Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Natija — Result & consequence

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
whereby / thereby ★☆☆	6	vosita va natija — «shu orqali; shu yo‘l bilan»	…, thereby + V-ing · a system whereby + clause	Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling. Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin.	therefore / consequently participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi thereby + -ing — natijani qo‘shadi (…, thereby reducing* costs) · whereby* = «unga ko‘ra» — tizim yoki tartibni tavsiflaydi (a scheme whereby* firms pay for emissions). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi thereby + -ing* ikkinchi gapni boshlamasdan natijani qo‘shadi — juda zich va akademik: Congestion charges discourage driving, thereby improving* air quality.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ thereby it reduces costs → ✅ thereby reducing* costs* — thereby dan keyin -ing. Namunalar Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling. Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi therefore / consequently — therefore = yangi jumla; thereby = shu gapga qo‘shiladi participle clause — thereby + -ing — natija bildiruvchi ravishdosh oboroti To‘liq sahifasi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
far from being ★☆☆	6	kutilganning aksi — «... bo‘lish o‘rniga, aksincha»	Far from + V-ing, S + V	Far from reducing inequality, the reform widened the gap between rich and poor. Tengsizlikni kamaytirish o‘rniga, islohot boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirdi.	participle clause in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Far from + -ing (yoki ot), keyin vergul va asosiy gap: Far from solving the problem, this policy made it worse. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Kuchli rad etish qolipi — qarshi fikrni faqat inkor qilibgina qolmay, uni teskarisiga aylantiradi. Xulosada yoki eng kuchli dalilingizda bir marta ishlating. Namunalar Far from reducing inequality, the reform widened the gap between rich and poor. Tengsizlikni kamaytirish o‘rniga, islohot boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi participle clause — shakli bir xil (-ing), lekin ma’nosi «aksincha» in contrast / on the other hand — far from = kutilgan natijaning teskarisini ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence

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Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
participle clause ★★☆	6	ravishdosh oboroti — «... qilib; ... bo‘lgani uchun»	V-ing/V3 + …, S + V	Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda.	reduced relative clause because / since / as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat: -ing (Having considered both views, …) · Majhul: V3 (Faced with rising costs, firms …). ⚠️ Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart — aks holda «dangling participle» xatosi chiqadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki gapni bittaga siqadi va matnni akademik qiladi: Because the government had reduced subsidies, prices rose. → Having reduced subsidies, the government saw prices rise. Sabab ma’nosida: Given the scale of the problem, … — bu tayyor va juda ishonchli qolip. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Walking into the room, the lights were on. — chiroqlar yurmaydi! ✅ Walking into the room, I saw that the lights were on. Namunalar Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda. Having examined both sides, this essay argues that the benefits are greater. Ikkala tomonni ko‘rib chiqqach, ushbu insho foyda ko‘proq degan fikrni ilgari suradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi reduced relative clause — reduced relative OTni aniqlaydi; participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi because / since / as — participle clause = shu sababni ixchamroq aytish yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’kid — Emphasis

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
inversion ★☆☆	6	teskari tartib — ta’kid uchun ega va yordamchi fe’l o‘rin almashadi	Negative adverb + auxiliary + S + V	Not only does recycling reduce waste, but it also creates local employment. Qayta ishlash nafaqat chiqindini kamaytiradi, balki mahalliy ish o‘rinlari ham yaratadi.	not only … but also cleft sentence (It is … that) if it were not for
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Inkor yoki cheklov ma’nosidagi ravish gap boshiga chiqsa, so‘roq tartibi keladi: Rarely / Seldom / Never / Not only / Little / Under no circumstances / Only when / No sooner + do/does/did/has/is + ega + fe’l. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ta’sirchan, lekin xavfli. Bir inshoda bittadan ko‘p ishlatmang va faqat haqiqatan ta’kid kerak bo‘lgan joyda: Rarely has a single technology transformed daily life so rapidly. Only when governments act together will emissions fall. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Never I have seen… → ✅ Never have I* seen…* — yordamchi fe’l egadan OLDIN turadi. Namunalar Not only does recycling reduce waste, but it also creates local employment. Qayta ishlash nafaqat chiqindini kamaytiradi, balki mahalliy ish o‘rinlari ham yaratadi. Under no circumstances should safety standards be relaxed. Hech qanday holatda xavfsizlik standartlari yumshatilmasligi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi not only … but also — gap boshida kelganda aynan shu inversiyani talab qiladi cleft sentence (It is … that) — ikkalasi ham ta’kid vositasi — biri tartib, biri tuzilma orqali if it were not for — Were it not for … = shart gapdagi inversiya To‘liq sahifasi
cleft sentence (It is … that) ★☆☆	6	ajratma gap — bir bo‘lakni ajratib ta’kidlaydi	It is X that/who + V · What … is …	It is the lack of enforcement, rather than the law itself, that causes the problem. Muammoni qonunning o‘zi emas, balki uning ijro etilmasligi keltirib chiqaradi.	inversion it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki shakl: It is + ta’kidlanayotgan bo‘lak + that/who + qolgan gap · What + gap + is + ta’kid. Governments must act → It is governments that must act / What governments must do is act. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Xulosada asosiy fikringizni ta’kidlash uchun juda mos: What is needed is not more legislation but stricter enforcement. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ What is needed are stricter rules → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is (What = birlik). Namunalar It is the lack of enforcement, rather than the law itself, that causes the problem. Muammoni qonunning o‘zi emas, balki uning ijro etilmasligi keltirib chiqaradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi inversion — ikkalasi ham ta’kid uchun — cleft xavfsizroq va tabiiyroq it is + adjective + that/to — shakli o‘xshash, lekin vazifasi boshqa — u baho beradi To‘liq sahifasi
emphatic do ★☆☆	6	ta’kidlovchi do — «haqiqatan ham ... qiladi»	S + do/does/did + V (yalang‘och)	Stricter penalties do deter some offenders, but they do not address the root cause. Qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytaradi, biroq ular asosiy sababni hal qilmaydi.	cleft sentence (It is … that) admittedly
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Tasdiq gapga do/does/did qo‘shiladi va asosiy fe’l yalang‘och qoladi: Technology does* offer real benefits.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Qarshi tomonni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun juda mos: Online learning does* provide flexibility; however, it cannot replicate classroom interaction.* — bu «muvozanatli fikr» taassurotini beradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It does offers → ✅ It does offer. Namunalar Stricter penalties do deter some offenders, but they do not address the root cause. Qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytaradi, biroq ular asosiy sababni hal qilmaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi cleft sentence (It is … that) — ikkalasi ham ta’kid — do fe’lni, cleft bo‘lakni ta’kidlaydi admittedly — admittedly = tan olishni ochiq aytadi; emphatic do = uni fe’l bilan beradi To‘liq sahifasi

Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation

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Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the subjunctive (It is essential that …) ★☆☆	6	buyruq maylining rasmiy shakli — «... bo‘lishi shart»	It is essential that + S + V (yalang‘och)	It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart.	should / ought to it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi essential / vital / imperative / crucial yoki recommend / suggest / demand / insist dan keyin that + ega + yalang‘och fe’l — -s ham, should ham yo‘q: It is essential that every school have* a library.* (Britaniya uslubida should have ham to‘g‘ri.) Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Eng rasmiy tavsiya shakli. Agar ishonchingiz komil bo‘lmasa, xavfsiz varianti — should qo‘shish: It is vital that governments should* act.* Ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The committee recommended that he goes → ✅ recommended that he go (yoki should go). Namunalar It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — should = oddiy tavsiya; subjunctive = eng rasmiy shakl it is + adjective + that/to — shu qolipning oddiy, xavfsiz varianti To‘liq sahifasi