Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
12 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Modal fe’llar — Modals

12 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
must / have to ★★☆ 2 majburiyat — «shart, kerak» S + must + V · S + have/has to + V Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart. should / ought to be required to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

must + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ must to go). have to esa zamonga qarab o‘zgaradi: had to, will have to, has to. Shuning uchun o‘tgan yoki kelasi zamonda faqat have to ishlaydi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Farqi: must = ichki, so‘zlovchidan chiqqan majburiyat; have to = tashqi qoida yoki vaziyat talabi.

⚠️ mustn’t ≠ don’t have to. mustn’t = taqiqlangan; don’t have to = shart emas (lekin mumkin). Bu farq Listening’da ham savol bo‘lib keladi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Governments must to invest → ✅ Governments must invest.

❌ Task 2 da har jumlada must — juda buyruqona jaranglaydi. Tavsiya bersangiz should yoki ought to ishlating.

Namunalar

  • Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart.
  • Students have to wear a uniform in most state schools. Ko‘pchilik davlat maktablarida o‘quvchilar forma kiyishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • should / ought to — must = majburiyat; should = tavsiya — insho uchun should xavfsizroq
  • be required to — be required to = rasmiy, majhul ohang: akademik yozuvda tabiiy
To‘liq sahifasi
should / ought to ★★★ 2 tavsiya — «kerak, ma’qul bo‘lardi» S + should + V · S + ought to + V Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak. must / have to had better
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

should + yalang‘och fe’l · ought to + fe’l (yagona to oladigan modal). O‘tmish uchun: should have + V3 («qilishi kerak edi, lekin qilmadi»).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 ning yechim (solution) qismidagi asosiy modal. Tayyor qolip: Governments should invest more heavily in public transport, and individuals ought to reconsider their daily habits.

Xilma-xillik uchun aralashtiring: should · ought to · it would be advisable to · the best approach would be to.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I think government should to ban it → ✅ should ban it.

Namunalar

  • Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak.
  • Policymakers ought to consider the long-term consequences. Siyosat ishlab chiquvchilar uzoq muddatli oqibatlarni hisobga olishlari lozim.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • must / have to — should = tavsiya, yumshoq; must = majburiyat, qat’iy
  • had better — had better = ogohlantirish ohangi bor («aks holda yomon bo‘ladi») — insho uchun juda og‘zaki
To‘liq sahifasi
can / could / be able to ★★☆ 2 imkoniyat va qobiliyat — «... oladi, mumkin» S + can/could + V · S + be able to + V Renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya uglerod chiqindilarini sezilarli kamaytira oladi. may / might / could (possibility)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

can (hozir) · could (o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat yoki yumshoq hozir) · was able to (o‘tmishda bir marta uddaladi) · will be able to (kelajak — ❌ will can).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

O‘tmishda bir martalik muvaffaqiyat uchun was able to kerak: The team was able to reduce costs by 20% (❌ could reduce, chunki could bu yerda «imkoni bor edi, ammo qildimi — noma’lum» degan ma’no beradi).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ In the future people will can work from home → ✅ will be able to work from home.

Namunalar

  • Renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya uglerod chiqindilarini sezilarli kamaytira oladi.
  • Thanks to the scholarship, Sherbek was able to continue his studies. Stipendiya tufayli Sherbek o‘qishini davom ettira oldi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
may / might / could (possibility) ★★★ 4 ehtimollik — «bo‘lishi mumkin» S + may/might/could + V Higher fuel taxes may discourage unnecessary car journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ining oshirilishi keraksiz avtosafarlarni kamaytirishi mumkin. be likely to can / could / be able to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Uchalasi ham yalang‘och fe’l oladi. Ishonch darajasi: may (~50%) > might (~40%) > could (nazariy imkoniyat). O‘tmish uchun: may/might have + V3.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Band 7 ga chiqishning eng arzon yo‘li. Har bir dalilni «har doim shunday» deb emas, ehtimollik sifatida bering:

❌ Banning cars solves air pollution. → ✅ Banning cars in city centres may significantly reduce air pollution. — ikkinchisi tekshiruvchiga o‘ylab yozilgandek ko‘rinadi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Maybe governments should… — maybe og‘zaki. Insho uchun: may, possibly, it is possible that.

Namunalar

  • Higher fuel taxes may discourage unnecessary car journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ining oshirilishi keraksiz avtosafarlarni kamaytirishi mumkin.
  • Such a policy might have unintended consequences for low-income families. Bunday siyosat kam ta’minlangan oilalar uchun kutilmagan oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
be likely to ★★★ 4 ehtimoli yuqori — «... bo‘lishi ehtimoli katta» S + be likely to + V · It is likely that + gap Cities with poor public transport are likely to suffer from congestion. Jamoat transporti yomon shaharlar tirbandlikdan aziyat chekishi ehtimoli katta. may / might / could (possibility) will tend to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

be likely to + fe’l, yoki It is (highly/increasingly) likely that + to‘liq gap. Teskarisi: be unlikely to. Kuchaytirish: highly likely, far more likely.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Akademik yozuvda will ning eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: bashoratni aytadi, lekin uni haqiqat sifatida da’vo qilmaydi. Task 2 xulosasi uchun tayyor qolip: Without decisive action, the problem is likely to worsen over the coming decades.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ It is likely to happen that… → ✅ It is likely that it will happen · yoki ✅ It is likely to happen. Ikkovini aralashtirmang.

Namunalar

  • Cities with poor public transport are likely to suffer from congestion. Jamoat transporti yomon shaharlar tirbandlikdan aziyat chekishi ehtimoli katta.
  • It is highly unlikely that these measures will succeed on their own. Bu choralar yolg‘iz o‘zi muvaffaqiyat qozonishi ehtimoli juda past.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • may / might / could (possibility) — may = ochiq ehtimol; be likely to = ehtimoli yuqori, o‘lchangan
  • will — will = qat’iy bashorat; be likely to = ehtiyotkor bashorat
  • tend to — tend to = hozirgi tendensiya (kuzatilgan); be likely to = kelajak ehtimoli
To‘liq sahifasi
tend to ★★★ 4 tendensiya — «odatda ... qiladi, moyil» S + tend to + V · There is a tendency for X to + V Wealthier countries tend to consume far more energy per capita. Boyroq davlatlar aholi jon boshiga ancha ko‘p energiya iste’mol qilishga moyil. be likely to in general / on the whole
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

tend to + fe’l · ot shakli: a tendency to/for. Kuchaytirish: tend to be far more…

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Umumlashtirishni xavfsiz qiladi. Har qanday «people are…» gapini shu bilan yumshating:

❌ Young people are addicted to social media. → ✅ Young people tend to spend considerably more time on social media than older generations.

Task 1 da ham ishlaydi: Figures for both countries tended to fluctuate throughout the period.

Namunalar

  • Wealthier countries tend to consume far more energy per capita. Boyroq davlatlar aholi jon boshiga ancha ko‘p energiya iste’mol qilishga moyil.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • be likely to — tend to = kuzatilgan hozirgi moyillik; be likely to = kelajak ehtimoli
  • in general / on the whole — bular ravish; tend to esa fe’lning o‘ziga singadi
To‘liq sahifasi
it may well be that ★☆☆ 6 ehtiyotkor tan olish — «ehtimol, ... to‘g‘ridir» It may well be that + to‘liq gap It may well be that stricter penalties deter some offenders. Ehtimol, qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytarar. may / might / could (possibility) admittedly
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

It may well be that + gap. Qisqaroq varianti: may well + fe’l (this may well explain…).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Discussion (both views) inshosida qarshi tomonni tan olish uchun elegant qolip: It may well be that online learning suits independent students; however, it cannot replace laboratory work.

Bir insho ichida bir marta ishlating — bu «bezak» qolip.

Namunalar

  • It may well be that stricter penalties deter some offenders. Ehtimol, qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytarar.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
would ★★★ 3 farazli natija va muloyimlik — «... bo‘lardi» S + would + V · S + would have + V3 Investing in rail networks would reduce road congestion considerably. Temir yo‘l tarmog‘iga sarmoya kiritish yo‘l tirbandligini sezilarli kamaytirardi. the second conditional will
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

would + yalang‘och fe’l (hozir/kelajak farazi) · would have + V3 (o‘tmish farazi). Speaking’da qisqaradi: I’d.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ikki vazifasi IELTS uchun muhim:

  1. Taklifning natijasini aytish — Task 2 yechim qismining yuragi: Such a policy would encourage more people to cycle.
  2. Fikrni yumshatish — I would argue that… «men da’vo qilaman» dan ancha akademikroq.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ If governments would invest more, … → ✅ If governments invested more, … — if tarafida would kelmaydi.

Namunalar

  • Investing in rail networks would reduce road congestion considerably. Temir yo‘l tarmog‘iga sarmoya kiritish yo‘l tirbandligini sezilarli kamaytirardi.
  • I would argue that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Menimcha, foydasi kamchiligidan ustun keladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the second conditional — second conditional aynan shu <i>would</i> ni <i>if</i>-gap bilan to‘ldiradi
  • will — will = haqiqiy bashorat; would = farazga bog‘liq natija
To‘liq sahifasi
be expected to / be projected to ★★☆ 5 bashorat qilinmoqda — «... kutilmoqda, prognoz qilingan» S + is/are expected to + V Global demand for electricity is expected to rise by a third over the next decade. Elektr energiyasiga jahon talabi keyingi o‘n yilda uchdan birga oshishi kutilmoqda. will be likely to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

be expected to / be projected to / be forecast to + fe’l. Majhul shakl — kim bashorat qilgani aytilmaydi, bu akademik uslubga mos.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 ning bashorat grafiklari uchun aynan shu kerak. Grafikda «projected», «forecast», «estimated» so‘zi yoki kelajak yili bo‘lsa: The urban population is projected to reach 70% by 2050.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The population will reach 70% by 2050 — grafik shunchaki prognoz bo‘lsa, buni haqiqat sifatida aytmang.

Namunalar

  • Global demand for electricity is expected to rise by a third over the next decade. Elektr energiyasiga jahon talabi keyingi o‘n yilda uchdan birga oshishi kutilmoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • will — will = to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri bashorat; be expected to = manbaga tayangan prognoz
  • be likely to — likely = ehtimol; expected/projected = rasmiy prognoz
To‘liq sahifasi
it is said that / X is thought to ★☆☆ 6 manbasi aytilmagan da’vo — «aytilishicha, hisoblanadi» It is said/believed/thought that + gap · S + is said to + V Air travel is widely believed to be the fastest-growing source of emissions. Havo transporti chiqindilarning eng tez o‘sib borayotgan manbai deb hisoblanadi. the passive it is often argued that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Ikki shakl bir ma’noni beradi: It is believed that smoking causes… = Smoking is believed to cause…. Ikkinchisi ixchamroq va akademikroq.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

«Odamlar aytishadi» degan gapni akademik qiladi. Task 2 da umumiy qarashni keltirib, keyin unga qarshi chiqish uchun qulay: Homework is widely believed to improve results, yet research suggests otherwise.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ People say that… / Some people think that… — bu Band 5-6 darajasidagi ifoda. Majhul shaklga o‘ting.

Namunalar

  • Air travel is widely believed to be the fastest-growing source of emissions. Havo transporti chiqindilarning eng tez o‘sib borayotgan manbai deb hisoblanadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
need to / needn't ★★☆ 3 zaruriyat — «kerak; shart emas» S + need to + V · S + needn’t + V Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak. must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Oddiy fe’l sifatida: need to + fe’l (needs to, needed to). Modal sifatida faqat inkorda: needn’t + yalang‘och fe’l. ❌ needn’t to.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 da must dan ko‘ra tabiiyroq: Policymakers need to strike a balance between growth and sustainability.

⚠️ needn’t have done = «qilish shart emas edi, lekin qildingiz» — Listening’da tuzoq sifatida keladi.

Namunalar

  • Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • must / have to — need to = zaruriyat, neytral; must = majburiyat, qat’iy
To‘liq sahifasi
modal + passive ★★☆ 5 majhul modal — «... qilinishi kerak / mumkin» S + modal + be + V3 Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak. the passive should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

modal + be + 3-shakl: should be introduced, must be addressed, can be reduced. O‘tmish: modal + have been + V3.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Yechim taklif qilishning eng akademik shakli — kim qilishini aytmasdan nima qilinishi kerakligini aytadi: Stricter regulations should be introduced, and public transport must be made more affordable.

Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta — undan ko‘pi matnni sovuq qiladi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ This problem should be solve → ✅ should be solved — be dan keyin doim 3-shakl.

Namunalar

  • Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi