Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
11 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Shart gaplar — Conditionals

11 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
the zero conditional ★★☆ 2 umumiy haqiqat sharti — «agar ... bo‘lsa, doim ... bo‘ladi» If + present simple, present simple If forests are cleared, soil erosion accelerates. Agar o‘rmonlar kesilsa, tuproq eroziyasi tezlashadi. the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Ikkala tarafda ham present simple. Bu yerda if ni when bilan almashtirsa ham ma’no o‘zgarmaydi — shu belgi orqali zero conditional ekanini bilasiz.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ilmiy va umumiy haqiqatlar uchun — Task 2 ning tushuntirish qismida sabab-oqibat mexanizmini ko‘rsatadi: If demand rises, prices increase.

Namunalar

  • If forests are cleared, soil erosion accelerates. Agar o‘rmonlar kesilsa, tuproq eroziyasi tezlashadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
the first conditional ★★★ 2 real shart — «agar ... bo‘lsa, ... bo‘ladi» (kelajakda mumkin) If + present simple, will + V If cities expand without planning, congestion will worsen. Agar shaharlar rejasiz kengaysa, tirbandlik yomonlashadi. the second conditional unless
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

If + present (❌ if it will rain), asosiy gapda will / may / can / should. will o‘rniga boshqa modal ham bo‘lishi mumkin: If costs fall, more people may switch.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 ogohlantirish jumlasi uchun tayyor qolip: If governments fail to act now, the problem will become far harder to solve.

Unless bilan ham xuddi shu ma’no: Unless governments act, …

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ If the government will invest more, … → ✅ If the government invests more, … — bu eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato.

Namunalar

  • If cities expand without planning, congestion will worsen. Agar shaharlar rejasiz kengaysa, tirbandlik yomonlashadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the second conditional — first = real ehtimol; second = xayoliy yoki ehtimoli past
  • unless — unless = «agar ... bo‘lmasa» — inkorli first conditional
To‘liq sahifasi
the second conditional ★★★ 4 xayoliy shart — «agar ... bo‘lganida, ... bo‘lardi» (hozir/kelajak) If + past simple, would + V If universities lowered their fees, more students would enrol. Agar universitetlar to‘lovni kamaytirsa, ko‘proq talaba o‘qishga kirardi. the first conditional the third conditional would
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

If + past simple, asosiy gapda would / could / might + yalang‘och fe’l. Rasmiy uslubda be ning shakli were bo‘ladi: If the policy were adopted… (❌ was — Writing’da).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 yechim qismining eng kuchli qolipi — taklifning natijasini ko‘rsatadi: If public transport were free, far fewer people would drive to work.

Speaking Part 3 dagi «What would happen if…» savollari ham aynan shu shaklni kutadi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ If I would have more time, I would travel → ✅ If I had more time, I would travel. if tarafida hech qachon would yo‘q.

Namunalar

  • If universities lowered their fees, more students would enrol. Agar universitetlar to‘lovni kamaytirsa, ko‘proq talaba o‘qishga kirardi.
  • If I were the mayor, I would invest in cycling infrastructure. Agar men hokim bo‘lganimda, velosiped infratuzilmasiga sarmoya kiritardim.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the first conditional — second = xayoliy/ehtimoli past; first = real ehtimol
  • the third conditional — second = hozir yoki kelajak; third = o‘tmish, o‘zgartirib bo‘lmaydi
  • would — second conditional — <i>would</i> ning shart bilan to‘ldirilgan shakli
To‘liq sahifasi
the third conditional ★★☆ 5 o‘tmishdagi xayoliy shart — «agar ... bo‘lganida edi, ... bo‘lardi» If + past perfect, would have + V3 If the factory had installed filters earlier, the river would not have been polluted. Agar zavod filtrlarni ertaroq o‘rnatganida, daryo ifloslanmagan bo‘lardi. the second conditional the mixed conditional past perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

If + had + V3, asosiy gapda would/could/might have + V3. Ikki tarafda ham «perfect» bor — shuni yodda tuting.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

O‘tmishdagi xatoni tahlil qiladi — Task 2 da tarixiy misol keltirganda ishlaydi: If stricter rules had been introduced in the 1990s, emissions would have peaked far earlier.

Speaking Part 2 da afsus bildirish uchun ham tabiiy.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ If I would have known → ✅ If I had known. would have faqat ikkinchi tarafda.

Namunalar

  • If the factory had installed filters earlier, the river would not have been polluted. Agar zavod filtrlarni ertaroq o‘rnatganida, daryo ifloslanmagan bo‘lardi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
the mixed conditional ★☆☆ 6 aralash shart — o‘tmishdagi shart, hozirgi natija If + past perfect, would + V (hozir) If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now. Agar u tibbiyotni o‘qiganida, hozir shifokor bo‘lardi. the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

If + had + V3 (o‘tmish sharti), asosiy gapda would + yalang‘och fe’l (hozirgi natija) — «have» yo‘q.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Band 7.5+ belgisi, chunki ikki vaqtni bitta gapda ushlab turadi: If the government had invested in rail in the 1980s, the country would have a modern network today.

Bir marta, o‘rniga tushib ishlatilsa — juda kuchli. Zo‘rlab tiqilsa — xato.

Namunalar

  • If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now. Agar u tibbiyotni o‘qiganida, hozir shifokor bo‘lardi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
unless ★★★ 4 «agar ... bo‘lmasa» — inkor shart Unless + S + V (tasdiq), S + will + V Unless recycling becomes compulsory, landfill waste will keep rising. Agar qayta ishlash majburiy qilinmasa, poligon chiqindilari o‘sishda davom etadi. the first conditional provided that / as long as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

unless ning o‘zi «if not» degani — shuning uchun ichida yana inkor kelmaydi: ❌ unless we don’t act → ✅ unless we act.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 xulosasining eng ishonchli jumlasi: Unless urgent measures are taken, these problems will only intensify.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Unless the government doesn’t act, the crisis will deepen. — ikkita inkor ma’noni teskari qiladi. ✅ Unless the government acts…

Namunalar

  • Unless recycling becomes compulsory, landfill waste will keep rising. Agar qayta ishlash majburiy qilinmasa, poligon chiqindilari o‘sishda davom etadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
provided that / as long as ★★☆ 5 shart bilan rozilik — «... shart bilan, toki ... ekan» S + V, provided that + S + V Technology improves education, as long as teachers are properly trained. Texnologiya ta’limni yaxshilaydi, toki o‘qituvchilar yetarli tayyorgarlikka ega bo‘lsa. unless the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

provided (that) / providing that / as long as / on condition that + present simple. Ma’nosi if ga yaqin, lekin «faqat shu shart bajarilsa» degan cheklovni qo‘shadi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Muvozanatli xulosa yozishning eng oson yo‘li — bir tomonni to‘liq rad etmasdan shart qo‘yasiz: Tourism can benefit local communities, provided that profits are reinvested locally.

Bu «to what extent do you agree» tipidagi savollar uchun juda mos.

Namunalar

  • Technology improves education, as long as teachers are properly trained. Texnologiya ta’limni yaxshilaydi, toki o‘qituvchilar yetarli tayyorgarlikka ega bo‘lsa.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • unless — provided that = ijobiy shart; unless = inkor shart
  • the first conditional — provided that = if, lekin cheklov ohangi kuchliroq
To‘liq sahifasi
in case ★☆☆ 5 ehtiyot chorasi — «... bo‘lib qolsa deb, oldindan» S + V + in case + S + V (present) Cities are building flood defences in case sea levels rise faster than expected. Shaharlar dengiz sathi kutilganidan tez ko‘tarilishi ehtimoliga qarshi to‘g‘onlar qurmoqda. the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

in case + present simple — kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi. ⚠️ in case ≠ if: if = shart bajarilgach qilamiz; in case = shart bajarilishi mumkinligi uchun oldindan qilamiz.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Take an umbrella in case it rains = yomg‘ir yog‘masidan OLDIN olib chiqasiz. Take an umbrella if it rains = yog‘gandan keyin olasiz. Bu farq Listening’da savol bo‘lib keladi.

Namunalar

  • Cities are building flood defences in case sea levels rise faster than expected. Shaharlar dengiz sathi kutilganidan tez ko‘tarilishi ehtimoliga qarshi to‘g‘onlar qurmoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
I wish / if only ★☆☆ 5 afsus va orzu — «... bo‘lganida edi» I wish + past simple / past perfect If only more people had taken the warnings seriously. Koshki ko‘proq odam ogohlantirishlarni jiddiy qabul qilganida. the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Hozirgi holatga afsus: wish + past simple (I wish I had more time) · O‘tmishga afsus: wish + past perfect (I wish I had studied harder) · Boshqa odamning xatti-harakatidan norozilik: wish + would.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking Part 2 da hikoyani chuqurlashtiradi: I wish I had known about the scholarship earlier. Writing’da esa kam ishlating — shaxsiy ohangi bor.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I wish I would have studied → ✅ I wish I had studied.

Namunalar

  • If only more people had taken the warnings seriously. Koshki ko‘proq odam ogohlantirishlarni jiddiy qabul qilganida.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
it's time + past simple ★☆☆ 6 kechikkan zaruriyat — «endi ... qiladigan vaqt keldi» It is (high) time + S + past simple It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi. should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

It is time / It is high time + ega + past simple (shakli o‘tmish, ma’nosi hozir): It is high time governments took this seriously. Muqobil: It is time to + fe’l.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Xulosaga kuch beradigan, lekin kam ishlatiladigan qolip. Bir insho ichida bir marta — va faqat da’vongiz qat’iy bo‘lsa.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ It is high time governments take action → ✅ took action.

Namunalar

  • It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • should / ought to — should = neytral tavsiya; it's high time = kechikkanini ta’kidlaydi
To‘liq sahifasi
if it were not for ★☆☆ 6 «... bo‘lmaganida edi» — bitta omilga bog‘liq natija If it were not for + noun, S + would + V If it were not for remittances, many rural households would struggle. Chetdan kelayotgan pul o‘tkazmalari bo‘lmaganida, ko‘p qishloq xonadonlari qiynalgan bo‘lardi. the second conditional inversion
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Hozir: If it were not for + ot · O‘tmish: If it had not been for + ot. Rasmiy inversiya shakli: Were it not for … / Had it not been for …

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Bitta omilning hal qiluvchi rolini ta’kidlaydi: Were it not for government subsidies, the industry would have collapsed. — inversiya bilan Band 7.5+ ohangini beradi.

Namunalar

  • If it were not for remittances, many rural households would struggle. Chetdan kelayotgan pul o‘tkazmalari bo‘lmaganida, ko‘p qishloq xonadonlari qiynalgan bo‘lardi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the second conditional — bu — second/third conditional’ning «bitta omil» varianti
  • inversion — Were it not for … = shu qolipning inversiyali shakli
To‘liq sahifasi