Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Sabab — Cause

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
because / since / as ★★★	2	sabab — «chunki, ... sababli»	because/since/as + S + V	Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi.	due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham to‘liq gap oladi. because — eng kuchli va aniq; since/as — ma’lum sababni eslatadi va rasmiyroq, odatda gap boshida: Since resources are limited, … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ❗ Otdan oldin ular ishlamaydi — because of / due to kerak: because the rain ❌ → because of the rain ✅. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Because of the government failed to act… → ✅ Because the government failed to act… (gap keldi — of keraksiz). Namunalar Air quality has deteriorated because more people commute by car. Havo sifati yomonlashdi, chunki ko‘proq odam ishga mashinada qatnaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi due to / owing to / because of — bular OT oladi; because/since/as GAP oladi therefore / consequently — sabab emas — NATIJANI bog‘laydi (teskari yo‘nalish) To‘liq sahifasi

Shart — Condition

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the zero conditional ★★☆	2	umumiy haqiqat sharti — «agar ... bo‘lsa, doim ... bo‘ladi»	If + present simple, present simple	If forests are cleared, soil erosion accelerates. Agar o‘rmonlar kesilsa, tuproq eroziyasi tezlashadi.	the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikkala tarafda ham present simple. Bu yerda if ni when bilan almashtirsa ham ma’no o‘zgarmaydi — shu belgi orqali zero conditional ekanini bilasiz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ilmiy va umumiy haqiqatlar uchun — Task 2 ning tushuntirish qismida sabab-oqibat mexanizmini ko‘rsatadi: If demand rises, prices increase. Namunalar If forests are cleared, soil erosion accelerates. Agar o‘rmonlar kesilsa, tuproq eroziyasi tezlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — zero = doimiy haqiqat; first = kelajakdagi aniq bir holat To‘liq sahifasi
the first conditional ★★★	2	real shart — «agar ... bo‘lsa, ... bo‘ladi» (kelajakda mumkin)	If + present simple, will + V	If cities expand without planning, congestion will worsen. Agar shaharlar rejasiz kengaysa, tirbandlik yomonlashadi.	the second conditional unless
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + present (❌ if it will rain), asosiy gapda will / may / can / should. will o‘rniga boshqa modal ham bo‘lishi mumkin: If costs fall, more people may* switch.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ogohlantirish jumlasi uchun tayyor qolip: If governments fail to act now, the problem will* become far harder to solve.* Unless bilan ham xuddi shu ma’no: Unless governments act, … ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If the government will invest more, … → ✅ If the government invests more, … — bu eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato. Namunalar If cities expand without planning, congestion will worsen. Agar shaharlar rejasiz kengaysa, tirbandlik yomonlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — first = real ehtimol; second = xayoliy yoki ehtimoli past unless — unless = «agar ... bo‘lmasa» — inkorli first conditional To‘liq sahifasi

Qiyoslash — Comparison

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
comparative ★★★	2	qiyosiy daraja — «... roq, ... dan ko‘ra»	adj-er / more + adj + than	Rural households consumed far less electricity than urban ones. Qishloq xonadonlari shahar xonadonlariga qaraganda ancha kam elektr iste’mol qildi.	superlative as … as significantly / slightly + comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Bir bo‘g‘inli sifat → -er (higher, larger, bigger) · ikki va undan ko‘p bo‘g‘in → more (more expensive). -y bilan tugasa: happier. Noto‘g‘ri shakllar: good → better, bad → worse, far → further. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da raqamlarni sanab chiqish emas, solishtirish ball beradi: Spending on housing was considerably higher than* spending on transport throughout the period.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ more higher → ✅ higher (ikki marta qiyoslamang) · ❌ higher then → ✅ higher than (then = keyin, than = dan). Namunalar Rural households consumed far less electricity than urban ones. Qishloq xonadonlari shahar xonadonlariga qaraganda ancha kam elektr iste’mol qildi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi superlative — comparative = ikkitasini solishtiradi; superlative = hammasidan eng as … as — as…as = tenglik; comparative = farq significantly / slightly + comparative — bu ravishlar farqning HAJMINI aytadi To‘liq sahifasi
superlative ★★★	2	orttirma daraja — «eng ...»	the + adj-est / the most + adj	The most striking feature of the graph is the sharp rise after 2010. Grafikning eng ko‘zga tashlanadigan jihati — 2010-yildan keyingi keskin o‘sish.	comparative most / most of / the most
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the majburiy: the highest, the most significant. Keyin ko‘pincha of yoki in: the highest of the four countries, the largest city in the region. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning umumiy xulosasi (overview) deyarli doim superlativ bilan yoziladi: Overall, China recorded the highest* level of consumption, while Brazil saw the sharpest decline.* «Ikkinchi o‘rin» uchun: the second-highest, the next largest. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Japan had highest figure → ✅ the highest figure — superlativda the tushib qolmaydi. Namunalar The most striking feature of the graph is the sharp rise after 2010. Grafikning eng ko‘zga tashlanadigan jihati — 2010-yildan keyingi keskin o‘sish. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — superlative = eng; comparative = ikkisidan biri most / most of / the most — the most = «eng»; most = «aksariyat» — chalkashtirmang To‘liq sahifasi

O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
from … to … ★★★	2	boshlang‘ich va yakuniy nuqta — «... dan ... gacha»	from X to Y (raqam yoki sana)	Between 1995 and 2015, the figure for coal fell from 40% to just 12%. 1995-2015 yillar oralig‘ida ko‘mir ko‘rsatkichi 40% dan atigi 12% gacha tushdi.	increase by / increase to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi from … to … raqamlar bilan ham, sanalar bilan ham ishlaydi. Sana uchun muqobil: between … and … · over the period …. Ikkalasini aralashtirmang: ❌ between 1990 to 2000. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 kirish va tana qismida takrorlanishdan qochish uchun uch xil ayting: from 1990 to 2000 · between 1990 and 2000 · over the following decade. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The figure fell from 40% until 25% → ✅ fell from* 40% to 25%. Namunalar Between 1995 and 2015, the figure for coal fell from 40% to just 12%. 1995-2015 yillar oralig‘ida ko‘mir ko‘rsatkichi 40% dan atigi 12% gacha tushdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi increase by / increase to* — from…to = ikkala nuqta; by = ular orasidagi farq To‘liq sahifasi

Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
much / many / a lot of ★★★	2	miqdor — «ko‘p»	much + uncountable · many + plural	A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi.	uncountable nouns few / a few / little / a little
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi many + sanaladigan ko‘plik · much + sanalmaydigan · a lot of / plenty of — ikkalasi bilan ham. Akademik yozuvda a lot of o‘rniga: a large number of (sanaladigan), a great deal of (sanalmas), numerous, considerable. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Tasdiq gapda yolg‘iz much g‘alati eshitiladi — There is much pollution ❌ → There is a great deal of* pollution* ✅. Inkor va so‘roqda esa much normal: not much progress. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ much people → ✅ many people · ❌ many money → ✅ much money / a great deal of money. Namunalar A large number of graduates now work in fields unrelated to their degree. Ko‘p sonli bitiruvchilar hozir mutaxassisligiga aloqasi yo‘q sohalarda ishlaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — much/many tanlash sanaladigan-sanalmasligiga bog‘liq few / a few / little / a little — few/little = OZ; many/much = KO‘P To‘liq sahifasi

Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
firstly / secondly / finally ★★☆	2	tartib bilan sanash — «birinchidan, ikkinchidan, nihoyat»	Firstly, + S + V	Firstly, urban expansion destroys farmland; secondly, it increases commuting times. Birinchidan, shaharlarning kengayishi ekin maydonlarini yo‘q qiladi; ikkinchidan, qatnov vaqtini oshiradi.	moreover / furthermore in conclusion / overall
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly / Finally — jumla boshida vergul bilan. Lastly ham to‘g‘ri; At last — ❌ (u «nihoyat, kutib» degani). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki dalilli xatboshida bu ketma-ketlik strukturani aniq qiladi. Lekin butun insho Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly… bo‘lib qolsa, matn ro‘yxatga aylanadi — Coherence bahosi tushadi. Ba’zilarini mazmuniy o‘tish bilan almashtiring: A further concern is… ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ At first, education is important → ✅ Firstly, … (at first = «dastlab, keyin o‘zgardi»). Namunalar Firstly, urban expansion destroys farmland; secondly, it increases commuting times. Birinchidan, shaharlarning kengayishi ekin maydonlarini yo‘q qiladi; ikkinchidan, qatnov vaqtini oshiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi moreover / furthermore — firstly/secondly = tartib; moreover = qo‘shimcha dalil in conclusion / overall — finally = oxirgi dalil; in conclusion = xulosa qismi To‘liq sahifasi

Taxmin — Speculation

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
will ★★★	2	kelasi zamon — bashorat, qaror, va’da	S + will + V (yalang‘och)	The demand for water will double over the next thirty years. Suvga bo‘lgan talab keyingi o‘ttiz yilda ikki baravar oshadi.	be going to be likely to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi will + fe’lning asosiy shakli, barcha shaxslarda bir xil. ❌ will to go · ❌ will goes. Inkor: will not / won’t. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 xulosasida deyarli har doim kerak bo‘ladi: Unless action is taken, the situation will* deteriorate further.* ⚠️ Yolg‘iz will juda qat’iy jaranglaydi. Band 7 uchun uni yumshating: will probably, is likely to, may well. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If it will rain, we will stay → ✅ If it rains, we will stay — if ergash gapida will ishlatilmaydi. Namunalar The demand for water will double over the next thirty years. Suvga bo‘lgan talab keyingi o‘ttiz yilda ikki baravar oshadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi be going to — will = shu topda qaror yoki umumiy bashorat; be going to = oldindan qilingan reja yoki hozirgi dalilga asoslangan bashorat be likely to — be likely to = ehtiyotkorroq va akademikroq — Task 2 uchun xavfsizroq To‘liq sahifasi
be going to ★★☆	2	kelasi zamon — oldindan qilingan reja yoki ko‘rinib turgan natija	S + am/is/are going to + V	Jasur is going to take the test in September. Jasur imtihonni sentyabrda topshirmoqchi.	will
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi am/is/are going to + asosiy fe’l. Og‘zaki nutqda gonna eshitiladi — Speaking’da tabiiy, Writing’da hech qachon. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 1-2 da rejalar haqida gapirganda eng tabiiy shakl: I’m going to apply for a master’s next year. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Task 2 inshosida gonna yoki I’m going to talk about… — bu og‘zaki uslub, insho uchun mos emas. Namunalar Jasur is going to take the test in September. Jasur imtihonni sentyabrda topshirmoqchi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi will — going to = reja allaqachon bor; will = shu topda qaror qilingan To‘liq sahifasi

Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
must / have to ★★☆	2	majburiyat — «shart, kerak»	S + must + V · S + have/has to + V	Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart.	should / ought to be required to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi must + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ must to go). have to esa zamonga qarab o‘zgaradi: had to, will have to, has to. Shuning uchun o‘tgan yoki kelasi zamonda faqat have to ishlaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Farqi: must = ichki, so‘zlovchidan chiqqan majburiyat; have to = tashqi qoida yoki vaziyat talabi. ⚠️ mustn’t ≠ don’t have to. mustn’t = taqiqlangan; don’t have to = shart emas (lekin mumkin). Bu farq Listening’da ham savol bo‘lib keladi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Governments must to invest → ✅ Governments must invest. ❌ Task 2 da har jumlada must — juda buyruqona jaranglaydi. Tavsiya bersangiz should yoki ought to ishlating. Namunalar Applicants must submit their documents before the deadline. Arizachilar hujjatlarini muddatdan oldin topshirishlari shart. Students have to wear a uniform in most state schools. Ko‘pchilik davlat maktablarida o‘quvchilar forma kiyishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — must = majburiyat; should = tavsiya — insho uchun should xavfsizroq be required to — be required to = rasmiy, majhul ohang: akademik yozuvda tabiiy To‘liq sahifasi
should / ought to ★★★	2	tavsiya — «kerak, ma’qul bo‘lardi»	S + should + V · S + ought to + V	Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak.	must / have to had better
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi should + yalang‘och fe’l · ought to + fe’l (yagona to oladigan modal). O‘tmish uchun: should have + V3 («qilishi kerak edi, lekin qilmadi»). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ning yechim (solution) qismidagi asosiy modal. Tayyor qolip: Governments should* invest more heavily in public transport, and individuals ought to reconsider their daily habits.* Xilma-xillik uchun aralashtiring: should · ought to · it would be advisable to · the best approach would be to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I think government should to ban it → ✅ should ban it. Namunalar Schools should place greater emphasis on practical skills. Maktablar amaliy ko‘nikmalarga ko‘proq e’tibor qaratishi kerak. Policymakers ought to consider the long-term consequences. Siyosat ishlab chiquvchilar uzoq muddatli oqibatlarni hisobga olishlari lozim. O‘xshashlaridan farqi must / have to — should = tavsiya, yumshoq; must = majburiyat, qat’iy had better — had better = ogohlantirish ohangi bor («aks holda yomon bo‘ladi») — insho uchun juda og‘zaki To‘liq sahifasi

Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
can / could / be able to ★★☆	2	imkoniyat va qobiliyat — «... oladi, mumkin»	S + can/could + V · S + be able to + V	Renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya uglerod chiqindilarini sezilarli kamaytira oladi.	may / might / could (possibility)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi can (hozir) · could (o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat yoki yumshoq hozir) · was able to (o‘tmishda bir marta uddaladi) · will be able to (kelajak — ❌ will can). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi O‘tmishda bir martalik muvaffaqiyat uchun was able to kerak: The team was able to* reduce costs by 20%* (❌ could reduce, chunki could bu yerda «imkoni bor edi, ammo qildimi — noma’lum» degan ma’no beradi). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In the future people will can work from home → ✅ will be able to work from home. Namunalar Renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya uglerod chiqindilarini sezilarli kamaytira oladi. Thanks to the scholarship, Sherbek was able to continue his studies. Stipendiya tufayli Sherbek o‘qishini davom ettira oldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi may / might / could (possibility) — can = umumiy imkoniyat; may/might = aniq bir holatning ehtimoli To‘liq sahifasi

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
there is / there are ★★☆	2	mavjudlik — «bor, mavjud»	There + is/are + noun	There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor.	nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l keyingi otga qarab moslashadi: There is a reason · There are* several reasons. Boshqa zamonlar: there was / there have been / there will be. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Foydali, lekin haddan ortiq ishlatilgan* qolip. Band 7 uchun ba’zilarini kuchliroq fe’lga almashtiring: There are many people who think… → Many people argue that… There is an increase in… → X has increased … ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ There are a lot of pollution → ✅ There is a lot of pollution — pollution sanalmaydigan ot. ❌ In the graph have three lines → ✅ There are* three lines. Namunalar There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi nominalisation* — there is + ot o‘rniga otni ega qiling — matn kuchliroq bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
the ★★★	2	aniq artikl — «o‘sha, ma’lum bo‘lgan»	the + ot (birlik, ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan)	The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi.	a / an zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the qo‘yiladi: ikkinchi marta eslatilganda · yagona narsa (the sun, the government, the environment) · superlativ bilan (the highest) · of birikmasi bilan (the number of students) · Task 1 da the figure, the period, the chart. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun oltin qoida: grafik, davr va ko‘rsatkichlar doim aniq — shuning uchun the chart, the period, the figure for Japan, the highest proportion. Foizlar bilan esa artikl yo‘q: 20% of households (❌ the 20%). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The education is important → ✅ Education is important — umumiy ma’noda the kerak emas. ❌ number of students are rising → ✅ The number of students is rising. Namunalar The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi. The government has introduced a new tax on plastic packaging. Hukumat plastik qadoq uchun yangi soliq joriy qildi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi a / an — the = ma’lum; a/an = noma’lum yoki birinchi marta zero article — the = aniq guruh; artiklsiz = umuman shu turdagi narsalar To‘liq sahifasi