past perfect
o‘tgan zamondan oldingi zamon — «undan ham oldin bo‘lgan» ish
Qanday yasaladi
S + had + V3
had + 3-shakl — barcha shaxslarda bir xil. Ko‘pincha by (by 2000), before, after, already bilan keladi.
Namunalar — Examples
By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million.
2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi.
The factory had already closed before the new law was passed.
Yangi qonun qabul qilinishidan oldin zavod allaqachon yopilgan edi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Ikki o‘tgan voqeaning qaysi biri oldin bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi. Task 1 da juda foydali: By 2010, the figure had reached its peak. — «2010-yilga kelib allaqachon cho‘qqiga chiqqan edi».
Third conditional ham shu shaklda quriladi (If they had acted…).
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ Har bir o‘tgan gapga had qo‘shib chiqmang. Voqealar tartib bilan aytilsa, oddiy past simple yetarli.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| past simple | past perfect = ikki o‘tgan ishning OLDINGISI; past simple = oddiy ketma-ketlik |
| the third conditional | third conditional shu shaklni <i>if</i> bilan ishlatadi |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence
present simple T1
present continuous T1
past simple T1
past continuous T3
present perfect T3
present perfect continuous T5
future continuous T5
future perfect T6
would (past habit) T5
the tense of the chart (Task 1) T3
as soon as / by the time / once T4
the process passive (Task 1) T4
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish