Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Natija — Result & consequence

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
therefore / consequently ★★★	3	natija — «shuning uchun, natijada»	Therefore, + S + V	Fuel prices rose sharply. Consequently, demand for public transport increased. Yoqilg‘i narxi keskin oshdi. Natijada jamoat transportiga talab ortdi.	because / since / as result in / result from
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Therefore / Consequently / As a result / Thus / Hence — jumla boshida vergul bilan, yoki nuqta-vergul bilan: …; therefore, … Thus va hence rasmiyroq va ixchamroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-natija zanjirini ko‘rsatish Task 2 ning yuragi. Xilma-xillik uchun jumla ichidagi variantlarga ham o‘ting: which is why, as a consequence, this has led to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Therefore of this… → ✅ Therefore, … yoki ✅ Because of this, … Namunalar Fuel prices rose sharply. Consequently, demand for public transport increased. Yoqilg‘i narxi keskin oshdi. Natijada jamoat transportiga talab ortdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi because / since / as — because = SABABNI kiritadi; therefore = NATIJANI (teskari yo‘nalish) result in / result from — result in = gap ichida; therefore = jumlalar orasida To‘liq sahifasi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
however ★★★	3	qarama-qarshilik — «biroq, lekin» (yangi jumla boshida)	However, + S + V	Online courses are convenient. However, they cannot replace laboratory work. Onlayn kurslar qulay. Biroq ular laboratoriya ishining o‘rnini bosa olmaydi.	although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi However — ravish, gaplarni bog‘lamaydi, balki yangi jumlani boshlaydi va vergul oladi. Gap o‘rtasida ishlatilsa ikki tomondan vergul: The policy, however, was abandoned. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ning eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan bog‘lovchisi — aynan shuning uchun har xatboshida takrorlamang. Muqobillar: nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, that said, by contrast. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The plan was expensive however it worked. — however ikki gapni ulay olmaydi. ✅ … expensive; however, it worked. yoki ✅ … expensive, but* it worked.* Namunalar Online courses are convenient. However, they cannot replace laboratory work. Onlayn kurslar qulay. Biroq ular laboratoriya ishining o‘rnini bosa olmaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — although = bitta gap ICHIDA; however = yangi jumla boshida in contrast / on the other hand — on the other hand = ikkinchi TOMONNI kiritadi; however = oddiy qarshilik despite / in spite of — despite + ot; however + yangi gap To‘liq sahifasi
in contrast / on the other hand ★★★	4	qarama-qarshi tomon — «aksincha; boshqa tomondan»	In contrast, + S + V	Spending on healthcare doubled. By contrast, the education budget remained flat. Sog‘liqni saqlashga sarflangan mablag‘ ikki baravar oshdi. Aksincha, ta’lim byudjeti o‘zgarmadi.	however whereas / while compared with / in comparison with
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi In contrast, / By contrast, / On the other hand, — jumla boshida, vergul bilan. On the one hand … on the other hand … juft holda ishlatiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da ikki guruh raqamni ajratadi: Consumption rose in Europe. In contrast, Asian figures fell steadily. Task 2 (discussion) da ikkinchi qarashga o‘tish signali. ⚠️ On the other hand ni faqat ikki tomon haqida yozayotganda ishlating — bir tomonlama inshoda o‘rinsiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In the other hand → ✅ On the other hand. Namunalar Spending on healthcare doubled. By contrast, the education budget remained flat. Sog‘liqni saqlashga sarflangan mablag‘ ikki baravar oshdi. Aksincha, ta’lim byudjeti o‘zgarmadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi however — however = umumiy qarshilik; in contrast = ikki narsani qarshi qo‘yadi whereas / while — whereas = bitta gap ichida; in contrast = alohida jumla compared with / in comparison with — compared with + ot; in contrast = jumla boshida To‘liq sahifasi

Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
despite / in spite of ★★★	4	qaramaslik — «... ga qaramay»	Despite + noun / -ing, S + V	Despite substantial investment, the network remains unreliable. Katta sarmoyaga qaramay, tarmoq hamon ishonchsizligicha qolmoqda.	although / though / even though the fact that however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi despite / in spite of + ot yoki -ing — hech qachon to‘liq gap emas. Gap kerak bo‘lsa: despite the fact that + gap, yoki although + gap. ⚠️ ❌ despite of — of faqat in spite of da bor. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uchtasini bir-biriga aylantira olish Band 7 mashqi: Although costs rose, demand remained strong. Despite the rise in costs, demand remained strong. Costs rose; nevertheless, demand remained strong. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Despite the costs increased → ✅ Despite the increase in costs yoki ✅ Although the costs increased. Namunalar Despite substantial investment, the network remains unreliable. Katta sarmoyaga qaramay, tarmoq hamon ishonchsizligicha qolmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — despite + OT; although + GAP the fact that — despite the fact that = despite bilan gap ishlatishning yo‘li however — despite = bir gap ichida; however = ikki jumla orasida To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’kid — Emphasis

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
in particular / notably ★☆☆	5	ajratib ko‘rsatish — «xususan, ayniqsa»	…, in particular, … · notably + noun	Young people, in particular, rely on social media for news. Ayniqsa yoshlar yangiliklar uchun ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga tayanadi.	for instance / such as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in particular — otdan keyin yoki jumla boshida · notably / particularly — otdan oldin · especially — og‘zakiroq, lekin ishlaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da eng keskin raqamni ajratib ko‘rsatish uchun ideal: All four countries saw growth, notably* Vietnam, whose figure tripled.* Namunalar Young people, in particular, rely on social media for news. Ayniqsa yoshlar yangiliklar uchun ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga tayanadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi for instance / such as — such as = umumiy misol; notably = eng muhim misolni ajratadi To‘liq sahifasi

Misol keltirish — Exemplification

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
for instance / such as ★★★	3	misol keltirish — «masalan, ... kabi»	For instance, + gap · noun + such as + noun	Practical subjects such as cooking and budgeting are rarely taught at school. Ovqat pishirish va byudjet tuzish kabi amaliy fanlar maktabda kam o‘qitiladi.	in particular / notably
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi For example / For instance, + to‘liq gap (vergul bilan) · such as / like + ot, vergulsiz: renewable sources such as* wind and solar. e.g.* — qavs ichida, insho matnida emas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da har bir dalilni misol bilan mustahkamlash kerak — Task Response bahosi shuni talab qiladi. Misol o‘ylab topilgan bo‘lishi ham mumkin, lekin aniq bo‘lsin: countries such as* Norway and Denmark. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ such as the government invests* → ✅ such as Norway (ot) yoki ✅ For instance, the government invests… (gap). Namunalar Practical subjects such as cooking and budgeting are rarely taught at school. Ovqat pishirish va byudjet tuzish kabi amaliy fanlar maktabda kam o‘qitiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in particular / notably — notably = ayni bir misolni ajratib ko‘rsatadi To‘liq sahifasi

Umumlashtirish — Summarising

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
in conclusion / overall ★★★	3	yakun — «xulosa qilib aytganda; umuman olganda»	In conclusion, + S + V	Overall, the figures for both countries followed a similar upward trend. Umuman olganda, ikkala mamlakat ko‘rsatkichlari o‘xshash o‘sish tendensiyasini kuzatdi.	firstly / secondly / finally
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Task 2 xulosasi: In conclusion, / To conclude, / To sum up, · Task 1 umumiy manzarasi: Overall, / In general, / It is clear that. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Ikkalasi bir xil emas. Task 1 da In conclusion emas, Overall yozing — Task 1 da fikr bildirilmaydi, faqat umumiy manzara beriladi. Va u ikkinchi xatboshi bo‘lishi mumkin, oxirida bo‘lishi shart emas. Xulosada yangi dalil kiritmang — bu Task Response bahosini tushiradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Task 1 da: In conclusion, I think this graph is interesting. → ✅ Overall, consumption rose in all four countries, with the sharpest increase in Vietnam. Namunalar Overall, the figures for both countries followed a similar upward trend. Umuman olganda, ikkala mamlakat ko‘rsatkichlari o‘xshash o‘sish tendensiyasini kuzatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi firstly / secondly / finally — finally = oxirgi dalil; in conclusion = butun inshoning yakuni To‘liq sahifasi

Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
this / such + noun (referencing) ★★☆	5	ishora bilan bog‘lash — «bu tendensiya, bunday choralar»	This/These/Such + summarising noun	Cities have banned older vehicles. Such measures have cut emissions considerably. Shaharlar eski transport vositalarini taqiqladi. Bunday choralar chiqindilarni sezilarli kamaytirdi.	the former / the latter nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi this / these / such + umumlashtiruvchi ot: this trend, this shift, these measures, such policies, this phenomenon. ⚠️ Yolg‘iz This is… noaniq — otni albatta qo‘shing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Coherence & Cohesion bahosining eng kam ishlatiladigan quroli. Bog‘lovchi so‘z qo‘shmasdan xatboshilarni ulaydi va bir vaqtning o‘zida oldingi fikrni umumlashtiradi: More families are moving to the suburbs. This trend* has placed pressure on rural infrastructure.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is a big problem (nima «it»?) → ✅ This shortage is a serious problem. Namunalar Cities have banned older vehicles. Such measures have cut emissions considerably. Shaharlar eski transport vositalarini taqiqladi. Bunday choralar chiqindilarni sezilarli kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the former / the latter — former/latter = ikkitadan qaysi birini aniqlaydi nominalisation — ishora oti ko‘pincha nominalizatsiyadan olinadi (shift, increase) To‘liq sahifasi
the former / the latter ★☆☆	6	avvalgisi / keyingisi — ikkitadan qaysi biriga ishora	the former … the latter …	Both nuclear and solar power were expanded, though the latter grew far faster. Ham yadro, ham quyosh energiyasi kengaytirildi, biroq ikkinchisi ancha tez o‘sdi.	this / such + noun (referencing)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the former = birinchi tilga olingani · the latter = ikkinchisi. Faqat ikkita narsa bo‘lganda ishlaydi; uchta bo‘lsa the first / the last deyiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Otni takrorlamaslikning eng akademik yo‘li: Students can choose between vocational and academic courses; the former* leads to employment more quickly, while the latter offers broader options.* Bir inshoda bir marta — noto‘g‘ri ishlatilsa, o‘quvchi adashadi. Namunalar Both nuclear and solar power were expanded, though the latter grew far faster. Ham yadro, ham quyosh energiyasi kengaytirildi, biroq ikkinchisi ancha tez o‘sdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi this / such + noun (referencing) — such + ot = umumlashtiradi; the former/latter = ikkitadan birini tanlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
moreover / furthermore ★★☆	3	qo‘shimcha dalil — «bundan tashqari, qolaversa»	Moreover, + S + V	Furthermore, congestion charges generate revenue for public transport. Qolaversa, tirbandlik yig‘imlari jamoat transporti uchun daromad keltiradi.	firstly / secondly / finally not only … but also
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / What is more — jumla boshida vergul bilan. In addition to + ot/-ing (bu — predlogli shakl, boshqa qolip). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Eng ko‘p suiiste’mol qilinadigan bog‘lovchilar shu. Tekshiruvchi har xatboshi Moreover bilan boshlanganini darrov sezadi va buni «mexanik» deb baholaydi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta yetadi; qolganida gapni mazmun bilan bog‘lang (This is not the only concern…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In addition of the cost → ✅ In addition to the cost · ❌ Beside, … → ✅ Besides, … Namunalar Furthermore, congestion charges generate revenue for public transport. Qolaversa, tirbandlik yig‘imlari jamoat transporti uchun daromad keltiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi firstly / secondly / finally — bular tartibni; moreover = qo‘shimchani bildiradi not only … but also — not only…but also = bir gap ichida ikki dalilni bog‘laydi To‘liq sahifasi
firstly / secondly / finally ★★☆	2	tartib bilan sanash — «birinchidan, ikkinchidan, nihoyat»	Firstly, + S + V	Firstly, urban expansion destroys farmland; secondly, it increases commuting times. Birinchidan, shaharlarning kengayishi ekin maydonlarini yo‘q qiladi; ikkinchidan, qatnov vaqtini oshiradi.	moreover / furthermore in conclusion / overall
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly / Finally — jumla boshida vergul bilan. Lastly ham to‘g‘ri; At last — ❌ (u «nihoyat, kutib» degani). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki dalilli xatboshida bu ketma-ketlik strukturani aniq qiladi. Lekin butun insho Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly… bo‘lib qolsa, matn ro‘yxatga aylanadi — Coherence bahosi tushadi. Ba’zilarini mazmuniy o‘tish bilan almashtiring: A further concern is… ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ At first, education is important → ✅ Firstly, … (at first = «dastlab, keyin o‘zgardi»). Namunalar Firstly, urban expansion destroys farmland; secondly, it increases commuting times. Birinchidan, shaharlarning kengayishi ekin maydonlarini yo‘q qiladi; ikkinchidan, qatnov vaqtini oshiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi moreover / furthermore — firstly/secondly = tartib; moreover = qo‘shimcha dalil in conclusion / overall — finally = oxirgi dalil; in conclusion = xulosa qismi To‘liq sahifasi
not only … but also ★★☆	5	ikki dalilni birlashtirish — «nafaqat ..., balki ... ham»	not only + X but also + Y	Cycling not only reduces congestion but also improves public health. Velosipedda yurish nafaqat tirbandlikni kamaytiradi, balki jamoat salomatligini ham yaxshilaydi.	moreover / furthermore inversion
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki tarafda bir xil turdagi bo‘lak turishi shart: ot + ot, fe’l + fe’l (❌ not only cheap but also it saves time). Gap boshida kelsa inversiya talab qiladi: Not only does it save money, but it also reduces emissions. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki foydani bitta gapda berish — ixcham va ta’sirchan. Inversiyali shakli Band 7.5+ belgisi, lekin does/did/is ni to‘g‘ri qo‘yish shart. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Not only it saves money… → ✅ Not only does it save* money…* Namunalar Cycling not only reduces congestion but also improves public health. Velosipedda yurish nafaqat tirbandlikni kamaytiradi, balki jamoat salomatligini ham yaxshilaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi moreover / furthermore — moreover = alohida jumla; not only…but also = bitta gap inversion — gap boshida kelganda inversiya majburiy bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi