reduced relative clause
qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl
Qanday yasaladi
noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …)
Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019 = the policy introduced in 2019.
Namunalar — Examples
The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%.
O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi.
Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth.
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat).
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| defining relative clause | reduced = who/which + be tushirilgan, ixchamroq |
| participle clause | participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi; reduced relative faqat otni aniqlaydi |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
defining relative clause T3
non-defining relative clause T5
preposition + which T6
that-clause T3
the fact that T5
wh-clause T4
the passive T3
have / get something done T5
nominalisation T6
there is / there are T2
a / an T1
the T2
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish