Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
11 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Predloglar — Prepositions

11 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
increase by / increase to ★★★ 3 o‘sish miqdori va yakuniy nuqtasi — «... ga oshdi» va «... gacha yetdi» rise/increase by + farq · rise/increase to + natija Car ownership rose by 30% between 2000 and 2010. Avtomobilga egalik 2000-2010 yillarda 30% ga oshdi. from … to … at (a rate / a level of)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

by = qancha o‘zgardi (farq) · to = qayerga yetdi (yakuniy raqam): Sales rose by 20% (o‘sish miqdori) to 60 million (yakuniy raqam).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 dagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato aynan shu ikkisining chalkashishi. Bitta gapda ikkalasini birga ishlatsangiz, ekspert darajasida ko‘rinadi: The figure increased by 15 percentage points, from 45% to 60%.

⚠️ percent va percentage point farq qiladi: 45% dan 60% ga o‘sish = 15 percentage points, lekin ~33% o‘sish.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The number increased to 20% — agar 20% o‘sish miqdori bo‘lsa: ✅ increased by 20%.

Namunalar

  • Car ownership rose by 30% between 2000 and 2010. Avtomobilga egalik 2000-2010 yillarda 30% ga oshdi.
  • The proportion of renewable energy climbed to almost a quarter of total output. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ulushi umumiy ishlab chiqarishning deyarli chorak qismiga yetdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
from … to … ★★★ 2 boshlang‘ich va yakuniy nuqta — «... dan ... gacha» from X to Y (raqam yoki sana) Between 1995 and 2015, the figure for coal fell from 40% to just 12%. 1995-2015 yillar oralig‘ida ko‘mir ko‘rsatkichi 40% dan atigi 12% gacha tushdi. increase by / increase to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

from … to … raqamlar bilan ham, sanalar bilan ham ishlaydi. Sana uchun muqobil: between … and … · over the period …. Ikkalasini aralashtirmang: ❌ between 1990 to 2000.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 kirish va tana qismida takrorlanishdan qochish uchun uch xil ayting: from 1990 to 2000 · between 1990 and 2000 · over the following decade.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The figure fell from 40% until 25% → ✅ fell from 40% to 25%.

Namunalar

  • Between 1995 and 2015, the figure for coal fell from 40% to just 12%. 1995-2015 yillar oralig‘ida ko‘mir ko‘rsatkichi 40% dan atigi 12% gacha tushdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
at (a rate / a level of) ★★☆ 4 qayd etilgan daraja — «... darajasida, ... tezlikda» stood at / peaked at / at a rate of Unemployment remained at around 5% throughout the period. Ishsizlik butun davr davomida taxminan 5% darajasida qoldi. increase by / increase to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

stand at · peak at · remain at · at a rate of — hammasi at oladi, chunki bu nuqta, harakat emas.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 da raqamni takrorlamasdan kiritishning eng qulay yo‘li: Consumption stood at 40 units in 2000 and peaked at 75 units a decade later.

Namunalar

  • Unemployment remained at around 5% throughout the period. Ishsizlik butun davr davomida taxminan 5% darajasida qoldi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
in / on / at (time) ★★★ 1 vaqt predloglari — yil, kun, soat in 2010 · on Monday · at 8 a.m. In 2008 the figure peaked, and by 2012 it had fallen back to its earlier level. 2008-yilda ko‘rsatkich cho‘qqiga chiqdi, 2012-yilga kelib esa avvalgi darajasiga qaytdi. from … to …
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

in — yil, oy, fasl, asr, «uzun» davr (in the 1990s, in June, in the future) · on — aniq kun va sana (on 5 May, on Friday) · at — aniq vaqt nuqtasi (at 6 p.m., at night, at the weekend).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun kerakli qo‘shimchalar: during the period · throughout the decade · by 2010 (shu vaqtga qadar) · over the next five years · within a decade.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ In 5 May → ✅ on 5 May · ❌ In the weekend → ✅ at the weekend (BrE).

Namunalar

  • In 2008 the figure peaked, and by 2012 it had fallen back to its earlier level. 2008-yilda ko‘rsatkich cho‘qqiga chiqdi, 2012-yilga kelib esa avvalgi darajasiga qaytdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
result in / result from ★★☆ 5 sabab yo‘nalishi — «... ga olib keladi» va «... dan kelib chiqadi» X results in Y · Y results from X Rapid urbanisation has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing. Tez urbanizatsiya arzon uy-joyning keskin tanqisligiga olib keldi. due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

result in = sabab → natija (Deforestation results in soil erosion) · result from = natija ← sabab (Soil erosion results from deforestation). Yo‘nalish teskari — predlog buni hal qiladi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Sabab-oqibatni ikki yo‘nalishda ayta olish Task 2 uchun juda foydali. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: lead to · give rise to · bring about · stem from · arise from · be attributed to.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The problem results to … → ✅ results in. ❌ lead into → ✅ lead to.

Namunalar

  • Rapid urbanisation has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing. Tez urbanizatsiya arzon uy-joyning keskin tanqisligiga olib keldi.
  • Much of the pollution results from outdated industrial equipment. Ifloslanishning katta qismi eskirgan sanoat uskunalaridan kelib chiqadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
due to / owing to / because of ★★★ 4 sabab — «... tufayli, ... sababli» (otdan oldin) due to / because of + noun / -ing Owing to a lack of investment, the rail network deteriorated steadily. Sarmoya yetishmagani tufayli temir yo‘l tarmog‘i asta-sekin yomonlashdi. because / since / as result in / result from thanks to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Uchalasi ham ot yoki -ing oladi, gap emas: ✅ due to the increase in fuel prices · ❌ due to fuel prices increased. Gap kerak bo‘lsa: because / since / due to the fact that.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Nozik farq: due to qat’iy grammatikada be dan keyin keladi (The delay was due to heavy rain), owing to esa butun gapga bog‘lanadi. Imtihonda ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi, lekin owing to yozma uslubda ko‘proq ball beradi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Because of the traffic is heavy, I was late → ✅ Because the traffic was heavy… yoki ✅ Because of the heavy traffic…

Namunalar

  • Owing to a lack of investment, the rail network deteriorated steadily. Sarmoya yetishmagani tufayli temir yo‘l tarmog‘i asta-sekin yomonlashdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
an increase in / an impact on ★★★ 4 ot + predlog juftlari — «... dagi o‘sish», «... ga ta’sir» noun + in/on/of/to + noun The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. nominalisation adjective + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Yodlanadigan juftlar: an increase / a rise / a fall / a decline in · an impact / an effect / pressure on · a solution / an approach / access to · the cause / the number / the proportion of · a reason for.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Nominalizatsiya bilan birga ishlatiladi va Task 1 ni takrorlanishdan qutqaradi: There was a sharp increase in demand = Demand increased sharply — bir xil ma’no, boshqa tuzilma.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ an increase of tourists → ✅ an increase in the number of tourists (an increase of 20% — bu miqdor, boshqa narsa).

❌ impact to the environment → ✅ impact on the environment.

Namunalar

  • The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
adjective + preposition ★★☆ 4 sifat + predlog juftlari — «... uchun javobgar», «... dan xabardor» adj + of/for/to/with/in Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar. an increase in / an impact on verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Eng kerakli juftlar: responsible for · aware of · capable of · similar to · different from · familiar with · dependent on · essential to/for · interested in · concerned about.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Bularni qoida bilan chiqarib bo‘lmaydi — juft holda yodlanadi. Lug‘at daftaringizga sifatni yolg‘iz emas, predlogi bilan yozing.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ different than (amerikacha) → Britaniya imtihonida ✅ different from · ❌ responsible of → ✅ responsible for.

Namunalar

  • Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
verb + preposition ★★★ 4 fe’l + predlog juftlari — «... ga bog‘liq», «... dan iborat» verb + on/of/to/for/with Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi. adjective + preposition preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

depend on · consist of · contribute to · lead to · account for · benefit from · cope with · rely on · focus on · invest in · suffer from. ⚠️ Predlogdan keyin fe’l kelsa — -ing shaklida.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

account for Task 1 uchun alohida muhim: Coal accounted for 40% of total output. — foizni aytishning eng akademik yo‘li.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ discuss about the problem → ✅ discuss the problem (predlog kerak emas) · ❌ emphasise on → ✅ emphasise something.

Namunalar

  • Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi.
  • The success of the scheme depends largely on public awareness. Loyihaning muvaffaqiyati ko‘p jihatdan aholining xabardorligiga bog‘liq.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
in terms of / with regard to ★★☆ 5 mavzuni belgilash — «... jihatdan, ... ga kelsak» In terms of + noun, S + V In terms of overall spending, the two countries followed similar paths. Umumiy xarajatlar jihatidan ikki mamlakat o‘xshash yo‘ldan bordi. in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

in terms of / with regard to / as far as X is concerned + ot yoki -ing. Odatda gap boshida, vergul bilan.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 da bir ustundan ikkinchisiga o‘tishning tabiiy yo‘li: In terms of energy consumption, the pattern was rather different.

Task 2 da esa yangi jihatga o‘tish uchun: With regard to cost, the argument is less convincing.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ In terms of the education is expensive → ✅ In terms of cost, education… — faqat ot keladi.

Namunalar

  • In terms of overall spending, the two countries followed similar paths. Umumiy xarajatlar jihatidan ikki mamlakat o‘xshash yo‘ldan bordi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + -ing ★★★ 3 predlogdan keyingi fe’l — doim -ing shaklida preposition + V-ing By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi. verb + -ing (gerund) verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Har qanday predlogdan keyin fe’l -ing bo‘ladi: instead of building · by investing · after graduating · without considering · capable of solving. ⚠️ to ba’zan predlog: look forward to seeing, be used to living.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

by + -ing — Task 2 yechim qismining eng ixcham qolipi: By investing in public transport, cities can cut emissions considerably.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ instead of to build new roads → ✅ instead of building new roads.

Namunalar

  • By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi