present perfect
hozirgi tugallangan zamon — o‘tmishda bo‘lgan, natijasi hozir muhim
Qanday yasaladi
S + have/has + V3
have/has + 3-shakl (been, done, risen, fallen). Belgilar: since (boshlanish nuqtasi), for (davomiylik), already, yet, just, recently, over the past decade.
Namunalar — Examples
The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010.
Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi.
Technology has transformed the way we work.
Texnologiya ishlash usulimizni tubdan o‘zgartirdi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Band 6 dan 7 ga o‘tishning eng oddiy yo‘li — Task 2 da hozirgi holatning tarixini ko‘rsatish: Over the past two decades, governments have invested heavily in renewable energy.
Task 1 da esa faqat grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa ishlatiladi (masalan 2015-present).
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ I have finished it yesterday → ✅ I finished it yesterday. Aniq o‘tgan vaqt bo‘lsa — past simple.
❌ I have went → ✅ I have gone — 3-shakl kerak, 2-shakl emas.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| past simple | present perfect = vaqt aytilmaydi, natija hozir; past simple = vaqt aytilgan va tugagan |
| present perfect continuous | perfect = natija/miqdor muhim; perfect continuous = jarayonning davomiyligi muhim |
| the tense of the chart (Task 1) | Task 1 zamon tanlash qoidasi — sana o‘tganmi, hozirmi yoki bashoratmi — grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa — present perfect |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence
present simple T1
present continuous T1
past simple T1
past continuous T3
present perfect continuous T5
past perfect T4
future continuous T5
future perfect T6
would (past habit) T5
the tense of the chart (Task 1) T3
as soon as / by the time / once T4
the process passive (Task 1) T4
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish