Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
15 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence

15 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
present simple ★★★ 1 hozirgi oddiy zamon — umumiy haqiqat, odat, doimiy holat S + V(s/es) · S + do/does not + V Air pollution affects millions of people in large cities. Havo ifloslanishi yirik shaharlarda millionlab odamga ta’sir qiladi. present continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

3-shaxs birlikda -s qo‘shiladi: he works, it depends. Inkor va so‘roqda do/does keladi, asosiy fe’l esa yalang‘och qoladi: he doesn’t work (❌ doesn’t works).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 inshosining asosiy zamoni shu. Umumiy haqiqat va hozirgi holat haqida yozasiz: Many countries face a shortage of teachers.

Shuningdek diagramma jarayonini (process diagram) tasvirlashda ham present simple + passive ishlatiladi: The beans are dried and packed.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The government have to act → ✅ The government has to act (rasmiy Britaniya inglizchasida have ham to‘g‘ri, lekin imtihonda bittasini tanlab, oxirigacha shuni ishlating).

❌ Everyone have a phone → ✅ Everyone has a phone — everyone, each, every birlik.

Namunalar

  • Air pollution affects millions of people in large cities. Havo ifloslanishi yirik shaharlarda millionlab odamga ta’sir qiladi.
  • The chart shows how much water each region consumes. Diagramma har bir mintaqa qancha suv iste’mol qilishini ko‘rsatadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • present continuous — present simple = doimiy holat/odat; present continuous = aynan hozir davom etayotgan yoki vaqtinchalik jarayon
To‘liq sahifasi
present continuous ★★☆ 1 hozirgi davomiy zamon — hozir davom etayotgan, vaqtinchalik yoki o‘zgarib borayotgan S + am/is/are + V-ing The climate is changing faster than previously predicted. Iqlim ilgari bashorat qilinganidan tezroq o‘zgarmoqda. present simple
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

am/is/are + fe’l-ing. Holat fe’llari (know, believe, own, consist, contain) odatda bu shaklda kelmaydi: ❌ I am knowing.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

IELTS’da eng foydali vazifasi — o‘zgarib borayotgan tendensiya: The population is ageing rapidly. Bu Task 2 kirish qismida juda yaxshi ishlaydi.

Speaking Part 1 da esa hozirgi hayotingiz haqida: I’m studying engineering at the moment.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Nowadays people use smartphones more and more → ✅ people are using … — o‘zgarish bo‘lsa continuous tabiiyroq.

Namunalar

  • The climate is changing faster than previously predicted. Iqlim ilgari bashorat qilinganidan tezroq o‘zgarmoqda.
  • More and more students are choosing to study abroad. Tobora ko‘proq talaba chet elda o‘qishni tanlamoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • present simple — continuous = vaqtinchalik va o‘zgaruvchan; simple = doimiy haqiqat
To‘liq sahifasi
past simple ★★★ 1 o‘tgan oddiy zamon — tugagan va vaqti aytilgan ish S + V-ed / V2 · S + did not + V The figure for renewable energy doubled between 2005 and 2015. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ko‘rsatkichi 2005-2015 yillarda ikki baravar oshdi. present perfect past continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

To‘g‘ri fe’llar -ed, noto‘g‘ri fe’llar 2-shakl (rise → rose, fall → fell, begin → began). Inkorda did not + yalang‘och fe’l: ❌ didn’t rose → ✅ didn’t rise.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 ning asosiy zamoni, agar grafikdagi yillar o‘tib bo‘lgan bo‘lsa: Between 1990 and 2005, car ownership rose sharply. Yillar berilgan — demak past simple, present perfect emas.

Speaking Part 2 (hikoya) ham deyarli butunlay shu zamonda.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ In 2010 the number has increased → ✅ increased — aniq vaqt aytilgan joyda present perfect ishlatilmaydi.

Namunalar

  • The figure for renewable energy doubled between 2005 and 2015. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ko‘rsatkichi 2005-2015 yillarda ikki baravar oshdi.
  • Last year I took the test for the first time. O‘tgan yili men imtihonni birinchi marta topshirdim.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • present perfect — past simple = vaqt AYTILGAN (in 2010, last year); present perfect = vaqt aytilmagan, natijasi hozir muhim
  • past continuous — past simple = tugagan voqea; past continuous = o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan fon
To‘liq sahifasi
past continuous ★★☆ 3 o‘tgan davomiy zamon — o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan fon harakati S + was/were + V-ing Afsona was preparing for the exam when the power went out. Afsona imtihonga tayyorlanayotganda elektr o‘chib qoldi. past simple
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

was (I/he/she/it) yoki were (you/we/they) + -ing. Ko‘pincha when (past simple) yoki while (past continuous) bilan juftlashadi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking Part 2 hikoyasini jonlantiradigan zamon: fonni continuous, voqeani simple bilan bering — I was waiting for the bus when I met my old teacher.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ While I studied, the phone rang → ✅ While I was studying, the phone rang.

Namunalar

  • Afsona was preparing for the exam when the power went out. Afsona imtihonga tayyorlanayotganda elektr o‘chib qoldi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • past simple — continuous = davom etayotgan fon; simple = uni bo‘lgan voqea
To‘liq sahifasi
present perfect ★★★ 3 hozirgi tugallangan zamon — o‘tmishda bo‘lgan, natijasi hozir muhim S + have/has + V3 The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010. Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi. past simple present perfect continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

have/has + 3-shakl (been, done, risen, fallen). Belgilar: since (boshlanish nuqtasi), for (davomiylik), already, yet, just, recently, over the past decade.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Band 6 dan 7 ga o‘tishning eng oddiy yo‘li — Task 2 da hozirgi holatning tarixini ko‘rsatish: Over the past two decades, governments have invested heavily in renewable energy.

Task 1 da esa faqat grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa ishlatiladi (masalan 2015-present).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I have finished it yesterday → ✅ I finished it yesterday. Aniq o‘tgan vaqt bo‘lsa — past simple.

❌ I have went → ✅ I have gone — 3-shakl kerak, 2-shakl emas.

Namunalar

  • The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010. Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi.
  • Technology has transformed the way we work. Texnologiya ishlash usulimizni tubdan o‘zgartirdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • past simple — present perfect = vaqt aytilmaydi, natija hozir; past simple = vaqt aytilgan va tugagan
  • present perfect continuous — perfect = natija/miqdor muhim; perfect continuous = jarayonning davomiyligi muhim
To‘liq sahifasi
present perfect continuous ★☆☆ 5 hozirgi tugallangan davomiy — o‘tmishda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etayotgan jarayon S + have/has been + V-ing Researchers have been studying this phenomenon since the 1980s. Tadqiqotchilar bu hodisani 1980-yillardan beri o‘rganib kelmoqda. present perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

have/has been + -ing. Odatda for / since bilan. Holat fe’llari (know, believe) bilan ishlatilmaydi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Davomiylikning o‘zini ta’kidlaydi: Scientists have been warning about this for decades. — «yillar davomida ogohlantirib kelishmoqda». Bitta yaxshi joyda ishlatilgan bu shakl Grammatical Range bahosini oshiradi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I am living here since 2019 → ✅ I have been living here since 2019 — o‘zbekcha «yashayapman» present continuous’ni tortadi, lekin ingliz tilida since bo‘lsa perfect kerak.

Namunalar

  • Researchers have been studying this phenomenon since the 1980s. Tadqiqotchilar bu hodisani 1980-yillardan beri o‘rganib kelmoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • present perfect — perfect = qancha/qanday natija; perfect continuous = qancha VAQTDAN beri davom etayotgani
To‘liq sahifasi
past perfect ★★☆ 4 o‘tgan zamondan oldingi zamon — «undan ham oldin bo‘lgan» ish S + had + V3 By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million. 2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi. past simple the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

had + 3-shakl — barcha shaxslarda bir xil. Ko‘pincha by (by 2000), before, after, already bilan keladi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ikki o‘tgan voqeaning qaysi biri oldin bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi. Task 1 da juda foydali: By 2010, the figure had reached its peak. — «2010-yilga kelib allaqachon cho‘qqiga chiqqan edi».

Third conditional ham shu shaklda quriladi (If they had acted…).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Har bir o‘tgan gapga had qo‘shib chiqmang. Voqealar tartib bilan aytilsa, oddiy past simple yetarli.

Namunalar

  • By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million. 2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi.
  • The factory had already closed before the new law was passed. Yangi qonun qabul qilinishidan oldin zavod allaqachon yopilgan edi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • past simple — past perfect = ikki o‘tgan ishning OLDINGISI; past simple = oddiy ketma-ketlik
  • the third conditional — third conditional shu shaklni <i>if</i> bilan ishlatadi
To‘liq sahifasi
future continuous ★☆☆ 5 kelasi davomiy — kelajakning ma’lum bir paytida davom etayotgan bo‘ladi S + will be + V-ing By 2040, millions of drivers will be using electric vehicles. 2040-yilga borib millionlab haydovchi elektromobildan foydalanayotgan bo‘ladi. will future perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

will be + -ing.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqidagi savolga o‘zgacha javob beradi: In ten years’ time, most people will be working remotely. Bitta shunday jumla Grammatical Range uchun yaxshi dalil.

Namunalar

  • By 2040, millions of drivers will be using electric vehicles. 2040-yilga borib millionlab haydovchi elektromobildan foydalanayotgan bo‘ladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • will — will = oddiy bashorat; will be doing = o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan holat
  • future perfect — future perfect = o‘sha paytga qadar TUGAGAN bo‘ladi
To‘liq sahifasi
future perfect ★☆☆ 6 kelasi tugallangan — kelajakdagi bir vaqtga qadar tugagan bo‘ladi S + will have + V3 (+ by 2030) By 2030, the country will have cut its emissions by half. 2030-yilga borib mamlakat chiqindilarini ikki baravar qisqartirgan bo‘ladi. future continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

will have + 3-shakl. Deyarli doim by + sana bilan: by 2050, by the end of the decade.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Bashoratli grafiklar (projection) uchun tayyor qolip: By 2050, the urban population will have overtaken the rural one.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ By 2050 the population will overtake… — noto‘g‘ri emas, lekin by bilan future perfect aniqroq va band-ballga foydaliroq.

Namunalar

  • By 2030, the country will have cut its emissions by half. 2030-yilga borib mamlakat chiqindilarini ikki baravar qisqartirgan bo‘ladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • future continuous — future continuous = davom etayotgan bo‘ladi; future perfect = tugagan bo‘ladi
To‘liq sahifasi
would (past habit) ★☆☆ 5 o‘tmishda takrorlangan harakat — «... qilib turardi» S + would + V (yalang‘och) Every summer we would visit my grandparents in the village. Har yozda buvim va bobomnikiga qishloqqa borar edik. used to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

would + asosiy fe’l. Faqat harakat fe’llari bilan; holat fe’llari (be, have, know) bilan used to ishlatiladi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking Part 2 (bolalik haqidagi kartochkalar) uchun tayyor vosita: avval used to bilan fonni bering, keyin would bilan davom eting — takrorlanish bo‘lmaydi va imtihon oluvchi buni sezadi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ My village would be very small → ✅ used to be — holat fe’li bilan would ishlamaydi.

Namunalar

  • Every summer we would visit my grandparents in the village. Har yozda buvim va bobomnikiga qishloqqa borar edik.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • used to — used to = ham odat, ham holat; would = faqat takrorlangan harakat
To‘liq sahifasi
the tense of the chart (Task 1) ★★★ 3 Task 1 zamon tanlash qoidasi — sana o‘tganmi, hozirmi yoki bashoratmi past simple / present simple / will + V The graph shows the changes that took place between 1980 and 2000. Grafik 1980-2000 yillarda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarishlarni ko‘rsatadi. past simple present perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

O‘tgan yillar (1990-2010) → past simple · Sanasiz yoki hozirgi holat → present simple · Kelajak, «projected», «forecast» → will yoki be expected to · Jarayon diagrammasi → present simple passive.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Bu alohida grammatika emas, qoida — lekin Task 1 da eng ko‘p ball yo‘qotiladigan joy shu. Yozishdan oldin grafikning sanalariga qarang va zamonni bir marta tanlab, butun matnda saqlang.

Aralash grafik (2000-2030) bo‘lsa: o‘tgan qismga past simple, bashorat qismiga is projected to / will.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The graph showed … → ✅ The graph shows … — grafik hozir ko‘rsatib turibdi, uning ma’lumoti esa o‘tmishda bo‘lishi mumkin.

Namunalar

  • The graph shows the changes that took place between 1980 and 2000. Grafik 1980-2000 yillarda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarishlarni ko‘rsatadi.
  • Consumption is projected to rise steadily until 2040. Iste’mol 2040-yilgacha barqaror o‘sishi kutilmoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • past simple — grafikdagi yillar o‘tgan bo‘lsa — past simple
  • present perfect — grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa — present perfect
To‘liq sahifasi
as soon as / by the time / once ★☆☆ 4 vaqt ergash gaplari — «... bilanoq, ... ga qadar, bir marta ... bo‘lsa» As soon as + S + V(present), S + will + V Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi. the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

⚠️ Vaqt ergash gapida kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi: ❌ as soon as he will arrive → ✅ as soon as he arrives. by the time ko‘pincha perfect bilan: by the time they acted, the damage had been done.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqida gapirganda bu qoida tez-tez buziladi — shuning uchun uni yodda saqlang: when / as soon as / once / until / before / after dan keyin present, asosiy gapda will.

Namunalar

  • Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
the process passive (Task 1) ★★☆ 4 jarayon diagrammasi tili — «avval ... qilinadi, so‘ng ... qilinadi» First, X is + V3. Then it is + V3. Once the glass has been sorted, it is melted at high temperature. Shisha saralanganidan so‘ng, u yuqori haroratda eritiladi. the passive the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

present simple passive + ketma-ketlik ravishlari: First · Next · Then · After that · Subsequently · Finally. Bir xil egani takrorlamaslik uchun it va which ishlating.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Process diagram (Task 1) uchun tayyor tuzilma — bu turdagi topshiriq deyarli butunlay shu qolipdan iborat:

First, raw materials are collected. They are then crushed and washed, after which the mixture is heated to 200°C. Finally, the product is packaged for distribution.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ They collect the materials, then they crush them… — «they» kim? Jarayonda bajaruvchi noma’lum, shuning uchun passive kerak.

Namunalar

  • Once the glass has been sorted, it is melted at high temperature. Shisha saralanganidan so‘ng, u yuqori haroratda eritiladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
in / on / at (time) ★★★ 1 vaqt predloglari — yil, kun, soat in 2010 · on Monday · at 8 a.m. In 2008 the figure peaked, and by 2012 it had fallen back to its earlier level. 2008-yilda ko‘rsatkich cho‘qqiga chiqdi, 2012-yilga kelib esa avvalgi darajasiga qaytdi. from … to …
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

in — yil, oy, fasl, asr, «uzun» davr (in the 1990s, in June, in the future) · on — aniq kun va sana (on 5 May, on Friday) · at — aniq vaqt nuqtasi (at 6 p.m., at night, at the weekend).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun kerakli qo‘shimchalar: during the period · throughout the decade · by 2010 (shu vaqtga qadar) · over the next five years · within a decade.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ In 5 May → ✅ on 5 May · ❌ In the weekend → ✅ at the weekend (BrE).

Namunalar

  • In 2008 the figure peaked, and by 2012 it had fallen back to its earlier level. 2008-yilda ko‘rsatkich cho‘qqiga chiqdi, 2012-yilga kelib esa avvalgi darajasiga qaytdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
participle clause ★★☆ 6 ravishdosh oboroti — «... qilib; ... bo‘lgani uchun» V-ing/V3 + …, S + V Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda. reduced relative clause because / since / as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Aniq nisbat: -ing (Having considered both views, …) · Majhul: V3 (Faced with rising costs, firms …). ⚠️ Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart — aks holda «dangling participle» xatosi chiqadi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ikki gapni bittaga siqadi va matnni akademik qiladi:

Because the government had reduced subsidies, prices rose. → Having reduced subsidies, the government saw prices rise.

Sabab ma’nosida: Given the scale of the problem, … — bu tayyor va juda ishonchli qolip.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Walking into the room, the lights were on. — chiroqlar yurmaydi! ✅ Walking into the room, I saw that the lights were on.

Namunalar

  • Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda.
  • Having examined both sides, this essay argues that the benefits are greater. Ikkala tomonni ko‘rib chiqqach, ushbu insho foyda ko‘proq degan fikrni ilgari suradi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi