Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
future perfect ★☆☆	6	kelasi tugallangan — kelajakdagi bir vaqtga qadar tugagan bo‘ladi	S + will have + V3 (+ by 2030)	By 2030, the country will have cut its emissions by half. 2030-yilga borib mamlakat chiqindilarini ikki baravar qisqartirgan bo‘ladi.	future continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi will have + 3-shakl. Deyarli doim by + sana bilan: by 2050, by the end of the decade. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bashoratli grafiklar (projection) uchun tayyor qolip: By 2050, the urban population will have overtaken* the rural one.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ By 2050 the population will overtake… — noto‘g‘ri emas, lekin by bilan future perfect aniqroq va band-ballga foydaliroq. Namunalar By 2030, the country will have cut its emissions by half. 2030-yilga borib mamlakat chiqindilarini ikki baravar qisqartirgan bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi future continuous — future continuous = davom etayotgan bo‘ladi; future perfect = tugagan bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi

Modal fe’llar — Modals

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
it may well be that ★☆☆	6	ehtiyotkor tan olish — «ehtimol, ... to‘g‘ridir»	It may well be that + to‘liq gap	It may well be that stricter penalties deter some offenders. Ehtimol, qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytarar.	may / might / could (possibility) admittedly
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It may well be that + gap. Qisqaroq varianti: may well + fe’l (this may well explain…). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Discussion (both views) inshosida qarshi tomonni tan olish uchun elegant qolip: It may well be that online learning suits independent students; however, it cannot replace laboratory work. Bir insho ichida bir marta ishlating — bu «bezak» qolip. Namunalar It may well be that stricter penalties deter some offenders. Ehtimol, qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytarar. O‘xshashlaridan farqi may / might / could (possibility) — bir xil ma’no, lekin bu qolip butun gapni yumshatadi va rasmiyroq admittedly — admittedly = ochiq tan olish; it may well be that = ehtimollik bilan tan olish To‘liq sahifasi
it is said that / X is thought to ★☆☆	6	manbasi aytilmagan da’vo — «aytilishicha, hisoblanadi»	It is said/believed/thought that + gap · S + is said to + V	Air travel is widely believed to be the fastest-growing source of emissions. Havo transporti chiqindilarning eng tez o‘sib borayotgan manbai deb hisoblanadi.	the passive it is often argued that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki shakl bir ma’noni beradi: It is believed that smoking causes… = Smoking is believed to cause…. Ikkinchisi ixchamroq va akademikroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Odamlar aytishadi» degan gapni akademik qiladi. Task 2 da umumiy qarashni keltirib, keyin unga qarshi chiqish uchun qulay: Homework is widely believed to* improve results, yet research suggests otherwise.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ People say that… / Some people think that… — bu Band 5-6 darajasidagi ifoda. Majhul shaklga o‘ting. Namunalar Air travel is widely believed to be the fastest-growing source of emissions. Havo transporti chiqindilarning eng tez o‘sib borayotgan manbai deb hisoblanadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — bu — majhul nisbatning ko‘chirma gapdagi maxsus qolipi it is often argued that — argued = bahsli fikr; believed/thought = keng tarqalgan qarash To‘liq sahifasi

Ergash gaplar — Clauses

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
preposition + which ★☆☆	6	predlogli ergash gap — «... bo‘lgan/qilinadigan»	noun + in/for/to + which + clause	The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Predlog which/whom dan oldin keladi: the rate at which* forests disappear* · the extent to which* …* · the way in which* …. Odam bilan: whom* (❌ for who → ✅ for whom). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «The extent to which» — IELTS savol matnining o‘zida uchraydigan ibora («To what extent do you agree?»), shuning uchun uni javobda qaytarish juda tabiiy: This essay will examine the extent to which* technology has reshaped education.* Namunalar The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — bu — o‘sha ergash gapning predlogli, rasmiyroq varianti To‘liq sahifasi
reduced relative clause ★☆☆	6	qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl	noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …)	The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.	defining relative clause participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying* abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019* = the policy introduced* in 2019. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi. Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living* in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat). Namunalar The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — reduced = who/which + be tushirilgan, ixchamroq participle clause — participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi; reduced relative faqat otni aniqlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Shart gaplar — Conditionals

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the mixed conditional ★☆☆	6	aralash shart — o‘tmishdagi shart, hozirgi natija	If + past perfect, would + V (hozir)	If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now. Agar u tibbiyotni o‘qiganida, hozir shifokor bo‘lardi.	the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + had + V3 (o‘tmish sharti), asosiy gapda would + yalang‘och fe’l (hozirgi natija) — «have» yo‘q. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Band 7.5+ belgisi, chunki ikki vaqtni bitta gapda ushlab turadi: If the government had invested* in rail in the 1980s, the country would have a modern network today.* Bir marta, o‘rniga tushib ishlatilsa — juda kuchli. Zo‘rlab tiqilsa — xato. Namunalar If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor now. Agar u tibbiyotni o‘qiganida, hozir shifokor bo‘lardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the third conditional — third = natija ham o‘tmishda; mixed = natija hozirda To‘liq sahifasi
it's time + past simple ★☆☆	6	kechikkan zaruriyat — «endi ... qiladigan vaqt keldi»	It is (high) time + S + past simple	It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi.	should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It is time / It is high time + ega + past simple (shakli o‘tmish, ma’nosi hozir): It is high time governments took* this seriously.* Muqobil: It is time to + fe’l. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Xulosaga kuch beradigan, lekin kam ishlatiladigan qolip. Bir insho ichida bir marta — va faqat da’vongiz qat’iy bo‘lsa. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is high time governments take action → ✅ took action. Namunalar It is high time schools reconsidered the amount of homework they set. Maktablar beradigan uy vazifasi hajmini qayta ko‘rib chiqish vaqti allaqachon keldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — should = neytral tavsiya; it's high time = kechikkanini ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
if it were not for ★☆☆	6	«... bo‘lmaganida edi» — bitta omilga bog‘liq natija	If it were not for + noun, S + would + V	If it were not for remittances, many rural households would struggle. Chetdan kelayotgan pul o‘tkazmalari bo‘lmaganida, ko‘p qishloq xonadonlari qiynalgan bo‘lardi.	the second conditional inversion
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Hozir: If it were not for + ot · O‘tmish: If it had not been for + ot. Rasmiy inversiya shakli: Were it not for … / Had it not been for … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bitta omilning hal qiluvchi rolini ta’kidlaydi: Were it not for government subsidies, the industry would have collapsed. — inversiya bilan Band 7.5+ ohangini beradi. Namunalar If it were not for remittances, many rural households would struggle. Chetdan kelayotgan pul o‘tkazmalari bo‘lmaganida, ko‘p qishloq xonadonlari qiynalgan bo‘lardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — bu — second/third conditional’ning «bitta omil» varianti inversion — Were it not for … = shu qolipning inversiyali shakli To‘liq sahifasi

Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
nominalisation ★★☆	6	otlashtirish — fe’lni otga aylantirib, akademik uslub yasash	verb → noun (decide → the decision)	The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi.	the passive the fact that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l yoki sifatni otga aylantiring va uni gapning egasi qiling: The government decided to cut spending, which affected schools. → The government’s decision to cut spending had a significant impact on schools. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik uslubning eng ko‘zga ko‘rinadigan belgisi. Ko‘p ishlatiladigan juftlar: decide → decision · grow → growth · reduce → reduction · consume → consumption · pollute → pollution · unemployed → unemployment. Foydasi ikki karra: matn zichlashadi va gapni ot bilan boshlash imkonini beradi — The rapid expansion of cities has placed enormous pressure on infrastructure. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Haddan tashqari otlashtirish gapni o‘qib bo‘lmas qiladi: The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation of… — bitta gapda 1-2 ta ot yetarli. Namunalar The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi — biri fe’l orqali, biri ot orqali the fact that — the fact that = gapni ot qiladi; nominalisation = fe’lni ot qiladi To‘liq sahifasi

Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the more … the more ★☆☆	6	parallel o‘zgarish — «qancha ... shuncha ...»	The + comparative …, the + comparative …	The higher the level of education, the lower the unemployment rate tends to be. Ta’lim darajasi qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa, ishsizlik darajasi shunchalik past bo‘ladi.	comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikkala qismda ham the + qiyosiy shakl: The more people commute by car, the worse congestion becomes. Ikkinchi qismdan oldin vergul. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-natijani ixcham va ta’sirchan qilib beradi — Task 2 tanasida bitta shunday gap Grammatical Range uchun yaxshi dalil. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ More people work from home, less traffic there is — the tushib qolgan: ✅ The more people work from home, the less traffic there is. Namunalar The higher the level of education, the lower the unemployment rate tends to be. Ta’lim darajasi qanchalik yuqori bo‘lsa, ishsizlik darajasi shunchalik past bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — bu — qiyosiy shaklning juftlangan, ta’sirchan varianti To‘liq sahifasi

Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the former / the latter ★☆☆	6	avvalgisi / keyingisi — ikkitadan qaysi biriga ishora	the former … the latter …	Both nuclear and solar power were expanded, though the latter grew far faster. Ham yadro, ham quyosh energiyasi kengaytirildi, biroq ikkinchisi ancha tez o‘sdi.	this / such + noun (referencing)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the former = birinchi tilga olingani · the latter = ikkinchisi. Faqat ikkita narsa bo‘lganda ishlaydi; uchta bo‘lsa the first / the last deyiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Otni takrorlamaslikning eng akademik yo‘li: Students can choose between vocational and academic courses; the former* leads to employment more quickly, while the latter offers broader options.* Bir inshoda bir marta — noto‘g‘ri ishlatilsa, o‘quvchi adashadi. Namunalar Both nuclear and solar power were expanded, though the latter grew far faster. Ham yadro, ham quyosh energiyasi kengaytirildi, biroq ikkinchisi ancha tez o‘sdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi this / such + noun (referencing) — such + ot = umumlashtiradi; the former/latter = ikkitadan birini tanlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures

7 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
inversion ★☆☆	6	teskari tartib — ta’kid uchun ega va yordamchi fe’l o‘rin almashadi	Negative adverb + auxiliary + S + V	Not only does recycling reduce waste, but it also creates local employment. Qayta ishlash nafaqat chiqindini kamaytiradi, balki mahalliy ish o‘rinlari ham yaratadi.	not only … but also cleft sentence (It is … that) if it were not for
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Inkor yoki cheklov ma’nosidagi ravish gap boshiga chiqsa, so‘roq tartibi keladi: Rarely / Seldom / Never / Not only / Little / Under no circumstances / Only when / No sooner + do/does/did/has/is + ega + fe’l. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ta’sirchan, lekin xavfli. Bir inshoda bittadan ko‘p ishlatmang va faqat haqiqatan ta’kid kerak bo‘lgan joyda: Rarely has a single technology transformed daily life so rapidly. Only when governments act together will emissions fall. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Never I have seen… → ✅ Never have I* seen…* — yordamchi fe’l egadan OLDIN turadi. Namunalar Not only does recycling reduce waste, but it also creates local employment. Qayta ishlash nafaqat chiqindini kamaytiradi, balki mahalliy ish o‘rinlari ham yaratadi. Under no circumstances should safety standards be relaxed. Hech qanday holatda xavfsizlik standartlari yumshatilmasligi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi not only … but also — gap boshida kelganda aynan shu inversiyani talab qiladi cleft sentence (It is … that) — ikkalasi ham ta’kid vositasi — biri tartib, biri tuzilma orqali if it were not for — Were it not for … = shart gapdagi inversiya To‘liq sahifasi
cleft sentence (It is … that) ★☆☆	6	ajratma gap — bir bo‘lakni ajratib ta’kidlaydi	It is X that/who + V · What … is …	It is the lack of enforcement, rather than the law itself, that causes the problem. Muammoni qonunning o‘zi emas, balki uning ijro etilmasligi keltirib chiqaradi.	inversion it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki shakl: It is + ta’kidlanayotgan bo‘lak + that/who + qolgan gap · What + gap + is + ta’kid. Governments must act → It is governments that must act / What governments must do is act. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Xulosada asosiy fikringizni ta’kidlash uchun juda mos: What is needed is not more legislation but stricter enforcement. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ What is needed are stricter rules → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is (What = birlik). Namunalar It is the lack of enforcement, rather than the law itself, that causes the problem. Muammoni qonunning o‘zi emas, balki uning ijro etilmasligi keltirib chiqaradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi inversion — ikkalasi ham ta’kid uchun — cleft xavfsizroq va tabiiyroq it is + adjective + that/to — shakli o‘xshash, lekin vazifasi boshqa — u baho beradi To‘liq sahifasi
participle clause ★★☆	6	ravishdosh oboroti — «... qilib; ... bo‘lgani uchun»	V-ing/V3 + …, S + V	Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda.	reduced relative clause because / since / as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat: -ing (Having considered both views, …) · Majhul: V3 (Faced with rising costs, firms …). ⚠️ Ega bir xil bo‘lishi shart — aks holda «dangling participle» xatosi chiqadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki gapni bittaga siqadi va matnni akademik qiladi: Because the government had reduced subsidies, prices rose. → Having reduced subsidies, the government saw prices rise. Sabab ma’nosida: Given the scale of the problem, … — bu tayyor va juda ishonchli qolip. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Walking into the room, the lights were on. — chiroqlar yurmaydi! ✅ Walking into the room, I saw that the lights were on. Namunalar Given the rising cost of housing, many young people continue to live with their parents. Uy-joy narxining oshib borishini hisobga olsak, ko‘p yoshlar ota-onasi bilan yashashda davom etmoqda. Having examined both sides, this essay argues that the benefits are greater. Ikkala tomonni ko‘rib chiqqach, ushbu insho foyda ko‘proq degan fikrni ilgari suradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi reduced relative clause — reduced relative OTni aniqlaydi; participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi because / since / as — participle clause = shu sababni ixchamroq aytish yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi
the subjunctive (It is essential that …) ★☆☆	6	buyruq maylining rasmiy shakli — «... bo‘lishi shart»	It is essential that + S + V (yalang‘och)	It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart.	should / ought to it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi essential / vital / imperative / crucial yoki recommend / suggest / demand / insist dan keyin that + ega + yalang‘och fe’l — -s ham, should ham yo‘q: It is essential that every school have* a library.* (Britaniya uslubida should have ham to‘g‘ri.) Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Eng rasmiy tavsiya shakli. Agar ishonchingiz komil bo‘lmasa, xavfsiz varianti — should qo‘shish: It is vital that governments should* act.* Ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The committee recommended that he goes → ✅ recommended that he go (yoki should go). Namunalar It is imperative that action be taken before the situation deteriorates further. Vaziyat yanada yomonlashishidan oldin chora ko‘rilishi shart. O‘xshashlaridan farqi should / ought to — should = oddiy tavsiya; subjunctive = eng rasmiy shakl it is + adjective + that/to — shu qolipning oddiy, xavfsiz varianti To‘liq sahifasi
emphatic do ★☆☆	6	ta’kidlovchi do — «haqiqatan ham ... qiladi»	S + do/does/did + V (yalang‘och)	Stricter penalties do deter some offenders, but they do not address the root cause. Qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytaradi, biroq ular asosiy sababni hal qilmaydi.	cleft sentence (It is … that) admittedly
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Tasdiq gapga do/does/did qo‘shiladi va asosiy fe’l yalang‘och qoladi: Technology does* offer real benefits.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Qarshi tomonni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun juda mos: Online learning does* provide flexibility; however, it cannot replicate classroom interaction.* — bu «muvozanatli fikr» taassurotini beradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It does offers → ✅ It does offer. Namunalar Stricter penalties do deter some offenders, but they do not address the root cause. Qattiqroq jazolar ba’zi huquqbuzarlarni qaytaradi, biroq ular asosiy sababni hal qilmaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi cleft sentence (It is … that) — ikkalasi ham ta’kid — do fe’lni, cleft bo‘lakni ta’kidlaydi admittedly — admittedly = tan olishni ochiq aytadi; emphatic do = uni fe’l bilan beradi To‘liq sahifasi
far from being ★☆☆	6	kutilganning aksi — «... bo‘lish o‘rniga, aksincha»	Far from + V-ing, S + V	Far from reducing inequality, the reform widened the gap between rich and poor. Tengsizlikni kamaytirish o‘rniga, islohot boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirdi.	participle clause in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Far from + -ing (yoki ot), keyin vergul va asosiy gap: Far from solving the problem, this policy made it worse. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Kuchli rad etish qolipi — qarshi fikrni faqat inkor qilibgina qolmay, uni teskarisiga aylantiradi. Xulosada yoki eng kuchli dalilingizda bir marta ishlating. Namunalar Far from reducing inequality, the reform widened the gap between rich and poor. Tengsizlikni kamaytirish o‘rniga, islohot boy va kambag‘al orasidagi tafovutni kengaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi participle clause — shakli bir xil (-ing), lekin ma’nosi «aksincha» in contrast / on the other hand — far from = kutilgan natijaning teskarisini ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
whereby / thereby ★☆☆	6	vosita va natija — «shu orqali; shu yo‘l bilan»	…, thereby + V-ing · a system whereby + clause	Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling. Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin.	therefore / consequently participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi thereby + -ing — natijani qo‘shadi (…, thereby reducing* costs) · whereby* = «unga ko‘ra» — tizim yoki tartibni tavsiflaydi (a scheme whereby* firms pay for emissions). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi thereby + -ing* ikkinchi gapni boshlamasdan natijani qo‘shadi — juda zich va akademik: Congestion charges discourage driving, thereby improving* air quality.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ thereby it reduces costs → ✅ thereby reducing* costs* — thereby dan keyin -ing. Namunalar Governments could introduce a system whereby households are rewarded for recycling. Hukumatlar xonadonlar qayta ishlash uchun rag‘batlantiriladigan tizim joriy qilishi mumkin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi therefore / consequently — therefore = yangi jumla; thereby = shu gapga qo‘shiladi participle clause — thereby + -ing — natija bildiruvchi ravishdosh oboroti To‘liq sahifasi