Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
7 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation

7 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
must / have to ★★☆ 2 majburiyat — «shart, kerak» S + must + V · S + have/has to + V Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart. should / ought to be required to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

must + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ must to go). have to esa zamonga qarab o‘zgaradi: had to, will have to, has to. Shuning uchun o‘tgan yoki kelasi zamonda faqat have to ishlaydi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Farqi: must = ichki, so‘zlovchidan chiqqan majburiyat; have to = tashqi qoida yoki vaziyat talabi.

⚠️ mustn’t ≠ don’t have to. mustn’t = taqiqlangan; don’t have to = shart emas (lekin mumkin). Bu farq Listening’da ham savol bo‘lib keladi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Governments must to invest → ✅ Governments must invest.

❌ Task 2 da har jumlada must — juda buyruqona jaranglaydi. Tavsiya bersangiz should yoki ought to ishlating.

Namunalar

  • Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart.
  • Students have to wear a uniform in most state schools. Ko‘pchilik davlat maktablarida o‘quvchilar forma kiyishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • should / ought to — must = majburiyat; should = tavsiya — insho uchun should xavfsizroq
  • be required to — be required to = rasmiy, majhul ohang: akademik yozuvda tabiiy
To‘liq sahifasi
should / ought to ★★★ 2 tavsiya — «kerak, ma’qul bo‘lardi» S + should + V · S + ought to + V Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak. must / have to had better
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

should + yalang‘och fe’l · ought to + fe’l (yagona to oladigan modal). O‘tmish uchun: should have + V3 («qilishi kerak edi, lekin qilmadi»).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 ning yechim (solution) qismidagi asosiy modal. Tayyor qolip: Governments should invest more heavily in public transport, and individuals ought to reconsider their daily habits.

Xilma-xillik uchun aralashtiring: should · ought to · it would be advisable to · the best approach would be to.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I think government should to ban it → ✅ should ban it.

Namunalar

  • Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak.
  • Policymakers ought to consider the long-term consequences. Siyosat ishlab chiquvchilar uzoq muddatli oqibatlarni hisobga olishlari lozim.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • must / have to — should = tavsiya, yumshoq; must = majburiyat, qat’iy
  • had better — had better = ogohlantirish ohangi bor («aks holda yomon bo‘ladi») — insho uchun juda og‘zaki
To‘liq sahifasi
need to / needn't ★★☆ 3 zaruriyat — «kerak; shart emas» S + need to + V · S + needn’t + V Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak. must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Oddiy fe’l sifatida: need to + fe’l (needs to, needed to). Modal sifatida faqat inkorda: needn’t + yalang‘och fe’l. ❌ needn’t to.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 da must dan ko‘ra tabiiyroq: Policymakers need to strike a balance between growth and sustainability.

⚠️ needn’t have done = «qilish shart emas edi, lekin qildingiz» — Listening’da tuzoq sifatida keladi.

Namunalar

  • Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • must / have to — need to = zaruriyat, neytral; must = majburiyat, qat’iy
To‘liq sahifasi
modal + passive ★★☆ 5 majhul modal — «... qilinishi kerak / mumkin» S + modal + be + V3 Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak. the passive should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

modal + be + 3-shakl: should be introduced, must be addressed, can be reduced. O‘tmish: modal + have been + V3.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Yechim taklif qilishning eng akademik shakli — kim qilishini aytmasdan nima qilinishi kerakligini aytadi: Stricter regulations should be introduced, and public transport must be made more affordable.

Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta — undan ko‘pi matnni sovuq qiladi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ This problem should be solve → ✅ should be solved — be dan keyin doim 3-shakl.

Namunalar

  • Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
it's time + past simple ★☆☆ 6 kechikkan zaruriyat — «endi ... qiladigan vaqt keldi» It is (high) time + S + past simple It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi. should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

It is time / It is high time + ega + past simple (shakli o‘tmish, ma’nosi hozir): It is high time governments took this seriously. Muqobil: It is time to + fe’l.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Xulosaga kuch beradigan, lekin kam ishlatiladigan qolip. Bir insho ichida bir marta — va faqat da’vongiz qat’iy bo‘lsa.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ It is high time governments take action → ✅ took action.

Namunalar

  • It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • should / ought to — should = neytral tavsiya; it's high time = kechikkanini ta’kidlaydi
To‘liq sahifasi
make / let / have (causative) ★★☆ 4 majburlash va ruxsat — «majbur qilmoq, ruxsat bermoq» make/let/have + somebody + V (yalang‘och) Some countries make voting compulsory for all adult citizens. Ba’zi mamlakatlar barcha voyaga yetgan fuqarolar uchun ovoz berishni majburiy qiladi. have / get something done must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

make / let / have + odam + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ make him to study). Ammo allow va force to oladi: allow him to study. Majhul shaklda make ham to oladi: be made to pay.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 da bahsli mavzu (majburiy ta’lim, majburiy harbiy xizmat) haqida yozganda kerak bo‘ladi. Rasmiyroq muqobillar: compel, oblige, require somebody to, permit.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Schools should make students to wear uniforms → ✅ make students wear uniforms.

Namunalar

  • Some countries make voting compulsory for all adult citizens. Ba’zi mamlakatlar barcha voyaga yetgan fuqarolar uchun ovoz berishni majburiy qiladi.
  • Parents should let children choose at least some of their activities. Ota-onalar bolalarga hech bo‘lmaganda ba’zi mashg‘ulotlarni tanlashga ruxsat berishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
the subjunctive (It is essential that …) ★☆☆ 6 buyruq maylining rasmiy shakli — «... bo‘lishi shart» It is essential that + S + V (yalang‘och) It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart. should / ought to it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

essential / vital / imperative / crucial yoki recommend / suggest / demand / insist dan keyin that + ega + yalang‘och fe’l — -s ham, should ham yo‘q: It is essential that every school have a library. (Britaniya uslubida should have ham to‘g‘ri.)

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Eng rasmiy tavsiya shakli. Agar ishonchingiz komil bo‘lmasa, xavfsiz varianti — should qo‘shish: It is vital that governments should act. Ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The committee recommended that he goes → ✅ recommended that he go (yoki should go).

Namunalar

  • It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi