Vocabulary bank

Akademik til — Academic language

14 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
infer in- + fer ★☆☆	6	xulosa chiqarmoq — bevosita aytilmagan narsani anglab olmoq Fe’l — Verb	fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) infer from the data · it can be inferred that · make an inference	It can be inferred from the data that demand will continue to fall. Ma’lumotlardan talab pasayishda davom etadi degan xulosa chiqarish mumkin.	imply
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Reading’ning kalit so‘zi. «True/False/Not Given» va «Yes/No/Not Given» savollari aynan shu ko‘nikmani tekshiradi: matnda yozilmagan, lekin mantiqan kelib chiqadigan narsa. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar infer from the data · it can be inferred that · make an inference So‘z o‘zagi fer(ferre (lat.) — olib kelmoq) — olib kelmoq — ko‘chirmoq, keltirmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar It can be inferred from the data that demand will continue to fall. Ma’lumotlardan talab pasayishda davom etadi degan xulosa chiqarish mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym imply — infer = O‘QUVCHI xulosa chiqaradi; imply = MUALLIF ishora qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
contradict contra- + dict ★☆☆	6	zid kelmoq, rad etmoq — «qarshi aytmoq» Fe’l — Verb	dict(dicere (lat.) — aytmoq) contradict the evidence · a contradiction · contradictory findings	The latest data contradict the assumption that rural incomes are falling. So‘nggi ma’lumotlar qishloq daromadlari kamayyapti degan taxminga zid keladi.	support
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Bahsli dalillarni taqqoslashda: These results contradict* earlier studies.* Oti — contradiction. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar contradict the evidence · a contradiction · contradictory findings So‘z o‘zagi dict(dicere (lat.) — aytmoq) — aytmoq — so‘zlamoq, buyurmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The latest data contradict the assumption that rural incomes are falling. So‘nggi ma’lumotlar qishloq daromadlari kamayyapti degan taxminga zid keladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym support — contradict = zid kelmoq; support = tasdiqlamoq To‘liq sahifasi
overlook over- + look ★☆☆	6	e’tibordan chetda qoldirmoq — sezmay o‘tib ketmoq Fe’l — Verb	over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) overlook the fact that · an often overlooked factor · easily overlooked	Such policies overlook the needs of families on low incomes. Bunday siyosat kam daromadli oilalarning ehtiyojlarini e’tibordan chetda qoldiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Qarshi fikrning kamchiligini ko‘rsatishning eng ixcham yo‘li: This argument overlooks* the cost to rural communities.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar overlook the fact that · an often overlooked factor · easily overlooked So‘z o‘zagi over-(over- (ing.) — ortiqcha) — ortiqcha — haddan tashqari, ustidan shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Such policies overlook the needs of families on low incomes. Bunday siyosat kam daromadli oilalarning ehtiyojlarini e’tibordan chetda qoldiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undermine — overlook = e’tibor bermaslik; undermine = asosini yemirish To‘liq sahifasi
undermine under- + mine (qazmoq) ★★☆	6	asosini yemirmoq, kuchsizlantirmoq Fe’l — Verb	under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) undermine confidence · undermine the argument · seriously undermined	Excessive testing can undermine students’ motivation to learn. Haddan ortiq imtihon o‘quvchilarning o‘rganish ishtiyoqini yemirishi mumkin.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Ostidan qazimoq» — sekin-asta zaiflashtirish. Bahsda juda kuchli: Cheap imports undermine* local producers.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar undermine confidence · undermine the argument · seriously undermined So‘z o‘zagi under-(under- (ing.) — yetarli emas) — kam — yetarli emas, ostida shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Excessive testing can undermine students’ motivation to learn. Haddan ortiq imtihon o‘quvchilarning o‘rganish ishtiyoqini yemirishi mumkin. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overlook — juftlik: over- va under- qo‘shimchalari To‘liq sahifasi
constitute ★☆☆	6	tashkil etmoq — «... hisoblanadi» Fe’l — Verb	constitute a threat · constitute the majority · this constitutes	Air pollution constitutes the single greatest health risk in many cities. Havo ifloslanishi ko‘p shaharlarda eng katta yagona sog‘liq xavfini tashkil etadi.	account for
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki ma’no: miqdor (Women constitute* 60% of graduates) va baho (This constitutes a serious threat). Ikkinchisi Task 2 uchun kuchli. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar constitute a threat · constitute the majority · this constitutes Namunalar Air pollution constitutes the single greatest health risk in many cities. Havo ifloslanishi ko‘p shaharlarda eng katta yagona sog‘liq xavfini tashkil etadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym account for* — account for = foizni aytadi; constitute = ta’rif beradi To‘liq sahifasi
attribute ★★☆	6	bog‘lamoq, sabab qilib ko‘rsatmoq — «... ga bog‘liq deb bilmoq» Fe’l — Verb	attribute X to Y · can be attributed to · widely attributed to	The improvement is largely attributed to investment in teacher training. Yaxshilanish asosan o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlashga sarmoya kiritilgani bilan bog‘lanadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sababni ehtiyotkorlik bilan aytadi: The decline can be attributed to* falling birth rates.* — «sabab shu» deb qat’iy da’vo qilmaydi, shuning uchun Band 7 uchun ideal. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar attribute X to Y · can be attributed to · widely attributed to Namunalar The improvement is largely attributed to investment in teacher training. Yaxshilanish asosan o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlashga sarmoya kiritilgani bilan bog‘lanadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word stem from — attribute to = biz bog‘laymiz; stem from = o‘zi kelib chiqadi To‘liq sahifasi
stem from ★☆☆	6	kelib chiqmoq — ildizi shunda bo‘lmoq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	stem from poverty · problems stemming from	Much of the resistance stems from a lack of reliable information. Qarshilikning katta qismi ishonchli ma’lumot yetishmasligidan kelib chiqadi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh result from ning obrazli varianti: Many social problems stem from* inadequate housing.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar stem from poverty · problems stemming from Namunalar Much of the resistance stems from a lack of reliable information. Qarshilikning katta qismi ishonchli ma’lumot yetishmasligidan kelib chiqadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word attribute — stem from = sabab tomondan; attribute to = xulosa tomondan To‘liq sahifasi
advocate ★★☆	6	yoqlab chiqmoq, targ‘ib qilmoq Fe’l — Verb	advocate reform · advocates of the policy · strongly advocate	Some economists advocate raising taxes on high-carbon industries. Ba’zi iqtisodchilar yuqori uglerodli tarmoqlarga solig‘ni oshirishni yoqlab chiqadi.	oppose
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ot sifatida ham: advocates of free education argue that… — bu Task 2 da qarashni kimga tegishli ekanini aytishning tabiiy yo‘li. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar advocate reform · advocates of the policy · strongly advocate Namunalar Some economists advocate raising taxes on high-carbon industries. Ba’zi iqtisodchilar yuqori uglerodli tarmoqlarga solig‘ni oshirishni yoqlab chiqadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym oppose — advocate = yoqlamoq; oppose = qarshi chiqmoq To‘liq sahifasi
arguably ★★☆	6	ehtimol, bahsli ravishda — «aytish mumkinki» Ravish — Adverb	arguably the most important · this is arguably	Automation is arguably the greatest challenge facing the labour market. Avtomatlashtirish, aytish mumkinki, mehnat bozori oldidagi eng katta muammo.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kuchli da’voni bahsga ochiq qoldiradi — hedging’ning eng ixcham shakli: Education is arguably* the most effective long-term solution.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar arguably the most important · this is arguably Namunalar Automation is arguably the greatest challenge facing the labour market. Avtomatlashtirish, aytish mumkinki, mehnat bozori oldidagi eng katta muammo. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undoubtedly — arguably = bahsli; undoubtedly = shubhasiz (teskari kuch) To‘liq sahifasi
detrimental ★★☆	6	zararli — salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadigan Sifat — Adjective	detrimental to health · a detrimental effect on	Long commutes have a detrimental effect on family life. Uzoq qatnov oila hayotiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.	beneficial
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh bad for ning akademik varianti — Task 2 da juda ko‘p kerak bo‘ladi: Excessive screen time can be detrimental to* children’s sleep.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar detrimental to health · a detrimental effect on Namunalar Long commutes have a detrimental effect on family life. Uzoq qatnov oila hayotiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym beneficial — detrimental = zararli; beneficial = foydali To‘liq sahifasi
viable ★☆☆	6	hayotga tatbiq etsa bo‘ladigan — amalda ishlaydigan Sifat — Adjective	-able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) a viable alternative · economically viable · viable solution	Wind power has become an economically viable option for many countries. Shamol energiyasi ko‘p mamlakatlar uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan maqbul variantga aylandi.	feasible
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh a viable alternative — yechim taklif qilishda eng foydali birikmalardan: Rail travel is a viable alternative* to short-haul flights.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a viable alternative · economically viable · viable solution So‘z o‘zagi -able(-abilis (lat.) — sifat yasovchi) — sifat yasovchi — «... qilsa bo‘ladigan» shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Wind power has become an economically viable option for many countries. Shamol energiyasi ko‘p mamlakatlar uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan maqbul variantga aylandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym feasible — feasible = amalga oshirsa bo‘ladigan; viable = uzoq muddat yashab keta oladigan To‘liq sahifasi
feasible ★☆☆	6	amalga oshirsa bo‘ladigan — imkoni bor Sifat — Adjective	technically feasible · a feasible solution · feasibility	Free public transport is feasible only in relatively wealthy cities. Bepul jamoat transporti faqat nisbatan boy shaharlarda amalga oshsa bo‘ladi.	viable
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Taklifning kuchsiz tomonini tan olishda: Such a scheme may not be feasible* in poorer regions.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar technically feasible · a feasible solution · feasibility Namunalar Free public transport is feasible only in relatively wealthy cities. Bepul jamoat transporti faqat nisbatan boy shaharlarda amalga oshsa bo‘ladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym viable — feasible = qilib bo‘ladi; viable = davom ettirib bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
alleviate ★☆☆	6	yengillashtirmoq — muammoni qisman kamaytirmoq Fe’l — Verb	alleviate poverty · alleviate pressure on · help alleviate	New housing would alleviate overcrowding in the city centre. Yangi uy-joylar shahar markazidagi tig‘izlikni yengillashtirardi.	tackle
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh «Hal qilmaydi, lekin yengillashtiradi» — ehtiyotkor va aniq: Subsidies can alleviate* the pressure on low-income families.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar alleviate poverty · alleviate pressure on · help alleviate Namunalar New housing would alleviate overcrowding in the city centre. Yangi uy-joylar shahar markazidagi tig‘izlikni yengillashtirardi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym tackle — tackle = muammoga hujum; alleviate = og‘riqni kamaytirish To‘liq sahifasi
notion ★☆☆	6	qarash, taxmin — asoslanmagan bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan fikr Ot — Noun	the notion that · reject the notion · a popular notion	The notion that young people are less engaged politically is questionable. Yoshlar siyosatga kamroq qiziqadi degan qarash bahsli.	concept
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ichida yengil shubha bor — shuning uchun qarshi fikrni kiritishda juda mos: The notion that* money buys happiness is widely challenged.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the notion that · reject the notion · a popular notion Namunalar The notion that young people are less engaged politically is questionable. Yoshlar siyosatga kamroq qiziqadi degan qarash bahsli. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym concept — concept = shakllangan tushuncha; notion = shubhali qarash To‘liq sahifasi

Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

5 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
trough ★☆☆	6	eng past nuqta — chuqurlik Ot — Noun	hit a trough · a low of · reach its lowest point	Production reached a trough in 2009 and recovered slowly thereafter. Ishlab chiqarish 2009-yilda eng past nuqtaga tushdi va keyin sekin tiklandi.	peak
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kamroq ishlatiladi; xavfsizroq muqobil — a low of yoki its lowest point: The figure fell to a low of* 12%.* Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar hit a trough · a low of · reach its lowest point Namunalar Production reached a trough in 2009 and recovered slowly thereafter. Ishlab chiqarish 2009-yilda eng past nuqtaga tushdi va keyin sekin tiklandi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym peak — trough = eng past; peak = eng yuqori To‘liq sahifasi
respectively ★★☆	6	tegishlicha — sanalgan tartibda Ravish — Adverb	45% and 30% respectively · rose and fell respectively	Spending rose in Japan and fell in Korea, by 12% and 8% respectively. Xarajatlar Yaponiyada oshdi va Koreyada kamaydi — tegishlicha 12% va 8% ga.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ikki raqamni bitta gapda berish imkonini beradi — Task 1 uchun oltin: The figures for France and Italy were 45% and 30% respectively. ⚠️ Tartib mos kelishi shart, aks holda gap yolg‘on bo‘ladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar 45% and 30% respectively · rose and fell respectively Namunalar Spending rose in Japan and fell in Korea, by 12% and 8% respectively. Xarajatlar Yaponiyada oshdi va Koreyada kamaydi — tegishlicha 12% va 8% ga. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word proportion — ikkalasi ham raqamlarni ixcham bayon qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
threefold ★☆☆	6	uch karra — «uch baravar» Sifat — Adjective	a threefold increase · rise threefold · a twofold rise	The country recorded a threefold increase in solar capacity. Mamlakat quyosh quvvatining uch karra oshganini qayd etdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh three times as much ning ixcham shakli: a threefold* increase in demand. Oilasi: twofold, fourfold, tenfold. Fe’l bilan ham: rose threefold. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a threefold increase · rise threefold · a twofold rise Namunalar The country recorded a threefold increase in solar capacity. Mamlakat quyosh quvvatining uch karra oshganini qayd etdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word double* — double = ikki baravar (fe’l ham); threefold = uch karra (sifat) To‘liq sahifasi
per capita ★☆☆	6	jon boshiga — har bir odamga to‘g‘ri keladigan Ibora — Phrase & collocation	per capita income · consumption per capita · GDP per capita	Water consumption per capita was highest in the United States. Jon boshiga suv iste’moli AQSHda eng yuqori bo‘ldi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Lotincha ibora («har bosh uchun»). Diagramma sarlavhasida uchrasa, uni javobda takrorlash o‘rniga per person deb ham berish mumkin. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar per capita income · consumption per capita · GDP per capita Namunalar Water consumption per capita was highest in the United States. Jon boshiga suv iste’moli AQSHda eng yuqori bo‘ldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word consumption — diagrammalarda deyarli doim birga keladi To‘liq sahifasi
outnumber ★☆☆	6	soni jihatidan ko‘p bo‘lmoq — «... dan ko‘proq» Fe’l — Verb	outnumber men by two to one · far outnumbered	In 2010, mobile subscriptions outnumbered landlines for the first time. 2010-yilda mobil obunalar birinchi marta uyali bo‘lmagan liniyalardan ko‘p bo‘ldi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ixcham qiyoslash: Female students outnumbered* male students by three to one.* — bitta fe’lda butun jumla ma’nosi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar outnumber men by two to one · far outnumbered Namunalar In 2010, mobile subscriptions outnumbered landlines for the first time. 2010-yilda mobil obunalar birinchi marta uyali bo‘lmagan liniyalardan ko‘p bo‘ldi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word overtake — outnumber = miqdoran ko‘p; overtake = vaqt ichida ortda qoldirish To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’lim — Education

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
cognitive cogn + -itive ★★☆	6	kognitiv — bilish, fikrlash jarayonlariga oid Sifat — Adjective	cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) cognitive development · cognitive skills · cognitive decline	Reading regularly is linked to stronger cognitive skills in later life. Muntazam o‘qish keyingi hayotda kuchliroq kognitiv ko‘nikmalar bilan bog‘liq.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Ta’lim va sog‘liq mavzularida band-7 so‘zi: early bilingualism supports cognitive development, cognitive decline in old age. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar cognitive development · cognitive skills · cognitive decline So‘z o‘zagi cogn/sci(cognoscere / scire (lat.) — bilmoq) — bilmoq — anglamoq, tanimoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Reading regularly is linked to stronger cognitive skills in later life. Muntazam o‘qish keyingi hayotda kuchliroq kognitiv ko‘nikmalar bilan bog‘liq. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word recognise — bir ildiz — «bilmoq» dan To‘liq sahifasi

Jamiyat — Society

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
compel com- + pel ★☆☆	6	majburlamoq — chora qoldirmaslik Fe’l — Verb	pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq) compel somebody to do · feel compelled to · a compelling argument	Rising costs have compelled many families to reduce their spending. Narxlarning oshishi ko‘p oilalarni xarajatlarini qisqartirishga majbur qildi.	oblige
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sifati compelling = «ishonarli, e’tiborni tortadigan» — Task 2 uchun juda foydali: a compelling* argument for reform. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar compel somebody to do · feel compelled to · a compelling argument So‘z o‘zagi pel/puls(pellere (lat.) — turtmoq)* — turtmoq — haydamoq, itarmoq shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Rising costs have compelled many families to reduce their spending. Narxlarning oshishi ko‘p oilalarni xarajatlarini qisqartirishga majbur qildi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym oblige — oblige = qoida/majburiyat yuklaydi; compel = kuch bilan majbur qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
integration ★☆☆	6	integratsiya — jamiyatga qo‘shilib ketish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) social integration · integrate into society · successful integration	Language classes play a crucial role in the integration of migrants. Til kurslari migrantlarning integratsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Migratsiya mavzusining kalit so‘zi. Fe’li — integrate into. Teskarisi — segregation. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar social integration · integrate into society · successful integration So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Language classes play a crucial role in the integration of migrants. Til kurslari migrantlarning integratsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — integratsiya xilma-xil jamiyatda muhim masala To‘liq sahifasi
digital divide ★☆☆	6	raqamli tafovut — internetdan foydalana oladigan va olmaydiganlar orasidagi farq Ibora — Phrase & collocation	bridge the digital divide · widen the digital divide	Remote learning has widened the digital divide between rich and poor pupils. Masofaviy ta’lim boy va kambag‘al o‘quvchilar orasidagi raqamli tafovutni kengaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Onlayn ta’lim va texnologiya mavzularida eng kuchli qarshi dalil: online learning risks widening the digital divide. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar bridge the digital divide · widen the digital divide Namunalar Remote learning has widened the digital divide between rich and poor pupils. Masofaviy ta’lim boy va kambag‘al o‘quvchilar orasidagi raqamli tafovutni kengaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word inequality — raqamli tafovut — tengsizlikning yangi shakli To‘liq sahifasi

Ekologiya — Environment

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
depletion ★☆☆	6	tugash, kamayib ketish — zaxiraning yo‘qolib borishi Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) resource depletion · the depletion of fish stocks · deplete reserves	The depletion of natural resources threatens future economic growth. Tabiiy resurslarning tugab borishi kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o‘sishga tahdid soladi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Fe’li — deplete. Tabiiy resurslar mavzusida: the depletion of* groundwater. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar resource depletion · the depletion of fish stocks · deplete reserves So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi)* — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The depletion of natural resources threatens future economic growth. Tabiiy resurslarning tugab borishi kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o‘sishga tahdid soladi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word conservation — depletion = yo‘qotish; conservation = saqlash To‘liq sahifasi
biodiversity ★★☆	6	biologik xilma-xillik — turlarning rang-barangligi Ot — Noun	loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity · biodiversity hotspots	Deforestation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. O‘rmonlarning kesilishi dunyo bo‘ylab biologik xilma-xillik yo‘qolishining asosiy sababi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh bio- (hayot) + diversity (xilma-xillik). the loss of biodiversity — o‘rmon kesish va iqlim mavzularida eng kuchli oqibat. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity · biodiversity hotspots Namunalar Deforestation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. O‘rmonlarning kesilishi dunyo bo‘ylab biologik xilma-xillik yo‘qolishining asosiy sababi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word diverse — bir o‘zak: diversity — xilma-xillik To‘liq sahifasi

Sog‘liq — Health

3 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
prevalent ★☆☆	6	keng tarqalgan, hukmron — ayniqsa muammo yoki kasallik haqida Sifat — Adjective	particularly prevalent among · the prevalence of obesity	Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent among schoolchildren. Semizlik maktab o‘quvchilari orasida tobora keng tarqalmoqda.	widespread
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Oti — prevalence: the prevalence of* diabetes among young adults. Sog‘liq mavzusida band-7 birikma. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar particularly prevalent among · the prevalence of obesity Namunalar Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent among schoolchildren. Semizlik maktab o‘quvchilari orasida tobora keng tarqalmoqda. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Sinonim — Synonym widespread* — prevalent = ma’lum guruh ichida; widespread = umuman To‘liq sahifasi
sedentary ★★☆	6	harakatsiz — ko‘p o‘tirib o‘tkaziladigan (turmush tarzi) Sifat — Adjective	a sedentary lifestyle · sedentary work · increasingly sedentary	Increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising obesity. Tobora harakatsiz turmush tarzi semizlikning o‘sishiga hissa qo‘shdi.	active
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh a sedentary lifestyle — sog‘liq inshosining eng foydali birikmalaridan: Office work encourages a sedentary lifestyle. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar a sedentary lifestyle · sedentary work · increasingly sedentary Namunalar Increasingly sedentary lifestyles have contributed to rising obesity. Tobora harakatsiz turmush tarzi semizlikning o‘sishiga hissa qo‘shdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym active — sedentary = harakatsiz; active = faol To‘liq sahifasi
preventive ★☆☆	6	profilaktik — oldini oluvchi Sifat — Adjective	pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) preventive measures · preventive healthcare · preventive medicine	Investment in preventive healthcare reduces long-term costs. Profilaktik tibbiyotga sarmoya uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni kamaytiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Sog‘liq inshosining eng kuchli dalili: preventive healthcare is far cheaper than treatment. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar preventive measures · preventive healthcare · preventive medicine So‘z o‘zagi pre-(prae- (lat.) — oldin) — oldin — oldindan, oldingi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Investment in preventive healthcare reduces long-term costs. Profilaktik tibbiyotga sarmoya uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni kamaytiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word prevent — fe’l va sifat — bir ildizdan To‘liq sahifasi

Jinoyat va qonun — Crime & law

2 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
deterrent ★★☆	6	qaytaruvchi chora — jinoyatdan qo‘rqitib to‘xtatuvchi omil Ot — Noun	an effective deterrent · act as a deterrent · deter offenders	There is little evidence that long sentences act as an effective deterrent. Uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosi samarali qaytaruvchi omil bo‘lishiga dalil kam.	incentive
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jinoyat mavzusining markaziy tushunchasi: qattiq jazo act as a deterrent qiladimi yoki yo‘qmi — savol shu. Fe’li — deter (somebody from doing). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar an effective deterrent · act as a deterrent · deter offenders Namunalar There is little evidence that long sentences act as an effective deterrent. Uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosi samarali qaytaruvchi omil bo‘lishiga dalil kam. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym incentive — deterrent = qaytaradi; incentive = undaydi To‘liq sahifasi
rehabilitation ★☆☆	6	qayta tarbiyalash — jinoyatchini jamiyatga qaytarish Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) focus on rehabilitation · rehabilitation programmes · rehabilitate offenders	Prison systems that focus on rehabilitation report lower reoffending rates. Qayta tarbiyaga urg‘u beradigan qamoq tizimlarida qayta jinoyat qilish darajasi pastroq.	punishment
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Jinoyat inshosining ikkinchi tomoni: punishment (jazo) yoki rehabilitation (qayta tarbiya) — muvozanatli javob ikkalasini ham qamrab oladi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar focus on rehabilitation · rehabilitation programmes · rehabilitate offenders So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Prison systems that focus on rehabilitation report lower reoffending rates. Qayta tarbiyaga urg‘u beradigan qamoq tizimlarida qayta jinoyat qilish darajasi pastroq. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym punishment — rehabilitation = tuzatish; punishment = jazolash To‘liq sahifasi

Hukumat va siyosat — Government & politics

4 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna
intervention inter- + vent + -ion ★★☆	6	aralashuv — hukumat yoki tashkilotning chora ko‘rishi Ot — Noun	inter-(inter- (lat.) — orasida) -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) government intervention · early intervention · intervene in	Early intervention in childhood produces the greatest long-term benefits. Bolalikdagi erta aralashuv eng katta uzoq muddatli foyda beradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Task 2 da «davlat aralashuvi kerakmi?» tipidagi savollarda markaziy so‘z. Fe’li — intervene (in). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar government intervention · early intervention · intervene in So‘z o‘zagi inter-(inter- (lat.) — orasida) — orasida — o‘zaro shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Early intervention in childhood produces the greatest long-term benefits. Bolalikdagi erta aralashuv eng katta uzoq muddatli foyda beradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word regulation — intervention = aralashuv harakati; regulation = qoida orqali nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
legislation ★★☆	6	qonunchilik — qabul qilingan qonunlar majmui Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) introduce legislation · strict legislation · anti-smoking legislation	Anti-smoking legislation has significantly reduced consumption. Chekishga qarshi qonunchilik iste’molni sezilarli kamaytirdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan: ❌ legislations → ✅ a piece of legislation. Law ning rasmiy varianti. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar introduce legislation · strict legislation · anti-smoking legislation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Anti-smoking legislation has significantly reduced consumption. Chekishga qarshi qonunchilik iste’molni sezilarli kamaytirdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word regulation — legislation = qonunlar; regulation = qoidalar va nazorat To‘liq sahifasi
enforce ★★☆	6	ijrosini ta’minlamoq — qonunni amalda qo‘llamoq Fe’l — Verb	enforce the law · difficult to enforce · law enforcement	Such a ban would be extremely difficult to enforce in practice. Bunday taqiqni amalda qo‘llash nihoyatda qiyin bo‘lardi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Kuchli dalil: qonun bor, lekin difficult to enforce — Task 2 da har qanday taqiq taklifining zaif tomonini ko‘rsatadi. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar enforce the law · difficult to enforce · law enforcement Namunalar Such a ban would be extremely difficult to enforce in practice. Bunday taqiqni amalda qo‘llash nihoyatda qiyin bo‘lardi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word legislation — qonun qabul qilinadi, keyin ijro etiladi To‘liq sahifasi
surveillance ★★☆	6	kuzatuv, nazorat — kameralar va ma’lumot orqali Ot — Noun	state surveillance · surveillance cameras · under surveillance	The expansion of state surveillance has raised serious privacy concerns. Davlat kuzatuvining kengayishi shaxsiy hayot bo‘yicha jiddiy xavotir uyg‘otdi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Xavfsizlik va shaxsiy hayot muvozanati haqidagi bahsning markazi: surveillance improves safety but erodes privacy. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar state surveillance · surveillance cameras · under surveillance Namunalar The expansion of state surveillance has raised serious privacy concerns. Davlat kuzatuvining kengayishi shaxsiy hayot bo‘yicha jiddiy xavotir uyg‘otdi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word privacy — kuzatuv va maxfiylik — doim juftlashadigan qarama-qarshilik To‘liq sahifasi

Madaniyat va san’at — Culture & arts

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
indigenous indi- + gen + -ous ★☆☆	6	tub joyli, mahalliy — o‘sha yerda tug‘ilgan Sifat — Adjective	gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) indigenous people · indigenous languages · indigenous species	Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing within a generation. Ko‘p tub joyli tillar bir avlod ichida yo‘q bo‘lib ketish xavfi ostida.	foreign
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh Madaniyat va ekologiya mavzularida: indigenous languages are disappearing, indigenous species (mahalliy turlar). Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar indigenous people · indigenous languages · indigenous species So‘z o‘zagi gen(genus (lat.) — tug‘ilish, tur) — tug‘ilish — kelib chiqish, avlod, tur shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing within a generation. Ko‘p tub joyli tillar bir avlod ichida yo‘q bo‘lib ketish xavfi ostida. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Antonim — Antonym foreign — indigenous = tub joyli; foreign = chetdan kelgan To‘liq sahifasi

OAV va axborot — Media & information

1 ta

So‘z	Daraja	Ma’nosi	O‘zak · birikma	Namuna	Sinonim · antonim
misinformation ★★☆	6	noto‘g‘ri axborot — tarqalayotgan yolg‘on ma’lumot Ot — Noun	-ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) the spread of misinformation · combat misinformation · online misinformation	The rapid spread of misinformation online undermines public trust. Internetda noto‘g‘ri axborotning tez tarqalishi jamoatchilik ishonchini yemiradi.
Batafsil — namunalar, izoh, so‘z oilasi Izoh ⚠️ Sanalmaydigan. the spread of misinformation — ijtimoiy tarmoqlar mavzusidagi eng kuchli salbiy dalil. Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar the spread of misinformation · combat misinformation · online misinformation So‘z o‘zagi -ion(-tio (lat.) — ot yasovchi) — ot yasovchi — fe’lni otga aylantiradi shu o‘zakli so‘zlar → Namunalar The rapid spread of misinformation online undermines public trust. Internetda noto‘g‘ri axborotning tez tarqalishi jamoatchilik ishonchini yemiradi. Bog‘liq so‘zlar Bog‘liq so‘z — Related word undermine — noto‘g‘ri axborot ishonchni yemiradi To‘liq sahifasi

Vocabulary bank · Lug‘at bazasi

Akademik til — Academic language

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

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Namunalar

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

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Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

So‘z o‘zagi

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

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Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

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Izoh

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Grafik va raqamlar — Data & trends (Task 1)

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar

Izoh

Ko‘p uchraydigan birikmalar

Namunalar

Bog‘liq so‘zlar