Vocabulary bank

Akademik til — Academic language

12 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
imply im- + ply (buklamoq) ★★☆	5	ishora qilmoq, nazarda tutmoq — ochiq aytmasdan bildirmoq Fe’l — Verb	this implies that · the implications of · far-reaching implications	These findings imply that current policies are inadequate. Bu natijalar hozirgi siyosat yetarli emasligiga ishora qiladi.	infer
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — implication (oqibat, ma’no): the policy has serious implications for* low-income families* — bu Task 2 uchun juda kuchli birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar this implies that · the implications of · far-reaching implications Namunalar These findings imply that current policies are inadequate. Bu natijalar hozirgi siyosat yetarli emasligiga ishora qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym infer — imply = muallif ishora qiladi; infer = o‘quvchi xulosa chiqaradi To‘liq sahifasi
phenomenon phainomenon (yun.) — ko‘rinadigan narsa ★★☆	5	hodisa — kuzatiladigan voqelik Ot — Noun	a global phenomenon · a recent phenomenon · this phenomenon	Remote working is no longer a temporary phenomenon. Masofaviy ish endi vaqtinchalik hodisa emas.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Ko‘pligi noto‘g‘ri yasaladi: one phenomenon → two phenomena (❌ phenomenons). Ishora oti sifatida juda foydali: This phenomenon* is not confined to developing countries.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a global phenomenon · a recent phenomenon · this phenomenon Namunalar Remote working is no longer a temporary phenomenon. Masofaviy ish endi vaqtinchalik hodisa emas. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word trend — trend = uzoq davom etadigan yo‘nalish; phenomenon = hodisaning o‘zi To‘liq sahifasi
phonetic phon + -etic ★☆☆	5	fonetik — nutq tovushlariga oid Sifat — Adjective	phon(phone (yun.) — ovoz) the phonetic alphabet · phonetic transcription · phonetics	Learning the phonetic alphabet helps students place word stress correctly. Fonetik alifboni o‘rganish talabalarga so‘z urg‘usini to‘g‘ri qo‘yishga yordam beradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Speaking uchun amaliy foyda: lug‘atdagi phonetic transcription (/ˈdetəmɪn/ kabi yozuv) urg‘uni ko‘rsatadi, urg‘u esa Pronunciation bahosining bir qismi. Yangi so‘zni yozib olayotganda transkripsiyasini ham ko‘chiring. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the phonetic alphabet · phonetic transcription · phonetics So‘z o‘zagi phon(phone (yun.) — ovoz) — ovoz — tovush shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Learning the phonetic alphabet helps students place word stress correctly. Fonetik alifboni o‘rganish talabalarga so‘z urg‘usini to‘g‘ri qo‘yishga yordam beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word audience — bir soha: phon = ovoz chiqarish, aud = uni eshitish To‘liq sahifasi
criteria kriterion (yun.) — o‘lchov ★☆☆	5	mezonlar — baholash o‘lchovlari Ot — Noun	meet the criteria · selection criteria · a key criterion	Universities should not rely on examination results as the sole criterion. Universitetlar imtihon natijalarini yagona mezon sifatida olmasligi kerak.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ criteria — KO‘PLIK; birligi criterion. ❌ an important criteria → ✅ an important criterion. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar meet the criteria · selection criteria · a key criterion Namunalar Universities should not rely on examination results as the sole criterion. Universitetlar imtihon natijalarini yagona mezon sifatida olmasligi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word phenomenon — ikkalasi ham noto‘g‘ri ko‘plik yasaydi: criteria, phenomena To‘liq sahifasi
underestimate under- + estimate ★☆☆	5	past baholamoq — haqiqiy qiymatidan kam deb hisoblamoq Fe’l — Verb	under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) should not be underestimated · widely underestimated	The environmental cost of air travel is often underestimated. Havo transportining ekologik narxi ko‘pincha past baholanadi.	overestimate
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tayyor qolip: The importance of early education should not be underestimated. — xulosada juda yaxshi ishlaydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar should not be underestimated · widely underestimated So‘z o‘zagi under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) — kam — yetarli emas, ostida shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The environmental cost of air travel is often underestimated. Havo transportining ekologik narxi ko‘pincha past baholanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym overestimate — over- = ortiqcha baholash; under- = kam baholash To‘liq sahifasi
inevitable in- + evitare (qochmoq) + -able ★★☆	5	muqarrar — oldini olib bo‘lmaydigan Sifat — Adjective	un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) an inevitable consequence · it is inevitable that · inevitably	Some job losses are an inevitable consequence of automation. Ba’zi ish o‘rinlarining yo‘qolishi avtomatlashtirishning muqarrar oqibati.	unavoidable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ravishi inevitably — jumla boshida juda foydali: Inevitably, such measures will meet resistance. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an inevitable consequence · it is inevitable that · inevitably So‘z o‘zagi un-/in-(un- / in- — inkor) — inkor — «...siz, ...emas» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Some job losses are an inevitable consequence of automation. Ba’zi ish o‘rinlarining yo‘qolishi avtomatlashtirishning muqarrar oqibati. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym unavoidable — ma’nosi bir xil; inevitable akademikroq eshitiladi To‘liq sahifasi
justify just + -ify ★★☆	5	asoslamoq, oqlamoq — sababini ko‘rsatib to‘g‘riligini isbotlamoq Fe’l — Verb	-ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) difficult to justify · justify the cost · justification for	It is hard to justify subsidising an industry that pollutes so heavily. Shunchalik ko‘p ifloslantiruvchi tarmoqni subsidiyalashni oqlash qiyin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Bahsda kuchli tuzilma: Such spending is difficult to justify* when hospitals are underfunded.* Oti — justification. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar difficult to justify · justify the cost · justification for So‘z o‘zagi -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar It is hard to justify subsidising an industry that pollutes so heavily. Shunchalik ko‘p ifloslantiruvchi tarmoqni subsidiyalashni oqlash qiyin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word advocate — justify = sababini ko‘rsatish; advocate = yoqlab chiqish To‘liq sahifasi
evaluate ★★☆	5	baholamoq — qiymatini yoki samarasini o‘lchamoq Fe’l — Verb	evaluate the effectiveness of · a thorough evaluation	Governments rarely evaluate the long-term impact of these schemes. Hukumatlar bunday dasturlarning uzoq muddatli ta’sirini kamdan-kam baholaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da chorani baholashda: It is difficult to evaluate* the effectiveness of such policies.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar evaluate the effectiveness of · a thorough evaluation Namunalar Governments rarely evaluate the long-term impact of these schemes. Hukumatlar bunday dasturlarning uzoq muddatli ta’sirini kamdan-kam baholaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word analyse — analyse = tahlil; evaluate = baho To‘liq sahifasi
undoubtedly ★☆☆	5	shubhasiz — aniq, inkor qilib bo‘lmaydigan Ravish — Adverb	undoubtedly true · has undoubtedly improved	Vaccination has undoubtedly saved millions of lives. Emlash shubhasiz millionlab hayotni saqlab qoldi.	arguably
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Qarshi tomonning haqiqiy tomonini tan olish uchun juda mos: Technology has undoubtedly* improved access to information; however, …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar undoubtedly true · has undoubtedly improved Namunalar Vaccination has undoubtedly saved millions of lives. Emlash shubhasiz millionlab hayotni saqlab qoldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym arguably — undoubtedly = shubhasiz; arguably = bahsli To‘liq sahifasi
controversial ★★☆	5	bahsli, munozarali — qarama-qarshi fikr uyg‘otadigan Sifat — Adjective	a controversial issue · remains controversial · controversy	Compulsory military service remains a controversial issue in many countries. Majburiy harbiy xizmat ko‘p mamlakatlarda hamon bahsli masala bo‘lib qolmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kirish xatboshi uchun tayyor boshlanma: The question of whether X should be banned remains controversial. Oti — controversy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a controversial issue · remains controversial · controversy Namunalar Compulsory military service remains a controversial issue in many countries. Majburiy harbiy xizmat ko‘p mamlakatlarda hamon bahsli masala bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word contradict — bir ildizdan emas, lekin ikkalasi ham qarama-qarshilik haqida To‘liq sahifasi
address ★★★	5	hal qilishga kirishmoq — muammo bilan shug‘ullanmoq Fe’l — Verb	address the problem · address the root cause · needs to be addressed	Any lasting solution must address the underlying economic causes. Har qanday barqaror yechim asosdagi iqtisodiy sabablarni hal qilishi kerak.	tackle
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Manzil» emas! Task 2 da muammoga qaratilgan harakat: These policies fail to address* the root cause of the problem.* — qarshi dalilni tanqid qilishning eng qulay yo‘li. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar address the problem · address the root cause · needs to be addressed Namunalar Any lasting solution must address the underlying economic causes. Har qanday barqaror yechim asosdagi iqtisodiy sabablarni hal qilishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym tackle — tackle = biroz og‘zakiroq va faolroq; address = akademik To‘liq sahifasi
distinguish ★☆☆	5	farqlamoq — bir-biridan ajratmoq Fe’l — Verb	distinguish between X and Y · a clear distinction	It is important to distinguish between correlation and causation. Bog‘liqlik bilan sababiyatni farqlash muhim.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Qolipi: distinguish between A and B. Oti — distinction: It is important to draw a distinction between* …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar distinguish between X and Y · a clear distinction Namunalar It is important to distinguish between correlation and causation. Bog‘liqlik bilan sababiyatni farqlash muhim. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word compare — distinguish = farqni ko‘rsatish; compare = ikkalasini qiyoslash To‘liq sahifasi

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

12 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
project pro- + ject ★★☆	5	prognoz qilmoq — «oldinga tashlamoq» Fe’l — Verb	ject(iacere (lat.) — otmoq) projected to rise · projected figures · population projections	The urban population is projected to double by 2050. Shahar aholisi 2050-yilga borib ikki baravar ko‘payishi prognoz qilinmoqda.	forecast
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 uchun juda muhim: grafik kelajakni ko‘rsatsa, is projected to* reach…* deb yozing. Ot sifatida urg‘u boshqa: PROject = loyiha. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar projected to rise · projected figures · population projections So‘z o‘zagi ject(iacere (lat.) — otmoq) — otmoq — irg‘itmoq, tashlamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The urban population is projected to double by 2050. Shahar aholisi 2050-yilga borib ikki baravar ko‘payishi prognoz qilinmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym forecast — forecast = rasmiy bashorat (ob-havo, iqtisod); project = mavjud tendensiyani davom ettirib hisoblash To‘liq sahifasi
exceed ex- + ceed ★★☆	5	oshib ketmoq — belgilangan chegaradan yuqori bo‘lmoq Fe’l — Verb	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) exceed the limit · exceed expectations · exceed 50%	Pollution levels regularly exceed international safety limits. Ifloslanish darajasi muntazam ravishda xalqaro xavfsizlik chegarasidan oshib ketadi.	surpass
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da raqamni takrorlamasdan berish uchun: The figure exceeded* 60% for the first time in 2010.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar exceed the limit · exceed expectations · exceed 50% So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Pollution levels regularly exceed international safety limits. Ifloslanish darajasi muntazam ravishda xalqaro xavfsizlik chegarasidan oshib ketadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym surpass — surpass = boshqasidan ustun chiqmoq (poyga ohangi); exceed = belgilangan chegaradan oshmoq To‘liq sahifasi
substantial sub- + stant (turmoq) + -ial ★★★	5	salmoqli, sezilarli — katta miqdordagi Sifat — Adjective	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) a substantial increase · substantial evidence · substantially higher	There was a substantial increase in energy consumption after 2005. 2005-yildan keyin energiya iste’molida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi.	marginal considerable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 da big so‘zining eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: a substantial* rise, substantially* higher. ⚠️ substantial (katta) ≠ substantive (mazmunli). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a substantial increase · substantial evidence · substantially higher So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar There was a substantial increase in energy consumption after 2005. 2005-yildan keyin energiya iste’molida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym marginal — substantial = katta; marginal = arzimas Sinonim — Synonym considerable — ma’nosi deyarli bir xil — takrorlanmaslik uchun almashtiring To‘liq sahifasi
soar ★★☆	5	keskin ko‘tarilmoq — juda tez va baland o‘smoq Fe’l — Verb	prices soared · soaring demand · soar to a peak	House prices soared between 2003 and 2007 before collapsing. Uy narxlari 2003-2007 yillarda keskin ko‘tarildi, so‘ng qulab tushdi.	plummet surge
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Eng kuchli o‘sish fe’li — faqat haqiqatan keskin ko‘tarilish uchun ishlating. Kichik o‘sishga qo‘llasangiz, ma’lumotni noto‘g‘ri talqin qilgan bo‘lasiz va ball yo‘qotasiz. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar prices soared · soaring demand · soar to a peak Namunalar House prices soared between 2003 and 2007 before collapsing. Uy narxlari 2003-2007 yillarda keskin ko‘tarildi, so‘ng qulab tushdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym plummet — soar = keskin KO‘TARILISH; plummet = keskin PASAYISH Sinonim — Synonym surge — surge = to‘lqinsimon keskin o‘sish (ko‘pincha qisqa muddatli); soar = uzoq va baland ko‘tarilish To‘liq sahifasi
plummet ★★☆	5	keskin pasaymoq — tik tushmoq Fe’l — Verb	sales plummeted · plummet to a low of · a plummeting share	Newspaper circulation plummeted after the arrival of online news. Onlayn yangiliklar paydo bo‘lgach, gazeta tirajlari keskin tushib ketdi.	soar
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh plunge, collapse, slump bilan bir oila. Yumshoqroq varianti — decline, o‘rtacha — drop. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sales plummeted · plummet to a low of · a plummeting share Namunalar Newspaper circulation plummeted after the arrival of online news. Onlayn yangiliklar paydo bo‘lgach, gazeta tirajlari keskin tushib ketdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym soar — plummet = tik pasayish; soar = tik ko‘tarilish To‘liq sahifasi
surge ★☆☆	5	to‘satdan keskin o‘sish — «to‘lqin» Ot — Noun	a surge in demand · a sudden surge · surge to a record high	There was a surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Pandemiya davrida onlayn xaridda keskin o‘sish kuzatildi.	soar
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot va fe’l sifatida ishlaydi. a surge in* …* — predlogi in, xuddi an increase in kabi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a surge in demand · a sudden surge · surge to a record high Namunalar There was a surge in online shopping during the pandemic. Pandemiya davrida onlayn xaridda keskin o‘sish kuzatildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym soar — surge = qisqa va to‘satdan; soar = uzoq va baland To‘liq sahifasi
fluctuate ★★★	5	tebranmoq — goh ko‘tarilib, goh tushib turmoq Fe’l — Verb	fluctuate between X and Y · considerable fluctuation · fluctuate wildly	Oil prices fluctuated considerably throughout the decade. Neft narxlari o‘n yillik davomida sezilarli tebranib turdi.	remain stable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Notekis chiziq uchun yagona to‘g‘ri fe’l. Chiziq bir necha marta yuqoriga-pastga ketsa, uni «o‘sdi» yoki «tushdi» deb aytmang: The figure fluctuated between* 20 and 30 units.* Oti — fluctuation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar fluctuate between X and Y · considerable fluctuation · fluctuate wildly Namunalar Oil prices fluctuated considerably throughout the decade. Neft narxlari o‘n yillik davomida sezilarli tebranib turdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym remain stable — fluctuate = tebranadi; remain stable = o‘zgarmaydi To‘liq sahifasi
marginal ★★☆	5	arzimas, juda kichik — sezilmas darajadagi Sifat — Adjective	a marginal increase · marginally higher · only marginal change	The figure for Spain showed only a marginal increase over the period. Ispaniya ko‘rsatkichi davr davomida faqat arzimas o‘sishni ko‘rsatdi.	substantial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kichik o‘zgarishni aniq aytish uchun: a marginal* rise of just 2%. Ravishi — marginally: marginally higher than. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a marginal increase · marginally higher · only marginal change Namunalar The figure for Spain showed only a marginal increase over the period. Ispaniya ko‘rsatkichi davr davomida faqat arzimas o‘sishni ko‘rsatdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym substantial* — marginal = arzimas; substantial = salmoqli To‘liq sahifasi
account for ★★★	5	tashkil qilmoq — «... foizni tashkil etadi» Ibora — Phrase & collocation	account for 40% of · account for the majority of	Transport accounted for nearly a quarter of total emissions. Transport umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli chorak qismini tashkil qildi.	make up
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Pie chart uchun eng kerakli ibora. Coal accounted for* just over a third of total output.* Ikkinchi ma’nosi — «izohlab bermoq»: This accounts for* the sharp rise.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar account for 40% of · account for the majority of Namunalar Transport accounted for nearly a quarter of total emissions. Transport umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli chorak qismini tashkil qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym make up — make up = neytral/og‘zakiroq; account for = akademik To‘liq sahifasi
halve ★☆☆	5	yarmiga tushmoq / kamaytirmoq Fe’l — Verb	halve emissions · numbers halved · fall by half	The government aims to halve carbon emissions within a decade. Hukumat o‘n yil ichida uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishni maqsad qilgan.	double
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Talaffuzi «hav» — l o‘qilmaydi (Speaking uchun). Muqobil: fall by half, drop to half. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar halve emissions · numbers halved · fall by half Namunalar The government aims to halve carbon emissions within a decade. Hukumat o‘n yil ichida uglerod chiqindilarini ikki barobar qisqartirishni maqsad qilgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym double — halve = yarmiga; double = ikki baravarga To‘liq sahifasi
overtake ★★☆	5	ortda qoldirmoq — ilgarilab ketmoq Fe’l — Verb	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overtake in 2005 · was overtaken by · surpass	By 2012 China had overtaken the United States as the largest emitter. 2012-yilga kelib Xitoy eng yirik chiqindi manbai sifatida AQShni ortda qoldirdi.	exceed
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki chiziq kesishgan joyni tasvirlaydi — Task 1 da bu nuqtani albatta aytish kerak: Solar power overtook* coal in 2018.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overtake in 2005 · was overtaken by · surpass So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar By 2012 China had overtaken the United States as the largest emitter. 2012-yilga kelib Xitoy eng yirik chiqindi manbai sifatida AQShni ortda qoldirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym exceed — exceed = chegaradan oshmoq; overtake = boshqasini ortda qoldirmoq To‘liq sahifasi
expenditure ★★☆	5	xarajat — sarflangan mablag‘ Ot — Noun	household expenditure · public expenditure · expenditure on health	Household expenditure on food fell steadily as incomes rose. Daromadlar oshgani sari xonadonlarning oziq-ovqatga xarajati barqaror kamaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh spending ning rasmiy varianti; Task 1 diagrammalarida ko‘p uchraydi. Predlogi on: expenditure on education. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar household expenditure · public expenditure · expenditure on health Namunalar Household expenditure on food fell steadily as incomes rose. Daromadlar oshgani sari xonadonlarning oziq-ovqatga xarajati barqaror kamaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word consumption — expenditure = sarflangan pul; consumption = sarflangan miqdor To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’lim — Education

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
curriculum ★★☆	5	o‘quv dasturi — maktabda o‘qitiladigan fanlar majmui Ot — Noun	the school curriculum · add to the curriculum · a national curriculum	Financial literacy should be part of the school curriculum. Moliyaviy savodxonlik maktab o‘quv dasturining bir qismi bo‘lishi kerak.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Ko‘pligi curricula. Ta’lim inshosining kalit so‘zi: Practical subjects should be added to the curriculum. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the school curriculum · add to the curriculum · a national curriculum Namunalar Financial literacy should be part of the school curriculum. Moliyaviy savodxonlik maktab o‘quv dasturining bir qismi bo‘lishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word literacy — curriculum = nima o‘qitiladi; literacy = natijada nima bilinadi To‘liq sahifasi
literacy ★★☆	5	savodxonlik — o‘qish-yozish (yoki bir sohani bilish) darajasi Ot — Noun	adult literacy · literacy rates · digital literacy	Literacy rates have risen sharply in the region since 1990. Mintaqada savodxonlik darajasi 1990-yildan beri keskin oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kengaygan ma’nosi ham bor: digital literacy, financial literacy — «o‘sha sohani bilish». Teskarisi — illiteracy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar adult literacy · literacy rates · digital literacy Namunalar Literacy rates have risen sharply in the region since 1990. Mintaqada savodxonlik darajasi 1990-yildan beri keskin oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word curriculum — o‘quv dasturi savodxonlikning natijasini belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi
vocational ★★☆	5	kasb-hunarga oid — amaliy kasbga tayyorlaydigan Sifat — Adjective	vocational training · vocational courses · vocational qualifications	Vocational training often leads to employment more quickly than a degree. Kasb-hunar ta’limi ko‘pincha diplomdan ko‘ra tezroq ish topishga olib keladi.	academic
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusining eng ko‘p qaytariladigan qarama-qarshiligi: vocational (kasb-hunar) va academic (nazariy) ta’lim. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar vocational training · vocational courses · vocational qualifications Namunalar Vocational training often leads to employment more quickly than a degree. Kasb-hunar ta’limi ko‘pincha diplomdan ko‘ra tezroq ish topishga olib keladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym academic — vocational = amaliy kasb; academic = nazariy o‘qish To‘liq sahifasi

Ish va kasb — Work & careers

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
supervise super- + vis ★☆☆	5	nazorat qilmoq — ustidan qarab turmoq Fe’l — Verb	vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq) supervise students · under supervision · a supervisor	Young children should be supervised when using the internet. Yosh bolalar internetdan foydalanayotganda nazorat ostida bo‘lishi kerak.	monitor
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Bolalar va texnologiya mavzusida kerak: children should be supervised* online. Oti — supervision. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar supervise students · under supervision · a supervisor So‘z o‘zagi vid/vis(videre (lat.) — ko‘rmoq)* — ko‘rmoq — nazar solmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Young children should be supervised when using the internet. Yosh bolalar internetdan foydalanayotganda nazorat ostida bo‘lishi kerak. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym monitor — monitor = muntazam kuzatib borish; supervise = mas’ul bo‘lib qarash To‘liq sahifasi
workforce ★★☆	5	ishchi kuchi — ishlayotganlar jamlanmasi Ot — Noun	enter the workforce · a skilled workforce · an ageing workforce	More women have entered the workforce over the past three decades. So‘nggi uch o‘n yillikda ishchi kuchi safiga ko‘proq ayol qo‘shildi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh an ageing workforce — demografiya va nafaqa yoshi mavzularida tayyor birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar enter the workforce · a skilled workforce · an ageing workforce Namunalar More women have entered the workforce over the past three decades. So‘nggi uch o‘n yillikda ishchi kuchi safiga ko‘proq ayol qo‘shildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word unemployment — ikkalasi ham mehnat bozori haqida To‘liq sahifasi

Jamiyat — Society

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
demographic demos (xalq) + graph + -ic ★★☆	5	demografik — aholi tarkibiga oid Sifat — Adjective	graph(graphein (yun.) — yozmoq) demographic change · demographic shift · an ageing demographic	Japan faces the most severe demographic challenges in the developed world. Yaponiya rivojlangan dunyodagi eng og‘ir demografik muammolarga duch kelmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Xalqni yozish» — aholi statistikasi. demographic change Task 2 da qarish, migratsiya va shaharlashuv mavzularining umumiy nomi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar demographic change · demographic shift · an ageing demographic So‘z o‘zagi graph(graphein (yun.) — yozmoq) — yozmoq — chizmoq, tasvirlamoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Japan faces the most severe demographic challenges in the developed world. Yaponiya rivojlangan dunyodagi eng og‘ir demografik muammolarga duch kelmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word urbanisation — ikkalasi ham aholi o‘zgarishi haqida To‘liq sahifasi
urbanisation urban + -ise + -ation ★★★	5	urbanizatsiya — aholining shaharga ko‘chishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) rapid urbanisation · the pace of urbanisation · urban sprawl	Rapid urbanisation has placed enormous strain on public services. Jadal urbanizatsiya jamoat xizmatlariga ulkan yuk tushirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 ning eng ko‘p qaytariladigan mavzularidan biri. Yonidagi so‘zlar: urban sprawl (shaharning tartibsiz kengayishi), rural depopulation (qishloqning bo‘shashi). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar rapid urbanisation · the pace of urbanisation · urban sprawl So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -ise/-ify(-izein (yun.) / -ficare (lat.) — fe’l yasovchi) — fe’l yasovchi — «... ga aylantirmoq» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rapid urbanisation has placed enormous strain on public services. Jadal urbanizatsiya jamoat xizmatlariga ulkan yuk tushirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word demographic — urbanisation — demografik o‘zgarishning bir turi To‘liq sahifasi
discrimination ★★☆	5	kamsitish — noqonuniy farq qilish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) age discrimination · discrimination against · anti-discrimination laws	Age discrimination remains common in hiring decisions. Yosh bo‘yicha kamsitish ishga qabul qilishda hamon keng tarqalgan.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Predlogi against: discrimination against* older workers. Fe’li — discriminate against. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar age discrimination · discrimination against · anti-discrimination laws So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi)* — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Age discrimination remains common in hiring decisions. Yosh bo‘yicha kamsitish ishga qabul qilishda hamon keng tarqalgan. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — kamsitish tengsizlikning sabablaridan biri To‘liq sahifasi
congestion ★★★	5	tirbandlik — yo‘llardagi tiqilinch Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) traffic congestion · ease congestion · congestion charges	Congestion charges have significantly eased traffic in central London. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari Londonning markazidagi transport oqimini sezilarli yengillashtirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. congestion charge — shahar markaziga kirish uchun to‘lov; transport mavzusidagi eng ko‘p keltiriladigan yechim. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar traffic congestion · ease congestion · congestion charges So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Congestion charges have significantly eased traffic in central London. Tirbandlik yig‘imlari Londonning markazidagi transport oqimini sezilarli yengillashtirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overcrowded — congestion = yo‘lda; overcrowding = joyda To‘liq sahifasi

Iqtisod — Economy

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
recession re- + cess + -ion ★☆☆	5	tanazzul, iqtisodiy pasayish — «orqaga yurish» Ot — Noun	ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) a deep recession · during the recession · slide into recession	Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Tanazzul davrida ishsizlik keskin oshdi.	boom
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 grafiklaridagi keskin pasayishlarni izohlashda foydali: The drop after 2008 coincided with a global recession. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a deep recession · during the recession · slide into recession So‘z o‘zagi ced/cess(cedere (lat.) — yurmoq, chekinmoq) — yurmoq — bormoq, o‘tmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Tanazzul davrida ishsizlik keskin oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym boom — recession = pasayish; boom = jadal o‘sish To‘liq sahifasi
revenue ★★☆	5	daromad — tushum (davlat yoki kompaniya) Ot — Noun	tax revenue · generate revenue · revenue from tourism	Tourism generates substantial revenue for coastal regions. Turizm sohil mintaqalari uchun katta daromad keltiradi.	income
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaxsiy daromad emas — u income. Revenue = tashkilot yoki davlat tushumi: tax revenue. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar tax revenue · generate revenue · revenue from tourism Namunalar Tourism generates substantial revenue for coastal regions. Turizm sohil mintaqalari uchun katta daromad keltiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym income — income = shaxs/oila daromadi; revenue = tashkilot yoki davlat tushumi To‘liq sahifasi
incentive ★★☆	5	rag‘bat — nimadir qilishga undovchi foyda Ot — Noun	financial incentives · provide an incentive to · tax incentives	Governments could offer incentives for households to install solar panels. Hukumatlar xonadonlarni quyosh panellari o‘rnatishga rag‘batlantirishi mumkin.	deterrent
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Yechim taklif qilishning eng amaliy so‘zi: Tax incentives would encourage firms to invest in clean technology. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar financial incentives · provide an incentive to · tax incentives Namunalar Governments could offer incentives for households to install solar panels. Hukumatlar xonadonlarni quyosh panellari o‘rnatishga rag‘batlantirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym deterrent — incentive = qilishga undaydi; deterrent = qilishdan qaytaradi To‘liq sahifasi
subsidy ★★☆	5	subsidiya — davlat tomonidan beriladigan moliyaviy yordam Ot — Noun	sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) government subsidies · fuel subsidies · subsidise public transport	Fuel subsidies encourage consumption and slow the shift to renewables. Yoqilg‘i subsidiyalari iste’molni rag‘batlantiradi va qayta tiklanuvchi manbalarga o‘tishni sekinlashtiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — subsidise (BrE) / subsidize (AmE). Ko‘pligi subsidies. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar government subsidies · fuel subsidies · subsidise public transport So‘z o‘zagi sub-(sub- (lat.) — ost) — ost — ostida, quyi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Fuel subsidies encourage consumption and slow the shift to renewables. Yoqilg‘i subsidiyalari iste’molni rag‘batlantiradi va qayta tiklanuvchi manbalarga o‘tishni sekinlashtiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word incentive — subsidy = pul yordami; incentive = umumiy rag‘bat To‘liq sahifasi

Ekologiya — Environment

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
conservation ★★☆	5	muhofaza — tabiatni asrash Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) wildlife conservation · energy conservation · conservation efforts	Conservation projects have helped several species recover. Muhofaza loyihalari bir necha turning tiklanishiga yordam berdi.	depletion
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — conserve (asramoq), preserve ga yaqin. Ikki sohada: tabiat muhofazasi va energiya tejash. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar wildlife conservation · energy conservation · conservation efforts So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Conservation projects have helped several species recover. Muhofaza loyihalari bir necha turning tiklanishiga yordam berdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym depletion — conservation = asrash; depletion = tugatish To‘liq sahifasi
deforestation ★★☆	5	o‘rmonlarning kesilishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) large-scale deforestation · combat deforestation · deforestation rates	Deforestation in tropical regions accelerated sharply after 1990. Tropik mintaqalarda o‘rmon kesilishi 1990-yildan keyin keskin tezlashdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Teskari jarayon — reforestation (qayta o‘rmonzorlashtirish), u yechim qismida ishlaydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar large-scale deforestation · combat deforestation · deforestation rates So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Deforestation in tropical regions accelerated sharply after 1990. Tropik mintaqalarda o‘rmon kesilishi 1990-yildan keyin keskin tezlashdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word biodiversity — o‘rmon kesish → xilma-xillik yo‘qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
landfill ★☆☆	5	chiqindi poligoni — chiqindi ko‘miladigan joy Ot — Noun	sent to landfill · landfill sites · reduce landfill waste	Around half of household waste still ends up in landfill. Maishiy chiqindining qariyb yarmi hamon poligonga tushadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Chiqindi mavzusida uchta bosqich: reduce → reuse → recycle, va oxirgi chora — landfill. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar sent to landfill · landfill sites · reduce landfill waste Namunalar Around half of household waste still ends up in landfill. Maishiy chiqindining qariyb yarmi hamon poligonga tushadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word recycle — qayta ishlash poligonga tushadigan chiqindini kamaytiradi To‘liq sahifasi
carbon footprint ★★☆	5	uglerod izi — bir odam yoki tashkilot chiqaradigan uglerod miqdori Ibora — Phrase & collocation	reduce your carbon footprint · a large carbon footprint	Flying less is the quickest way to cut an individual’s carbon footprint. Kamroq uchish — shaxsning uglerod izini qisqartirishning eng tez yo‘li.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Shaxsiy mas’uliyat haqidagi bahsda tayyor ibora: individuals can reduce their carbon footprint* by …* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar reduce your carbon footprint · a large carbon footprint Namunalar Flying less is the quickest way to cut an individual’s carbon footprint. Kamroq uchish — shaxsning uglerod izini qisqartirishning eng tez yo‘li. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — carbon footprint = shaxsiy emissiya hisobi To‘liq sahifasi

Fan va texnologiya — Science & technology

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
transmit trans- + mit ★☆☆	5	uzatmoq — bir joydan boshqasiga yubormoq (signal, kasallik, bilim) Fe’l — Verb	mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) transmit data · transmit a disease · transmission of knowledge	Traditions are transmitted from one generation to the next. An’analar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tkaziladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Uch sohada ishlaydi: texnologiya (transmit data), tibbiyot (transmitted through contact) va madaniyat (transmit traditions to the next generation). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar transmit data · transmit a disease · transmission of knowledge So‘z o‘zagi mit/miss(mittere (lat.) — yubormoq) — yubormoq — jo‘natmoq, qo‘yib yubormoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Traditions are transmitted from one generation to the next. An’analar bir avloddan ikkinchisiga o‘tkaziladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word emission — bir ildiz — «yubormoq» To‘liq sahifasi
extract ex- + tract ★☆☆	5	qazib olmoq, ajratib olmoq — «tashqariga tortmoq» Fe’l — Verb	tract(trahere (lat.) — tortmoq) extract minerals · extract data · extraction of resources	Extracting minerals on this scale damages fragile ecosystems. Bunday miqyosda qazilma qazib olish nozik ekotizimlarga zarar yetkazadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Tabiiy resurslar mavzusida: extract fossil fuels. Reading’da esa matndan ma’lumot «ajratib olish» ma’nosida uchraydi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar extract minerals · extract data · extraction of resources So‘z o‘zagi tract(trahere (lat.) — tortmoq) — tortmoq — sudramoq, cho‘zmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Extracting minerals on this scale damages fragile ecosystems. Bunday miqyosda qazilma qazib olish nozik ekotizimlarga zarar yetkazadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word attract — bir ildiz — «tortmoq» To‘liq sahifasi
automation ★★★	5	avtomatlashtirish — mehnatni mashinaga o‘tkazish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) the rise of automation · automation of routine tasks · automated systems	Automation is expected to replace many routine administrative roles. Avtomatlashtirish ko‘plab bir xildagi ma’muriy ish o‘rinlarini almashtirishi kutilmoqda.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ish mavzusidagi eng dolzarb savol: Will automation* destroy jobs?* Yonidagi so‘zlar: artificial intelligence, redundant (ortiqcha, ishdan bo‘shatilgan). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the rise of automation · automation of routine tasks · automated systems So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Automation is expected to replace many routine administrative roles. Avtomatlashtirish ko‘plab bir xildagi ma’muriy ish o‘rinlarini almashtirishi kutilmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word workforce — avtomatlashtirish ishchi kuchi tarkibini o‘zgartiradi To‘liq sahifasi

Sog‘liq — Health

5 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
psychological psyche (ruh) + -logy + -ical ★★☆	5	psixologik — ruhiy holat bilan bog‘liq Sifat — Adjective	log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan) psychological effects · psychological wellbeing · mental health	Long working hours can have serious psychological effects. Uzoq ish soatlari jiddiy psixologik oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq va ta’lim mavzularida jismoniy va ruhiy tomonni ajratish uchun: the psychological* as well as physical benefits of exercise. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar psychological effects · psychological wellbeing · mental health So‘z o‘zagi log/logy(logos (yun.) — so‘z, fan)* — so‘z, fikr — fan, ta’limot shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Long working hours can have serious psychological effects. Uzoq ish soatlari jiddiy psixologik oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word wellbeing — wellbeing = umumiy farovonlik holati To‘liq sahifasi
wellbeing ★★☆	5	farovonlik — jismoniy va ruhiy yaxshi holat Ot — Noun	mental wellbeing · improve wellbeing · a sense of wellbeing	Access to green space has a measurable effect on mental wellbeing. Yashil hududlardan foydalanish ruhiy farovonlikka o‘lchanadigan ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq, ish va ta’lim mavzularining umumiy so‘zi: flexible hours improve employees’ wellbeing. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar mental wellbeing · improve wellbeing · a sense of wellbeing Namunalar Access to green space has a measurable effect on mental wellbeing. Yashil hududlardan foydalanish ruhiy farovonlikka o‘lchanadigan ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word welfare — wellbeing = shaxsiy holat; welfare = davlat yordami To‘liq sahifasi
obesity ★★★	5	semizlik — sog‘liqqa zarar darajadagi ortiqcha vazn Ot — Noun	childhood obesity · rising obesity rates · tackle obesity	Childhood obesity has tripled in many countries since the 1980s. 1980-yillardan beri ko‘p mamlakatlarda bolalar semizligi uch baravar oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. Sifati — obese. Sabablari sifatida: processed food, a sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar childhood obesity · rising obesity rates · tackle obesity Namunalar Childhood obesity has tripled in many countries since the 1980s. 1980-yillardan beri ko‘p mamlakatlarda bolalar semizligi uch baravar oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word sedentary — harakatsiz hayot semizlikning asosiy sabablaridan To‘liq sahifasi
life expectancy ★★☆	5	o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish davomiyligi Ibora — Phrase & collocation	life expectancy has risen · average life expectancy · rising life expectancy	Life expectancy has risen by more than a decade since 1970. 1970-yildan beri o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish davomiyligi o‘n yildan ko‘proqqa oshdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 1 diagrammalarida va qarish mavzusida ko‘p uchraydi: rising life expectancy* combined with falling birth rates* — demografik muammoning tayyor ta’rifi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar life expectancy has risen · average life expectancy · rising life expectancy Namunalar Life expectancy has risen by more than a decade since 1970. 1970-yildan beri o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish davomiyligi o‘n yildan ko‘proqqa oshdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word demographic — umr uzayishi demografik o‘zgarishning asosiy omili To‘liq sahifasi
chronic ★★☆	5	surunkali — uzoq davom etadigan (kasallik yoki muammo) Sifat — Adjective	chronic illness · chronic shortage · chronic stress	Chronic illnesses account for the majority of healthcare spending. Surunkali kasalliklar sog‘liqni saqlash xarajatlarining katta qismini tashkil qiladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Faqat tibbiyotda emas: a chronic shortage of housing = «surunkali uy-joy tanqisligi». Teskarisi — acute (o‘tkir, keskin). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar chronic illness · chronic shortage · chronic stress Namunalar Chronic illnesses account for the majority of healthcare spending. Surunkali kasalliklar sog‘liqni saqlash xarajatlarining katta qismini tashkil qiladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prevalent — surunkali kasalliklar qanchalik keng tarqalgani muhim To‘liq sahifasi

Hukumat va siyosat — Government & politics

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
implement ★★★	5	amalga oshirmoq, joriy etmoq (siyosat, chora) Fe’l — Verb	implement a policy · implementation of · fully implemented	The measures were implemented gradually over a five-year period. Choralar besh yillik davr mobaynida bosqichma-bosqich joriy etildi.	introduce
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 yechim qismining asosiy fe’li: Governments should implement* stricter emissions standards.* Oti — implementation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar implement a policy · implementation of · fully implemented Namunalar The measures were implemented gradually over a five-year period. Choralar besh yillik davr mobaynida bosqichma-bosqich joriy etildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym introduce — introduce = birinchi marta kiritish; implement = to‘liq amalga oshirish To‘liq sahifasi
regulation ★★☆	5	tartibga solish, qoida — davlat nazorati Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) stricter regulation · government regulation · regulate the industry	Stricter regulation of social media has been proposed in several countries. Bir necha mamlakatda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni qattiqroq tartibga solish taklif qilindi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — regulate. Bahsning ikki qutbi: regulation (nazorat) va deregulation (erkinlashtirish). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar stricter regulation · government regulation · regulate the industry So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Stricter regulation of social media has been proposed in several countries. Bir necha mamlakatda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni qattiqroq tartibga solish taklif qilindi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word legislation — regulation = qoida/nazorat; legislation = qonun To‘liq sahifasi
welfare ★★☆	5	ijtimoiy ta’minot; farovonlik Ot — Noun	the welfare state · welfare benefits · child welfare	An ageing population places growing pressure on the welfare system. Aholining qarishi ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimiga tobora ko‘proq bosim o‘tkazadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki ma’no: davlat yordami (welfare benefits) va umumiy farovonlik (animal welfare). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the welfare state · welfare benefits · child welfare Namunalar An ageing population places growing pressure on the welfare system. Aholining qarishi ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimiga tobora ko‘proq bosim o‘tkazadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word wellbeing — welfare = tizim/yordam; wellbeing = shaxsning holati To‘liq sahifasi
infrastructure ★★★	5	infratuzilma — yo‘l, transport, tarmoq va inshootlar Ot — Noun	invest in infrastructure · transport infrastructure · ageing infrastructure	Rapid population growth has outpaced investment in infrastructure. Aholining tez o‘sishi infratuzilmaga sarmoyadan o‘zib ketdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ infrastructures. Yechim jumlalarida deyarli har doim kerak: invest in public transport infrastructure. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar invest in infrastructure · transport infrastructure · ageing infrastructure Namunalar Rapid population growth has outpaced investment in infrastructure. Aholining tez o‘sishi infratuzilmaga sarmoyadan o‘zib ketdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word urbanisation — shaharlashuv infratuzilmaga bosim o‘tkazadi To‘liq sahifasi

Odamlar va munosabat — People & relationships

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
empathy em- + path + -y ★☆☆	5	hamdardlik, o‘zgani his qila olish Ot — Noun	path(pathos (yun.) — his, azob) develop empathy · a lack of empathy · empathetic	Studying literature helps young people develop empathy. Adabiyot o‘qish yoshlarda hamdardlik tuyg‘usini rivojlantiradi.	sympathy
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim mavzusida: adabiyot va san’at nima beradi degan savolga eng yaxshi javob — reading fiction develops empathy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar develop empathy · a lack of empathy · empathetic So‘z o‘zagi path(pathos (yun.) — his, azob) — his-tuyg‘u — kasallik, azob shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Studying literature helps young people develop empathy. Adabiyot o‘qish yoshlarda hamdardlik tuyg‘usini rivojlantiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym sympathy — sympathy = achinish, birovga rahm; empathy = uning o‘rnida his qila olish To‘liq sahifasi

Vocabulary bank · Lug‘at bazasi

Akademik til — Academic language

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar