-ing as subject
-ing shakli ega o‘rnida — «... qilish (foydali)»
Band 6.5
Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives
Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
Akademik yozma — Academic writing
Qanday yasaladi
V-ing + verb (singular)
-ing birikmasi ega bo‘lganda fe’l birlikda: Investing in education is the most effective strategy. Muqobil: To invest in education is… (rasmiyroq, kamroq tabiiy).
Namunalar — Examples
Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network.
Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi.
Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi
Gapni fe’ldan boshlash — insho jumlalarini xilma-xil qilishning oson yo‘li. Ketma-ket uchta gap The government… bilan boshlansa, bittasini shunga aylantiring.
⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato
❌ Reduce emissions is essential → ✅ Reducing emissions is essential.
❌ Building new roads are expensive → ✅ is expensive — ega birlik.
O‘xshash shakllar va farqi
| it is + adjective + that/to | It is essential to invest = shu fikrning boshqa, shaxssiz shakli |
| nominalisation | -ing = fe’lni ega qiladi; nominalisation = uni otga aylantiradi |
Shu ma’nodagi boshqa grammatikalar — Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element
defining relative clause T3
non-defining relative clause T5
preposition + which T6
reduced relative clause T6
that-clause T3
the fact that T5
wh-clause T4
the passive T3
have / get something done T5
nominalisation T6
there is / there are T2
a / an T1
Hammasini jadvalda solishtirish