the passive
majhul nisbat — «... qilinadi, qilindi» (bajaruvchi aytilmaydi)
Band 6
Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive
Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
Akademik yozma — Academic writing
Qanday yasaladi
S + be + V3 (+ by …)
be ning kerakli zamondagi shakli + 3-shakl: is built · was built · has been built · is being built · will be built. Bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lsagina by qo‘shiladi.
Namunalar — Examples
Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident.
Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi.
The beans are harvested, dried and then transported to the factory.
Doni yig‘iladi, quritiladi va so‘ng zavodga tashiladi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Nima uchun IELTS uni yaxshi ko‘radi: akademik yozuvda ish muhim, kim qilgani emas. People built the bridge in 1990 → The bridge was built in 1990.
⚠️ Butun inshoni passive’da yozmang — matn og‘ir va noaniq bo‘ladi. Har xatboshida 1-2 ta yetadi.
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ The problem is discuss in this essay → ✅ is discussed.
❌ be ni tushirib qoldirish: The report published last year («hisobot nashr qildi») → ✅ The report was published last year.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| the process passive (Task 1) | process passive = jarayon diagrammasidagi present simple passive qolipi |
| modal + passive | modal + be + V3 = tavsiyani shaxssiz aytadi |
| nominalisation | ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi; nominalisation buni OT orqali qiladi |
| it is said that / X is thought to | manbasi aytilmagan da’vo — «aytilishicha, hisoblanadi» — bu — majhul nisbatning ko‘chirma gapdagi maxsus qolipi |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
defining relative clause T3
non-defining relative clause T5
preposition + which T6
reduced relative clause T6
that-clause T3
the fact that T5
wh-clause T4
have / get something done T5
nominalisation T6
there is / there are T2
a / an T1
the T2
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish