nominalisation
otlashtirish — fe’lni otga aylantirib, akademik uslub yasash
Band 7.5+
Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive
Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
Akademik yozma — Academic writing
Qanday yasaladi
verb → noun (decide → the decision)
Fe’l yoki sifatni otga aylantiring va uni gapning egasi qiling: The government decided to cut spending, which affected schools. → The government’s decision to cut spending had a significant impact on schools.
Namunalar — Examples
The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic.
Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Akademik uslubning eng ko‘zga ko‘rinadigan belgisi. Ko‘p ishlatiladigan juftlar: decide → decision · grow → growth · reduce → reduction · consume → consumption · pollute → pollution · unemployed → unemployment.
Foydasi ikki karra: matn zichlashadi va gapni ot bilan boshlash imkonini beradi — The rapid expansion of cities has placed enormous pressure on infrastructure.
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ Haddan tashqari otlashtirish gapni o‘qib bo‘lmas qiladi: The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation of… — bitta gapda 1-2 ta ot yetarli.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| the passive | ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi — biri fe’l orqali, biri ot orqali |
| the fact that | the fact that = gapni ot qiladi; nominalisation = fe’lni ot qiladi |
| there is / there are | mavjudlik — «bor, mavjud» — there is + ot o‘rniga otni ega qiling — matn kuchliroq bo‘ladi |
| an increase in / an impact on | ot + predlog juftlari — «... dagi o‘sish», «... ga ta’sir» — ot + predlog juftlari nominalizatsiyaning amaliy tomoni |
| -ing as subject | -ing shakli ega o‘rnida — «... qilish (foydali)» — -ing = fe’lni ega qiladi; nominalisation = uni otga aylantiradi |
| this / such + noun (referencing) | ishora bilan bog‘lash — «bu tendensiya, bunday choralar» — ishora oti ko‘pincha nominalizatsiyadan olinadi (shift, increase) |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
defining relative clause T3
non-defining relative clause T5
preposition + which T6
reduced relative clause T6
that-clause T3
the fact that T5
wh-clause T4
the passive T3
have / get something done T5
there is / there are T2
a / an T1
the T2
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish