Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Sabab — Cause

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
because / since / as ★★★	2	sabab — «chunki, ... sababli»	because/since/as + S + V	Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi.	due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham to‘liq gap oladi. because — eng kuchli va aniq; since/as — ma’lum sababni eslatadi va rasmiyroq, odatda gap boshida: Since resources are limited, … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ❗ Otdan oldin ular ishlamaydi — because of / due to kerak: because the rain ❌ → because of the rain ✅. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Because of the government failed to act… → ✅ Because the government failed to act… (gap keldi — of keraksiz). Namunalar Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi due to / owing to / because of — bular OT oladi; because/since/as GAP oladi therefore / consequently — sabab emas — NATIJANI bog‘laydi (teskari yo‘nalish) To‘liq sahifasi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
whereas / while ★★★	4	solishtirma qarama-qarshilik — «... bo‘lsa, ... esa»	S + V, whereas + S + V	In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi.	although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi whereas / while + to‘liq gap. Odatda oldidan vergul qo‘yiladi. while ning ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor («davomida»), shuning uchun aniq solishtirma uchun whereas xavfsizroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning eng kerakli bog‘lovchisi — ikki ustunni bitta gapda solishtiradi: Spending on housing rose steadily, whereas* spending on food remained flat.* Har bir Task 1 tanasida kamida ikkita shunday gap bo‘lsin. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Whereas, the figure for Japan was higher. — whereas yangi jumla boshlamaydi; u ikki qismni ichkaridan bog‘laydi. Namunalar In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — whereas = sof solishtirish; although = kutilmaganlik ohangi bor in contrast / on the other hand — bular jumla boshida; whereas gap ichida To‘liq sahifasi

Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
although / though / even though ★★★	3	qarshi qo‘yish — «garchi ... bo‘lsa-da»	Although + S + V, S + V	Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi.	despite / in spite of whereas / while however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi although/though/even though + to‘liq gap (ega + kesim). Gap boshida kelsa, ikkinchi qismdan oldin vergul. even though kuchliroq, though og‘zakiroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da qarshi fikrni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun asosiy qolip: Although online learning is convenient, it cannot replace face-to-face interaction. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Although the cost is high, but it is worth it. → ingliz tilida although va but birga kelmaydi. Bittasini tanlang. ❌ Although the high cost → ✅ Although the cost is high. Namunalar Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi despite / in spite of — although + GAP; despite + ot yoki -ing whereas / while — whereas = ikki narsani solishtiradi; although = kutilmagan qarshilik however — however = yangi jumla boshlaydi; although = bitta gap ichida bog‘laydi To‘liq sahifasi

Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
as soon as / by the time / once ★☆☆	4	vaqt ergash gaplari — «... bilanoq, ... ga qadar, bir marta ... bo‘lsa»	As soon as + S + V(present), S + will + V	Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi.	the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Vaqt ergash gapida kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi: ❌ as soon as he will arrive → ✅ as soon as he arrives. by the time ko‘pincha perfect bilan: by the time they acted, the damage had been done. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqida gapirganda bu qoida tez-tez buziladi — shuning uchun uni yodda saqlang: when / as soon as / once / until / before / after dan keyin present, asosiy gapda will. Namunalar Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the tense of the chart (Task 1) — ikkalasi ham zamon tanlash qoidasi — biri grafikda, biri ergash gapda To‘liq sahifasi

Maqsad — Purpose

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
so that / in order that ★★☆	4	maqsad — «... bo‘lishi uchun»	S + V + so that + S + can/will + V	Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin.	in order to / so as to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi so that + to‘liq gap, odatda ichida can / could / will / would: …so that* people can access services.* ❌ so that to access. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Maqsadni ikki xil ayting va takrorlanishdan qoching: to + fe’l (ixcham) · in order to (rasmiy) · so that + gap (ega o‘zgarganda majburiy). Ega o‘zgarsa faqat so that ishlaydi: The city built cycle lanes so that residents could* commute safely.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Governments should subsidise buses for reduce congestion. → ✅ to reduce / in order to reduce congestion. Namunalar Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in order to / so as to — in order to + FE’L; so that + GAP (ega boshqa bo‘lsa) To‘liq sahifasi

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

7 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
defining relative clause ★★★	3	aniqlovchi ergash gap — qaysi narsa haqida ketayotganini belgilaydi	noun + who/which/that + verb	Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil.	non-defining relative clause reduced relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Odam → who (yoki that) · narsa → which yoki that · egalik → whose. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Agar who/which to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirib qoldirsa ham bo‘ladi: the skills (that) employers value. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ergash gapsiz ikkita qisqa gap bo‘lardi; u bilan bitta murakkab gap chiqadi — Grammatical Range aynan shuni izlaydi: Students who* take a gap year often return more motivated.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Students who they take a gap year → ✅ Students who take… — who ning o‘zi ega, ikkinchi olmosh keraksiz. ❌ People which live in cities → ✅ People who live in cities. Namunalar Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil. The graph shows the number of people who used public transport. Grafik jamoat transportidan foydalangan odamlar sonini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi non-defining relative clause — defining = vergulsiz, MAJBURIY ma’lumot; non-defining = vergul bilan, qo‘shimcha ma’lumot reduced relative clause — reduced = who/which tushib, -ing yoki V3 qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
non-defining relative clause ★★☆	5	izohlovchi ergash gap — qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi (vergul bilan)	, which/who + verb ,	Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi va that ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ Tashkent, that is the capital… → ✅ Tashkent, which is the capital…. Butun gapga ishora qilishi ham mumkin: …, which* explains the rise.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun ajoyib vosita — raqamga izoh qo‘shadi: The figure peaked in 2008, which* coincided with the financial crisis.* Bu «gapga ishora qiluvchi which» Band 7 belgisi, lekin faqat vergul bilan to‘g‘ri ishlatilsa. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number rose sharply which was surprising → vergul qo‘ying: ✅ rose sharply, which was surprising. Namunalar Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — non-defining = vergul + qo‘shimcha izoh; defining = vergulsiz va ma’noni belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + which ★☆☆	6	predlogli ergash gap — «... bo‘lgan/qilinadigan»	noun + in/for/to + which + clause	The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Predlog which/whom dan oldin keladi: the rate at which* forests disappear* · the extent to which* …* · the way in which* …. Odam bilan: whom* (❌ for who → ✅ for whom). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «The extent to which» — IELTS savol matnining o‘zida uchraydigan ibora («To what extent do you agree?»), shuning uchun uni javobda qaytarish juda tabiiy: This essay will examine the extent to which* technology has reshaped education.* Namunalar The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — bu — o‘sha ergash gapning predlogli, rasmiyroq varianti To‘liq sahifasi
reduced relative clause ★☆☆	6	qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl	noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …)	The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.	defining relative clause participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying* abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019* = the policy introduced* in 2019. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi. Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living* in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat). Namunalar The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — reduced = who/which + be tushirilgan, ixchamroq participle clause — participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi; reduced relative faqat otni aniqlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
that-clause ★★★	3	to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap — «... ligini/ekanligini»	verb/adjective + that + clause	Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi.	the fact that wh-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi that + to‘liq gap. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin tushib qolishi mumkin (I think (that) …), lekin akademik yozuvda saqlang. Sifatlardan keyin ham keladi: it is clear that… Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Fikr bildirishning asosiy quroli. Xilma-xillik uchun boshqa fe’llarga o‘ting: argue / maintain / suggest / demonstrate / indicate that. I think that ni butun insho bo‘yi takrorlamang. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I agree with that education is important. → ✅ I agree that* education is important.* — agree that, agree with + ot. Namunalar Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the fact that — the fact that = shu gapni OT sifatida ishlatadi (ega bo‘la oladi) wh-clause — wh-clause = qanday/nima/nega degan savolni ichiga oladi To‘liq sahifasi
the fact that ★★☆	5	«... ligi» — butun gapni ot qilib ishlatish	The fact that + clause + verb	The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi.	that-clause despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The fact that + to‘liq gap — natijada butun birikma ot bo‘lib, ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘la oladi: The fact that wages have stagnated explains the fall in demand. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Predloglardan keyin gap kelolmaydi — shu yerda the fact that qutqaradi: ❌ despite he is young → ✅ despite the fact that* he is young. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Har jumlada takrorlash matnni og‘irlashtiradi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta. Namunalar The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi. Despite the fact that the law was passed, enforcement remains weak. Qonun qabul qilinganiga qaramay, uning ijrosi hamon zaif. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause* — the fact that = gapni OT qiladi; that-clause = fe’lga bog‘lanadi despite / in spite of — despite + the fact that = predlogdan keyin gap qo‘yishning yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi
wh-clause ★★☆	4	so‘roq so‘zli ergash gap — «nima/qanday/nega ... ligi»	verb + what/how/why/whether + S + V	The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi.	that-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Ichkarida so‘roq tartibi ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ I don’t know where is it → ✅ I don’t know where it is. do/does/did ham tushadi: ❌ how does it work → ✅ how it works. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 kirishini qayta yozishning eng qulay usuli: The chart shows how much* electricity each country produced.* — savol matnini ko‘chirmasdan boshqacha aytasiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The graph shows what is the number of students → ✅ shows what the number of students is, yoki soddaroq: ✅ shows the number of students. Namunalar The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi. It is unclear whether stricter laws would reduce crime. Qattiqroq qonunlar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirar-kamaytirmasligi noaniq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause — that = tasdiqni uzatadi; wh-clause = savolni uzatadi To‘liq sahifasi