali qarash» — per- (orqali) + spect (qarash). Task 2 da opinion so‘zining eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: from an economic perspective. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar from a different perspective · a global perspective · put into perspective So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar From an environmental perspective, the policy is difficult to justify. Ekologik nuqtai nazardan bu siyosatni oqlash qiyin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prospect — bir ildiz: perspective = qarash burchagi; prospect = istiqbol Sinonim — Synonym viewpoint — viewpoint = shaxsning qarashi; perspective = butun bir yo‘nalish yoki soha nuqtai nazari To‘liq sahifasi
conduct con- + duct ★★★	4	o‘tkazmoq (tadqiqot, so‘rov) — «birga yetaklamoq» Fe’l — Verb	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) conduct research · conduct a survey · conduct an experiment	The study was conducted over a period of five years. Tadqiqot besh yil davomida o‘tkazildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Akademik yozuvda do a research ❌ o‘rniga aynan shu ishlatiladi: conduct research ✅. Ot sifatida urg‘u o‘zgaradi: CONduct = xulq-atvor. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar conduct research · conduct a survey · conduct an experiment So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The study was conducted over a period of five years. Tadqiqot besh yil davomida o‘tkazildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word productivity — bir ildiz: conduct = olib bormoq; produce = ishlab chiqarmoq To‘liq sahifasi
evidence e- + vid + -ence ★★★	4	dalil, isbot — «ko‘z oldida turgan narsa» Ot — Noun	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) strong evidence · there is little evidence · evidence suggests	There is little evidence that stricter penalties reduce crime. Qattiqroq jazolar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirishiga dalil kam.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan ot: ❌ an evidence, ❌ evidences → ✅ a piece of evidence, much evidence. Task 2 da dalilni kiritishning eng akademik yo‘li: There is growing evidence that… Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar strong evidence · there is little evidence · evidence suggests So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar There is little evidence that stricter penalties reduce crime. Qattiqroq jazolar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirishiga dalil kam. Recent evidence suggests a link between air quality and school performance. So‘nggi dalillar havo sifati bilan o‘quv natijalari orasida bog‘liqlik borligini ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word visible — bir ildiz — «ko‘rmoq» dan To‘liq sahifasi
concept con- + cept (olmoq) ★★☆	4	tushuncha, g‘oya Ot — Noun	the concept of · a difficult concept · conceptual	The concept of lifelong learning has gained ground in recent decades. Umrbod o‘rganish tushunchasi so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda ommalashdi.	notion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Mavhum mavzuni kiritishning oson yo‘li: The concept of* work-life balance is relatively new.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the concept of · a difficult concept · conceptual Namunalar The concept of lifelong learning has gained ground in recent decades. Umrbod o‘rganish tushunchasi so‘nggi o‘n yilliklarda ommalashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym notion — notion = qarash, taxmin (biroz shubha ohangi); concept = aniq shakllangan tushuncha To‘liq sahifasi
analyse analysis (yun.) — qismlarga ajratish ★★☆	4	tahlil qilmoq — qismlarga ajratib o‘rganmoq Fe’l — Verb	-ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) analyse the data · a detailed analysis · analytical skills	Researchers analysed data from over fifty countries. Tadqiqotchilar ellikdan ortiq mamlakat ma’lumotlarini tahlil qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Britaniyacha analyse, amerikacha analyze. Oti — analysis, ko‘pligi analyses. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar analyse the data · a detailed analysis · analytical skills So‘z o‘zagi -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Researchers analysed data from over fifty countries. Tadqiqotchilar ellikdan ortiq mamlakat ma’lumotlarini tahlil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word evaluate — analyse = qismlarga ajratish; evaluate = qiymatini baholash To‘liq sahifasi
oppose ★★☆	4	qarshi chiqmoq Fe’l — Verb	oppose the plan · strongly opposed to · opposition to	Local communities opposed the construction of the new airport. Mahalliy aholi yangi aeroport qurilishiga qarshi chiqdi.	advocate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sifat shakli predlog oladi: be opposed to + ot/-ing — Residents are strongly opposed to* the development.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar oppose the plan · strongly opposed to · opposition to Namunalar Local communities opposed the construction of the new airport. Mahalliy aholi yangi aeroport qurilishiga qarshi chiqdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym advocate — oppose = qarshi; advocate = tarafdor To‘liq sahifasi
widespread ★★☆	4	keng tarqalgan Sifat — Adjective	widespread use of · widespread concern · become widespread	The widespread use of smartphones has changed how families communicate. Smartfonlarning keng tarqalishi oilalar muloqot qilish tarzini o‘zgartirdi.	prevalent
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Many people… gapini bir so‘zga siqadi: There is widespread* concern about screen time among children.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar widespread use of · widespread concern · become widespread Namunalar The widespread use of smartphones has changed how families communicate. Smartfonlarning keng tarqalishi oilalar muloqot qilish tarzini o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym prevalent — prevalent = ayni bir joyda/guruhda keng tarqalgan; widespread = umuman hamma joyda To‘liq sahifasi
crucial ★★☆	4	hal qiluvchi, o‘ta muhim Sifat — Adjective	play a crucial role · crucial to success · it is crucial that	Access to clean water is crucial to public health. Toza suvdan foydalanish jamoat salomatligi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega.	essential
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh play a crucial role in + -ing — Task 2 uchun tayyor birikma: Schools play a crucial role in* shaping attitudes.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar play a crucial role · crucial to success · it is crucial that Namunalar Access to clean water is crucial to public health. Toza suvdan foydalanish jamoat salomatligi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym essential — ma’nosi bir xil — takrorlanmaslik uchun almashtiring To‘liq sahifasi
beneficial ★★☆	4	foydali — naf keltiradigan Sifat — Adjective	beneficial to health · mutually beneficial · the benefits of	Bilingual education has proved beneficial to cognitive development. Ikki tilli ta’lim kognitiv rivojlanish uchun foydali ekani isbotlandi.	detrimental
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi to yoki for: beneficial to the economy. Good for ning akademik varianti. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar beneficial to health · mutually beneficial · the benefits of Namunalar Bilingual education has proved beneficial to cognitive development. Ikki tilli ta’lim kognitiv rivojlanish uchun foydali ekani isbotlandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym detrimental — beneficial = foydali; detrimental = zararli To‘liq sahifasi
tackle ★★☆	4	kurashmoq, hal qilishga urinmoq Fe’l — Verb	tackle climate change · tackle crime · tackle the issue	Cities are using congestion charges to tackle traffic and pollution. Shaharlar tirbandlik va ifloslanishga qarshi kurashish uchun yig‘imlardan foydalanmoqda.	address
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sport ma’nosidan kelib chiqqan, lekin siyosat tilida butunlay tabiiy: measures to tackle* air pollution. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar tackle climate change · tackle crime · tackle the issue Namunalar Cities are using congestion charges to tackle traffic and pollution. Shaharlar tirbandlik va ifloslanishga qarshi kurashish uchun yig‘imlardan foydalanmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym address* — address = rasmiyroq; tackle = jonliroq To‘liq sahifasi

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

7 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
illustrate il- + lustrare (yoritmoq) ★★★	4	ko‘rsatmoq, misol bilan yoritmoq Fe’l — Verb	the graph illustrates · to illustrate this point · as illustrated by	The diagram illustrates the process by which glass is recycled. Diagramma shishaning qayta ishlanish jarayonini ko‘rsatadi.	describe
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 kirish jumlasi uchun eng qulay fe’l — savoldagi shows so‘zini takrorlamaslik uchun: The bar chart illustrates* …* Muqobillar: depicts, compares, gives information about. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the graph illustrates · to illustrate this point · as illustrated by Namunalar The diagram illustrates the process by which glass is recycled. Diagramma shishaning qayta ishlanish jarayonini ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym describe — illustrate = ko‘rsatib beradi; describe = so‘z bilan tavsiflaydi To‘liq sahifasi
consumption con- + sumpt + -ion ★★★	4	iste’mol — sarflash miqdori Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) energy consumption · consumption per capita · household consumption	Energy consumption per capita fell steadily throughout the period. Aholi jon boshiga energiya iste’moli davr davomida barqaror kamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 ning eng ko‘p uchraydigan otlaridan biri. Fe’li — consume, iste’molchi — consumer. per capita («jon boshiga») bilan juftlanadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar energy consumption · consumption per capita · household consumption So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Energy consumption per capita fell steadily throughout the period. Aholi jon boshiga energiya iste’moli davr davomida barqaror kamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word expenditure — consumption = sarflangan miqdor; expenditure = sarflangan pul To‘liq sahifasi
level off ★★★	4	barqarorlashmoq — o‘sib/tushib kelib, tekislanmoq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	level off at 40% · then levelled off · plateau	After rising sharply, the figure levelled off at just under 50%. Keskin ko‘tarilgandan so‘ng ko‘rsatkich 50% dan bir oz pastda barqarorlashdi.	remain stable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Chiziq o‘zgarishdan to‘xtab, tekis ketganda: Growth levelled off at* around 60%.* Sinonimlari: plateau (fe’l ham), stabilise, remain steady. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar level off at 40% · then levelled off · plateau Namunalar After rising sharply, the figure levelled off at just under 50%. Keskin ko‘tarilgandan so‘ng ko‘rsatkich 50% dan bir oz pastda barqarorlashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym remain stable — level off = o‘zgarishdan keyin tekislanish; remain stable = boshidan o‘zgarmaslik To‘liq sahifasi
peak ★★★	4	cho‘qqi — eng yuqori nuqta Ot — Noun	reach a peak of · peak at 80% · a peak in 2010	Visitor numbers peaked at 3 million in 2015 before falling back. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2015-yilda 3 millionga chiqib, so‘ng pasaydi.	trough
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ham ot, ham fe’l: reached a peak of* 80 million* = peaked at 80 million. Ikkinchisi ixchamroq — Task 1 da shuni ishlating. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reach a peak of · peak at 80% · a peak in 2010 Namunalar Visitor numbers peaked at 3 million in 2015 before falling back. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2015-yilda 3 millionga chiqib, so‘ng pasaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym trough — peak = eng yuqori nuqta; trough = eng past nuqta To‘liq sahifasi
considerable ★★★	4	sezilarli, anchagina — katta miqdordagi Sifat — Adjective	a considerable increase · considerably higher · considerable variation	There was considerable variation between the four countries. To‘rt mamlakat orasida sezilarli tafovut bor edi.	substantial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 va Task 2 da very big ni almashtiradi. Ravishi considerably qiyosiy shakl bilan juda yaxshi ishlaydi: considerably higher than. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a considerable increase · considerably higher · considerable variation Namunalar There was considerable variation between the four countries. To‘rt mamlakat orasida sezilarli tafovut bor edi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym substantial — ikkalasi bir xil ma’noda — matnda navbat bilan ishlating To‘liq sahifasi
proportion ★★★	4	ulush, nisbat — butunning qismi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) a large proportion of · the proportion of X rose · in proportion to	The proportion of households with internet access rose from 20% to 85%. Internetga ega xonadonlar ulushi 20% dan 85% gacha oshdi.	percentage
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng akademik yo‘li: a significant proportion of* households. ⚠️ Fe’l proportion* ga emas, ma’noga qarab moslashadi — imtihonda birlik xavfsizroq. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a large proportion of · the proportion of X rose · in proportion to So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The proportion of households with internet access rose from 20% to 85%. Internetga ega xonadonlar ulushi 20% dan 85% gacha oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym percentage — percentage = aniq foiz raqami; proportion = umumiy ulush To‘liq sahifasi
dramatically ★★★	4	keskin, sezilarli darajada Ravish — Adverb	fell dramatically · a dramatic rise · change dramatically	Attitudes towards remote work have changed dramatically since 2020. Masofaviy ishga munosabat 2020-yildan beri keskin o‘zgardi.	steadily
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kuchli o‘zgarish ravishi — sharply, significantly, markedly bilan bir qatorda. Bir insho ichida bir xilini takrorlamang. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar fell dramatically · a dramatic rise · change dramatically Namunalar Attitudes towards remote work have changed dramatically since 2020. Masofaviy ishga munosabat 2020-yildan beri keskin o‘zgardi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym steadily — dramatically = keskin; steadily = bir tekis To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’lim — Education

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
compulsory com- + puls + -ory ★★★	4	majburiy — qonun bilan talab qilinadigan Sifat — Adjective	pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) compulsory education · compulsory military service · make it compulsory	In most countries, education is compulsory until the age of sixteen. Ko‘pchilik davlatlarda ta’lim o‘n olti yoshgacha majburiy.	voluntary mandatory
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusidagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan savol: Should sport be compulsory* at school?* Sinonimi mandatory, teskarisi optional / voluntary. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar compulsory education · compulsory military service · make it compulsory So‘z o‘zagi pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) — turtmoq — haydamoq, itarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar In most countries, education is compulsory until the age of sixteen. Ko‘pchilik davlatlarda ta’lim o‘n olti yoshgacha majburiy. Some argue that voting should be made compulsory. Ba’zilar ovoz berishni majburiy qilish kerak deb hisoblaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym voluntary — compulsory = majburiy; voluntary = ixtiyoriy Sinonim — Synonym mandatory — ma’nosi bir xil; mandatory rasmiy hujjatlarda ko‘proq To‘liq sahifasi
tuition fees ★★☆	4	o‘qish to‘lovi — universitet kontrakt puli Ibora — Phrase & collocation	rising tuition fees · abolish tuition fees · pay tuition fees	Rising tuition fees deter students from low-income families. O‘qish to‘lovining oshishi kam daromadli oilalardan chiqqan talabalarni chekintiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Oliy ta’lim bepul bo‘lishi kerakmi?» — eng tez-tez uchraydigan Task 2 savollaridan biri; javob shu ibora atrofida quriladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rising tuition fees · abolish tuition fees · pay tuition fees Namunalar Rising tuition fees deter students from low-income families. O‘qish to‘lovining oshishi kam daromadli oilalardan chiqqan talabalarni chekintiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word affordable — to‘lov masalasi doim «arzonlik» bahsiga ulanadi To‘liq sahifasi

Ish va kasb — Work & careers

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
prospect pro- + spect ★★☆	4	istiqbol — kelajakdagi imkoniyat, «oldinga qarash» Ot — Noun	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) career prospects · the prospect of · prospects for growth	A degree no longer guarantees good career prospects. Diplom endi yaxshi martaba istiqbolini kafolatlamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ko‘plikda (prospects) = kelajakdagi imkoniyatlar, ayniqsa ish sohasida: job prospects. Sifati prospective (bo‘lg‘usi): prospective students. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar career prospects · the prospect of · prospects for growth So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar A degree no longer guarantees good career prospects. Diplom endi yaxshi martaba istiqbolini kafolatlamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word perspective — bir ildiz, boshqa ma’no — chalkashtirmang To‘liq sahifasi
inspect in- + spect ★★☆	4	sinchiklab tekshirmoq, ko‘zdan kechirmoq Fe’l — Verb	spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) inspect a site · a routine inspection · a health inspector	Officials inspect food factories at least twice a year. Rasmiylar oziq-ovqat zavodlarini yiliga kamida ikki marta tekshiradi.	examine
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Rasmiy, qoidaga muvofiqlikni tekshirish. Oti — inspection, kasbi — inspector. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar inspect a site · a routine inspection · a health inspector So‘z o‘zagi spect(specere (lat.) — qaramoq) — qaramoq — ko‘rmoq, kuzatmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Officials inspect food factories at least twice a year. Rasmiylar oziq-ovqat zavodlarini yiliga kamida ikki marta tekshiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym examine — examine = umumiy o‘rganish/tekshirish; inspect = rasmiy nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
transfer trans- + fer ★★☆	4	ko‘chirmoq, o‘tkazmoq — bir joydan boshqasiga Fe’l — Verb	fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) transfer money · transfer skills · a transfer of power	Communication is a transferable skill valued in every profession. Muloqot — har bir kasbda qadrlanadigan, ko‘chib o‘tuvchi ko‘nikma.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh transferable skills — ish mavzusidagi juda foydali birikma: «bir sohadan boshqasiga o‘tadigan ko‘nikmalar». Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar transfer money · transfer skills · a transfer of power So‘z o‘zagi fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) — olib kelmoq — ko‘chirmoq, keltirmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Communication is a transferable skill valued in every profession. Muloqot — har bir kasbda qadrlanadigan, ko‘chib o‘tuvchi ko‘nikma. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word infer — bir ildiz: transfer = ko‘chirmoq; infer = xulosa chiqarmoq To‘liq sahifasi
productive ★★☆	4	samarali, unumli — ko‘p natija beradigan Sifat — Adjective	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) a productive workforce · more productive · counterproductive	Shorter working weeks have made some teams noticeably more productive. Qisqaroq ish haftasi ba’zi jamoalarni sezilarli darajada unumliroq qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ counterproductive — «foyda o‘rniga zarar keltiradigan» — Task 2 da chorani tanqid qilishda juda foydali: Longer hours are often counterproductive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a productive workforce · more productive · counterproductive So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Shorter working weeks have made some teams noticeably more productive. Qisqaroq ish haftasi ba’zi jamoalarni sezilarli darajada unumliroq qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word productivity — sifat va ot — bir ildizdan To‘liq sahifasi

Jamiyat — Society

6 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
diverse di- + vers ★★★	4	xilma-xil, rang-barang Sifat — Adjective	vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) a diverse population · cultural diversity · biodiversity	Large cities tend to have far more diverse populations. Yirik shaharlarda aholi tarkibi ancha xilma-xil bo‘ladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — diversity, bu esa jamiyat va ekologiya mavzularining kalit so‘zi: cultural diversity, biodiversity. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a diverse population · cultural diversity · biodiversity So‘z o‘zagi vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) — burmoq — aylantirmoq, o‘girmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Large cities tend to have far more diverse populations. Yirik shaharlarda aholi tarkibi ancha xilma-xil bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word convert — bir ildiz — «burmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
suburban sub- + urban ★☆☆	4	shahar atrofi — chekkadagi turar joy hududiga oid Sifat — Adjective	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) suburban areas · move to the suburbs · suburban sprawl	Many families move to suburban areas in search of cheaper housing. Ko‘p oilalar arzonroq uy-joy izlab shahar atrofiga ko‘chadi.	rural
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Uch qatlamni ajratishni biling: urban (shahar) — suburban (shahar atrofi) — rural (qishloq). Task 1 xaritalari va Task 2 shaharlashuv mavzusida kerak. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar suburban areas · move to the suburbs · suburban sprawl So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Many families move to suburban areas in search of cheaper housing. Ko‘p oilalar arzonroq uy-joy izlab shahar atrofiga ko‘chadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym rural — suburban = shahar chekkasi; rural = qishloq joy To‘liq sahifasi
overcrowded over- + crowd + -ed ★★☆	4	haddan tashqari gavjum — sig‘imidan ortiq to‘lgan Sifat — Adjective	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overcrowded cities · overcrowded classrooms · overcrowding	Overcrowded public transport discourages people from leaving their cars. Haddan tashqari gavjum jamoat transporti odamlarni mashinasidan voz kechishdan qaytaradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaharlashuv va ta’lim mavzularida: overcrowded classrooms — sinf o‘lchami haqidagi savolga tayyor dalil. Oti — overcrowding. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overcrowded cities · overcrowded classrooms · overcrowding So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Overcrowded public transport discourages people from leaving their cars. Haddan tashqari gavjum jamoat transporti odamlarni mashinasidan voz kechishdan qaytaradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word congestion — congestion = yo‘l tirbandligi; overcrowding = joyning to‘lib ketishi To‘liq sahifasi
inequality in- + equal + -ity ★★★	4	tengsizlik — imkoniyat yoki daromaddagi tafovut Ot — Noun	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) income inequality · widen inequality · social inequality	Unequal access to the internet has widened educational inequality. Internetdan teng bo‘lmagan foydalanish ta’limdagi tengsizlikni kengaytirdi.	equality
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jamiyat mavzusining markaziy so‘zi: the gap between rich and poor ni bitta so‘z bilan aytadi. Sifati — unequal. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar income inequality · widen inequality · social inequality So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Unequal access to the internet has widened educational inequality. Internetdan teng bo‘lmagan foydalanish ta’limdagi tengsizlikni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym equality — in- qo‘shimchasi ma’noni teskari qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
living standards ★★☆	4	turmush darajasi Ibora — Phrase & collocation	raise living standards · a decline in living standards · the cost of living	Economic growth has raised living standards but widened inequality. Iqtisodiy o‘sish turmush darajasini ko‘tardi, lekin tengsizlikni kengaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yonidagi ibora — the cost of living (yashash qiymati): the rising cost of living. Ikkalasi iqtisod inshosida juftlashib keladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar raise living standards · a decline in living standards · the cost of living Namunalar Economic growth has raised living standards but widened inequality. Iqtisodiy o‘sish turmush darajasini ko‘tardi, lekin tengsizlikni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — turmush darajasi haqidagi bahs doim tengsizlikka ulanadi To‘liq sahifasi
the gap between rich and poor ★★☆	4	boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovut Ibora — Phrase & collocation	widen the gap between rich and poor · narrow the gap	Unregulated growth tends to widen the gap between rich and poor. Tartibga solinmagan o‘sish boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirishga moyil.	inequality
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tayyor ibora — lekin bir inshoda bir marta ishlating va keyin income inequality ga o‘ting: bir xil fikrni ikki xil aytish Lexical Resource uchun aynan shu. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar widen the gap between rich and poor · narrow the gap Namunalar Unregulated growth tends to widen the gap between rich and poor. Tartibga solinmagan o‘sish boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirishga moyil. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym inequality — bir ma’no, ikki uslub: ibora — jonli, inequality — akademik To‘liq sahifasi

Iqtisod — Economy

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
productivity pro- + duct + -ivity ★★★	4	unumdorlik — mehnat samaradorligi Ot — Noun	duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) boost productivity · a rise in productivity · labour productivity	Remote work has been shown to increase productivity in some sectors. Masofaviy ish ba’zi sohalarda unumdorlikni oshirishi ko‘rsatilgan.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da ish va iqtisod mavzusining kalit so‘zi: flexible working hours can boost productivity. Sifati — productive. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar boost productivity · a rise in productivity · labour productivity So‘z o‘zagi duc/duct(ducere (lat.) — yetaklamoq) — yetaklamoq — olib bormoq, boshqarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Remote work has been shown to increase productivity in some sectors. Masofaviy ish ba’zi sohalarda unumdorlikni oshirishi ko‘rsatilgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word conduct — bir ildiz — «yetaklamoq» ma’nosidan To‘liq sahifasi
generate gen + -ate ★★★	4	hosil qilmoq, keltirib chiqarmoq (daromad, energiya, ish o‘rni) Fe’l — Verb	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) generate income · generate electricity · generate employment	Wind farms now generate a fifth of the country’s electricity. Shamol elektr stansiyalari hozir mamlakat elektr energiyasining beshdan birini ishlab chiqaradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 yechim qismida create ning akademik o‘rinbosari: Tourism generates* substantial revenue for local communities.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar generate income · generate electricity · generate employment So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Wind farms now generate a fifth of the country’s electricity. Shamol elektr stansiyalari hozir mamlakat elektr energiyasining beshdan birini ishlab chiqaradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word generation — bir ildiz — «tug‘ilish» dan To‘liq sahifasi
affordable afford + -able ★★☆	4	arzon, ko‘tara oladigan — narxi qo‘ldan keladigan Sifat — Adjective	-able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) affordable housing · affordable healthcare · make it affordable	A shortage of affordable housing has forced young people to live with parents. Arzon uy-joy tanqisligi yoshlarni ota-onasi bilan yashashga majbur qildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh affordable housing — shahar va tengsizlik mavzularida tayyor birikma. Fe’li: cannot afford* to* (moliyaviy imkoni yo‘q). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar affordable housing · affordable healthcare · make it affordable So‘z o‘zagi -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar A shortage of affordable housing has forced young people to live with parents. Arzon uy-joy tanqisligi yoshlarni ota-onasi bilan yashashga majbur qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word accessible — affordable = narxi ko‘tarsa bo‘ladigan; accessible = yetib borish/foydalanish mumkin bo‘lgan To‘liq sahifasi

Ekologiya — Environment

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
sustainable sus- (ostidan) + tain (ushlamoq) ★★★	4	barqaror — uzoq muddat davom etadigan, tabiatga zarar bermaydigan Sifat — Adjective	sustainable development · sustainable energy · environmentally sustainable	Cities must find sustainable ways of managing waste. Shaharlar chiqindini boshqarishning barqaror yo‘llarini topishi kerak.	unsustainable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya mavzusining eng markaziy so‘zi. Oti — sustainability, teskarisi — unsustainable. Ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor: «iqtisodiy jihatdan davom ettirib bo‘ladigan». Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sustainable development · sustainable energy · environmentally sustainable Namunalar Cities must find sustainable ways of managing waste. Shaharlar chiqindini boshqarishning barqaror yo‘llarini topishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym unsustainable — un- old qo‘shimchasi ma’noni teskari qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
emission e- + miss + -ion ★★★	4	chiqindi gaz, emissiya — «tashqariga yuborish» Ot — Noun	mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) carbon emissions · cut emissions · greenhouse gas emissions	The country pledged to halve its carbon emissions by 2035. Mamlakat 2035-yilga qadar uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishga va’da berdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Deyarli doim ko‘plikda: emissions. Ekologiya inshosining birinchi darajali so‘zi — reduce/cut/curb emissions. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar carbon emissions · cut emissions · greenhouse gas emissions So‘z o‘zagi mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) — yubormoq — jo‘natmoq, qo‘yib yubormoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The country pledged to halve its carbon emissions by 2035. Mamlakat 2035-yilga qadar uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishga va’da berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word transmit — bir ildiz: emit = tashqariga yubormoq; transmit = uzatmoq To‘liq sahifasi
greenhouse gases ★★☆	4	issiqxona gazlari — iqlim isishiga sabab bo‘luvchi gazlar Ibora — Phrase & collocation	greenhouse gas emissions · trap heat · reduce greenhouse gases	Agriculture accounts for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. Qishloq xo‘jaligi issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarining sezilarli qismini tashkil qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sabab zanjirini bir gapda berish uchun: Greenhouse gases trap heat, thereby raising global temperatures. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar greenhouse gas emissions · trap heat · reduce greenhouse gases Namunalar Agriculture accounts for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. Qishloq xo‘jaligi issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarining sezilarli qismini tashkil qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — emission = chiqarish; greenhouse gases = chiqarilayotgan narsa To‘liq sahifasi

Fan va texnologiya — Science & technology

5 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
convert con- + vert ★★☆	4	aylantirmoq — bir holatdan boshqasiga o‘tkazmoq Fe’l — Verb	vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq) convert waste into energy · convert land · the conversion of	Farmland is increasingly being converted into housing. Ekin maydonlari tobora ko‘proq uy-joyga aylantirilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya diagrammalarida ko‘p uchraydi: waste is converted into* biogas. Predlogi — into. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar convert waste into energy · convert land · the conversion of So‘z o‘zagi vert/vers(vertere (lat.) — burmoq)* — burmoq — aylantirmoq, o‘girmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Farmland is increasingly being converted into housing. Ekin maydonlari tobora ko‘proq uy-joyga aylantirilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — bir ildiz — «burmoq» dan: diverse = turli tomonga burilgan To‘liq sahifasi
monitor monere (lat.) — ogohlantirmoq ★★☆	4	kuzatib bormoq — muntazam nazorat qilmoq Fe’l — Verb	monitor progress · closely monitored · monitoring systems	Satellites monitor deforestation in real time. Sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar o‘rmon kesilishini real vaqtda kuzatib boradi.	supervise
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ekologiya va texnologiya mavzularida: monitor air quality, monitor employees — ikkinchisi maxfiylik bahsini ochadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar monitor progress · closely monitored · monitoring systems Namunalar Satellites monitor deforestation in real time. Sun’iy yo‘ldoshlar o‘rmon kesilishini real vaqtda kuzatib boradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym supervise — supervise = odamlarga mas’ullik; monitor = holatni kuzatish To‘liq sahifasi
transform trans- + form ★★☆	4	tubdan o‘zgartirmoq — shaklini butunlay almashtirmoq Fe’l — Verb	trans-(trans- (lat.) — orqali, narigi tomon) transform the way we work · a complete transformation · transform into	The internet has transformed higher education over the past decade. Internet so‘nggi o‘n yilda oliy ta’limni tubdan o‘zgartirdi.	alter
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh change so‘zining kuchli o‘rinbosari — Task 2 kirish qismida ideal: Technology has transformed* the way people communicate.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar transform the way we work · a complete transformation · transform into So‘z o‘zagi trans-(trans- (lat.) — orqali, narigi tomon) — orqali — bir tomondan ikkinchisiga shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The internet has transformed higher education over the past decade. Internet so‘nggi o‘n yilda oliy ta’limni tubdan o‘zgartirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym alter — alter = qisman o‘zgartirish; transform = tubdan o‘zgartirish To‘liq sahifasi
innovation ★★★	4	innovatsiya — yangilik joriy etish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) technological innovation · drive innovation · a culture of innovation	Public funding for research drives long-term technological innovation. Tadqiqotlarga davlat mablag‘i uzoq muddatli texnologik innovatsiyani harakatga keltiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — innovate, sifati — innovative. Iqtisod va ta’lim mavzularida: education systems that encourage innovation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar technological innovation · drive innovation · a culture of innovation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Public funding for research drives long-term technological innovation. Tadqiqotlarga davlat mablag‘i uzoq muddatli texnologik innovatsiyani harakatga keltiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word technology — technology = vosita; innovation = uni yangilash jarayoni To‘liq sahifasi
artificial intelligence ★★☆	4	sun’iy intellekt (AI) Ibora — Phrase & collocation	advances in artificial intelligence · AI-driven · rely on AI	Artificial intelligence is already used to diagnose certain illnesses. Sun’iy intellekt allaqachon ayrim kasalliklarni aniqlashda qo‘llanilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Birinchi marta to‘liq yozing, keyin AI deb qisqartiring — akademik yozuvda qisqartma shunday kiritiladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar advances in artificial intelligence · AI-driven · rely on AI Namunalar Artificial intelligence is already used to diagnose certain illnesses. Sun’iy intellekt allaqachon ayrim kasalliklarni aniqlashda qo‘llanilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word automation — AI avtomatlashtirishning hozirgi bosqichi To‘liq sahifasi

OAV va axborot — Media & information

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
privacy ★★☆	4	shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligi, maxfiylik Ot — Noun	invade privacy · privacy concerns · the right to privacy	Social media platforms have been criticised for invading users’ privacy. Ijtimoiy tarmoq platformalari foydalanuvchilar maxfiyligini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. Fe’l birikmasi — invade somebody’s privacy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar invade privacy · privacy concerns · the right to privacy Namunalar Social media platforms have been criticised for invading users’ privacy. Ijtimoiy tarmoq platformalari foydalanuvchilar maxfiyligini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word surveillance — maxfiylik kuzatuv kuchayganda yo‘qoladi To‘liq sahifasi

Vocabulary bank · Lug‘at bazasi

Akademik til — Academic language

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

Izoh

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Izoh

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Namunalar

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Ta’lim — Education

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar