Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
12 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Ergash gaplar — Clauses

12 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
defining relative clause ★★★ 3 aniqlovchi ergash gap — qaysi narsa haqida ketayotganini belgilaydi noun + who/which/that + verb Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil. non-defining relative clause reduced relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Odam → who (yoki that) · narsa → which yoki that · egalik → whose. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Agar who/which to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirib qoldirsa ham bo‘ladi: the skills (that) employers value.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ergash gapsiz ikkita qisqa gap bo‘lardi; u bilan bitta murakkab gap chiqadi — Grammatical Range aynan shuni izlaydi:

Students who take a gap year often return more motivated.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Students who they take a gap year → ✅ Students who take… — who ning o‘zi ega, ikkinchi olmosh keraksiz.

❌ People which live in cities → ✅ People who live in cities.

Namunalar

  • Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil.
  • The graph shows the number of people who used public transport. Grafik jamoat transportidan foydalangan odamlar sonini ko‘rsatadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
non-defining relative clause ★★☆ 5 izohlovchi ergash gap — qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi (vergul bilan) , which/who + verb , Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi. defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi va that ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ Tashkent, that is the capital… → ✅ Tashkent, which is the capital…. Butun gapga ishora qilishi ham mumkin: …, which explains the rise.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun ajoyib vosita — raqamga izoh qo‘shadi: The figure peaked in 2008, which coincided with the financial crisis.

Bu «gapga ishora qiluvchi which» Band 7 belgisi, lekin faqat vergul bilan to‘g‘ri ishlatilsa.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The number rose sharply which was surprising → vergul qo‘ying: ✅ rose sharply, which was surprising.

Namunalar

  • Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + which ★☆☆ 6 predlogli ergash gap — «... bo‘lgan/qilinadigan» noun + in/for/to + which + clause The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda. defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Predlog which/whom dan oldin keladi: the rate at which forests disappear · the extent to which … · the way in which …. Odam bilan: whom (❌ for who → ✅ for whom).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

«The extent to which» — IELTS savol matnining o‘zida uchraydigan ibora («To what extent do you agree?»), shuning uchun uni javobda qaytarish juda tabiiy: This essay will examine the extent to which technology has reshaped education.

Namunalar

  • The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
reduced relative clause ★☆☆ 6 qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …) The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi. defining relative clause participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019 = the policy introduced in 2019.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi.

Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat).

Namunalar

  • The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
that-clause ★★★ 3 to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap — «... ligini/ekanligini» verb/adjective + that + clause Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi. the fact that wh-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

that + to‘liq gap. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin tushib qolishi mumkin (I think (that) …), lekin akademik yozuvda saqlang. Sifatlardan keyin ham keladi: it is clear that…

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Fikr bildirishning asosiy quroli. Xilma-xillik uchun boshqa fe’llarga o‘ting: argue / maintain / suggest / demonstrate / indicate that. I think that ni butun insho bo‘yi takrorlamang.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I agree with that education is important. → ✅ I agree that education is important. — agree that, agree with + ot.

Namunalar

  • Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the fact that — the fact that = shu gapni OT sifatida ishlatadi (ega bo‘la oladi)
  • wh-clause — wh-clause = qanday/nima/nega degan savolni ichiga oladi
To‘liq sahifasi
the fact that ★★☆ 5 «... ligi» — butun gapni ot qilib ishlatish The fact that + clause + verb The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi. that-clause despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

The fact that + to‘liq gap — natijada butun birikma ot bo‘lib, ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘la oladi: The fact that wages have stagnated explains the fall in demand.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Predloglardan keyin gap kelolmaydi — shu yerda the fact that qutqaradi: ❌ despite he is young → ✅ despite the fact that he is young.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Har jumlada takrorlash matnni og‘irlashtiradi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta.

Namunalar

  • The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi.
  • Despite the fact that the law was passed, enforcement remains weak. Qonun qabul qilinganiga qaramay, uning ijrosi hamon zaif.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • that-clause — the fact that = gapni OT qiladi; that-clause = fe’lga bog‘lanadi
  • despite / in spite of — despite + the fact that = predlogdan keyin gap qo‘yishning yo‘li
To‘liq sahifasi
wh-clause ★★☆ 4 so‘roq so‘zli ergash gap — «nima/qanday/nega ... ligi» verb + what/how/why/whether + S + V The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi. that-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

⚠️ Ichkarida so‘roq tartibi ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ I don’t know where is it → ✅ I don’t know where it is. do/does/did ham tushadi: ❌ how does it work → ✅ how it works.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 kirishini qayta yozishning eng qulay usuli: The chart shows how much electricity each country produced. — savol matnini ko‘chirmasdan boshqacha aytasiz.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The graph shows what is the number of students → ✅ shows what the number of students is, yoki soddaroq: ✅ shows the number of students.

Namunalar

  • The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi.
  • It is unclear whether stricter laws would reduce crime. Qattiqroq qonunlar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirar-kamaytirmasligi noaniq.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • that-clause — that = tasdiqni uzatadi; wh-clause = savolni uzatadi
To‘liq sahifasi
although / though / even though ★★★ 3 qarshi qo‘yish — «garchi ... bo‘lsa-da» Although + S + V, S + V Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi. despite / in spite of whereas / while however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

although/though/even though + to‘liq gap (ega + kesim). Gap boshida kelsa, ikkinchi qismdan oldin vergul. even though kuchliroq, though og‘zakiroq.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 da qarshi fikrni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun asosiy qolip: Although online learning is convenient, it cannot replace face-to-face interaction.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Although the cost is high, but it is worth it. → ingliz tilida although va but birga kelmaydi. Bittasini tanlang.

❌ Although the high cost → ✅ Although the cost is high.

Namunalar

  • Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • despite / in spite of — although + GAP; despite + ot yoki -ing
  • whereas / while — whereas = ikki narsani solishtiradi; although = kutilmagan qarshilik
  • however — however = yangi jumla boshlaydi; although = bitta gap ichida bog‘laydi
To‘liq sahifasi
whereas / while ★★★ 4 solishtirma qarama-qarshilik — «... bo‘lsa, ... esa» S + V, whereas + S + V In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi. although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

whereas / while + to‘liq gap. Odatda oldidan vergul qo‘yiladi. while ning ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor («davomida»), shuning uchun aniq solishtirma uchun whereas xavfsizroq.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 ning eng kerakli bog‘lovchisi — ikki ustunni bitta gapda solishtiradi: Spending on housing rose steadily, whereas spending on food remained flat.

Har bir Task 1 tanasida kamida ikkita shunday gap bo‘lsin.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Whereas, the figure for Japan was higher. — whereas yangi jumla boshlamaydi; u ikki qismni ichkaridan bog‘laydi.

Namunalar

  • In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
because / since / as ★★★ 2 sabab — «chunki, ... sababli» because/since/as + S + V Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi. due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Uchalasi ham to‘liq gap oladi. because — eng kuchli va aniq; since/as — ma’lum sababni eslatadi va rasmiyroq, odatda gap boshida: Since resources are limited, …

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

❗ Otdan oldin ular ishlamaydi — because of / due to kerak: because the rain ❌ → because of the rain ✅.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Because of the government failed to act… → ✅ Because the government failed to act… (gap keldi — of keraksiz).

Namunalar

  • Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
so that / in order that ★★☆ 4 maqsad — «... bo‘lishi uchun» S + V + so that + S + can/will + V Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin. in order to / so as to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

so that + to‘liq gap, odatda ichida can / could / will / would: …so that people can access services. ❌ so that to access.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Maqsadni ikki xil ayting va takrorlanishdan qoching: to + fe’l (ixcham) · in order to (rasmiy) · so that + gap (ega o‘zgarganda majburiy).

Ega o‘zgarsa faqat so that ishlaydi: The city built cycle lanes so that residents could commute safely.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Governments should subsidise buses for reduce congestion. → ✅ to reduce / in order to reduce congestion.

Namunalar

  • Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
as soon as / by the time / once ★☆☆ 4 vaqt ergash gaplari — «... bilanoq, ... ga qadar, bir marta ... bo‘lsa» As soon as + S + V(present), S + will + V Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi. the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

⚠️ Vaqt ergash gapida kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi: ❌ as soon as he will arrive → ✅ as soon as he arrives. by the time ko‘pincha perfect bilan: by the time they acted, the damage had been done.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqida gapirganda bu qoida tez-tez buziladi — shuning uchun uni yodda saqlang: when / as soon as / once / until / before / after dan keyin present, asosiy gapda will.

Namunalar

  • Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi