Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
present perfect continuous ★☆☆	5	hozirgi tugallangan davomiy — o‘tmishda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etayotgan jarayon	S + have/has been + V-ing	Researchers have been studying this phenomenon since the 1980s. Tadqiqotchilar bu hodisani 1980-yillardan beri o‘rganib kelmoqda.	present perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have/has been + -ing. Odatda for / since bilan. Holat fe’llari (know, believe) bilan ishlatilmaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Davomiylikning o‘zini ta’kidlaydi: Scientists have been warning* about this for decades.* — «yillar davomida ogohlantirib kelishmoqda». Bitta yaxshi joyda ishlatilgan bu shakl Grammatical Range bahosini oshiradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I am living here since 2019 → ✅ I have been living here since 2019 — o‘zbekcha «yashayapman» present continuous’ni tortadi, lekin ingliz tilida since bo‘lsa perfect kerak. Namunalar Researchers have been studying this phenomenon since the 1980s. Tadqiqotchilar bu hodisani 1980-yillardan beri o‘rganib kelmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi present perfect — perfect = qancha/qanday natija; perfect continuous = qancha VAQTDAN beri davom etayotgani To‘liq sahifasi
future continuous ★☆☆	5	kelasi davomiy — kelajakning ma’lum bir paytida davom etayotgan bo‘ladi	S + will be + V-ing	By 2040, millions of drivers will be using electric vehicles. 2040-yilga borib millionlab haydovchi elektromobildan foydalanayotgan bo‘ladi.	will future perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi will be + -ing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqidagi savolga o‘zgacha javob beradi: In ten years’ time, most people will be working* remotely.* Bitta shunday jumla Grammatical Range uchun yaxshi dalil. Namunalar By 2040, millions of drivers will be using electric vehicles. 2040-yilga borib millionlab haydovchi elektromobildan foydalanayotgan bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi will — will = oddiy bashorat; will be doing = o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan holat future perfect — future perfect = o‘sha paytga qadar TUGAGAN bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi
would (past habit) ★☆☆	5	o‘tmishda takrorlangan harakat — «... qilib turardi»	S + would + V (yalang‘och)	Every summer we would visit my grandparents in the village. Har yozda buvim va bobomnikiga qishloqqa borar edik.	used to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi would + asosiy fe’l. Faqat harakat fe’llari bilan; holat fe’llari (be, have, know) bilan used to ishlatiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 2 (bolalik haqidagi kartochkalar) uchun tayyor vosita: avval used to bilan fonni bering, keyin would bilan davom eting — takrorlanish bo‘lmaydi va imtihon oluvchi buni sezadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ My village would be very small → ✅ used to be — holat fe’li bilan would ishlamaydi. Namunalar Every summer we would visit my grandparents in the village. Har yozda buvim va bobomnikiga qishloqqa borar edik. O‘xshashlaridan farqi used to — used to = ham odat, ham holat; would = faqat takrorlangan harakat To‘liq sahifasi

Modal fe’llar — Modals

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
be expected to / be projected to ★★☆	5	bashorat qilinmoqda — «... kutilmoqda, prognoz qilingan»	S + is/are expected to + V	Global demand for electricity is expected to rise by a third over the next decade. Elektr energiyasiga jahon talabi keyingi o‘n yilda uchdan birga oshishi kutilmoqda.	will be likely to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be expected to / be projected to / be forecast to + fe’l. Majhul shakl — kim bashorat qilgani aytilmaydi, bu akademik uslubga mos. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning bashorat grafiklari uchun aynan shu kerak. Grafikda «projected», «forecast», «estimated» so‘zi yoki kelajak yili bo‘lsa: The urban population is projected to* reach 70% by 2050.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The population will reach 70% by 2050 — grafik shunchaki prognoz bo‘lsa, buni haqiqat sifatida aytmang. Namunalar Global demand for electricity is expected to rise by a third over the next decade. Elektr energiyasiga jahon talabi keyingi o‘n yilda uchdan birga oshishi kutilmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi will — will = to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri bashorat; be expected to = manbaga tayangan prognoz be likely to — likely = ehtimol; expected/projected = rasmiy prognoz To‘liq sahifasi
modal + passive ★★☆	5	majhul modal — «... qilinishi kerak / mumkin»	S + modal + be + V3	Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak.	the passive should / ought to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi modal + be + 3-shakl: should be introduced, must be addressed, can be reduced. O‘tmish: modal + have been + V3. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Yechim taklif qilishning eng akademik shakli — kim qilishini aytmasdan nima qilinishi kerakligini aytadi: Stricter regulations should be introduced, and public transport must be made* more affordable.* Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta — undan ko‘pi matnni sovuq qiladi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ This problem should be solve → ✅ should be solved — be dan keyin doim 3-shakl. Namunalar Subsidies for fossil fuels should be phased out over the next decade. Qazib olinadigan yoqilg‘iga beriladigan subsidiyalar keyingi o‘n yilda bekor qilinishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — bu — passive’ning modal bilan birikkan shakli should / ought to — should + be + V3 = tavsiyani shaxssiz qiladi To‘liq sahifasi

Ergash gaplar — Clauses

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
non-defining relative clause ★★☆	5	izohlovchi ergash gap — qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi (vergul bilan)	, which/who + verb ,	Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi va that ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ Tashkent, that is the capital… → ✅ Tashkent, which is the capital…. Butun gapga ishora qilishi ham mumkin: …, which* explains the rise.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun ajoyib vosita — raqamga izoh qo‘shadi: The figure peaked in 2008, which* coincided with the financial crisis.* Bu «gapga ishora qiluvchi which» Band 7 belgisi, lekin faqat vergul bilan to‘g‘ri ishlatilsa. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number rose sharply which was surprising → vergul qo‘ying: ✅ rose sharply, which was surprising. Namunalar Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — non-defining = vergul + qo‘shimcha izoh; defining = vergulsiz va ma’noni belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi
the fact that ★★☆	5	«... ligi» — butun gapni ot qilib ishlatish	The fact that + clause + verb	The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi.	that-clause despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The fact that + to‘liq gap — natijada butun birikma ot bo‘lib, ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘la oladi: The fact that wages have stagnated explains the fall in demand. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Predloglardan keyin gap kelolmaydi — shu yerda the fact that qutqaradi: ❌ despite he is young → ✅ despite the fact that* he is young. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Har jumlada takrorlash matnni og‘irlashtiradi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta. Namunalar The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi. Despite the fact that the law was passed, enforcement remains weak. Qonun qabul qilinganiga qaramay, uning ijrosi hamon zaif. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause* — the fact that = gapni OT qiladi; that-clause = fe’lga bog‘lanadi despite / in spite of — despite + the fact that = predlogdan keyin gap qo‘yishning yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi

Shart gaplar — Conditionals

4 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the third conditional ★★☆	5	o‘tmishdagi xayoliy shart — «agar ... bo‘lganida edi, ... bo‘lardi»	If + past perfect, would have + V3	If the factory had installed filters earlier, the river would not have been polluted. Agar zavod filtrlarni ertaroq o‘rnatganida, daryo ifloslanmagan bo‘lardi.	the second conditional the mixed conditional past perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + had + V3, asosiy gapda would/could/might have + V3. Ikki tarafda ham «perfect» bor — shuni yodda tuting. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi O‘tmishdagi xatoni tahlil qiladi — Task 2 da tarixiy misol keltirganda ishlaydi: If stricter rules had been introduced* in the 1990s, emissions would have peaked far earlier.* Speaking Part 2 da afsus bildirish uchun ham tabiiy. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If I would have known → ✅ If I had known. would have faqat ikkinchi tarafda. Namunalar If the factory had installed filters earlier, the river would not have been polluted. Agar zavod filtrlarni ertaroq o‘rnatganida, daryo ifloslanmagan bo‘lardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — third = o‘tmish (o‘zgarmas); second = hozir/kelajak the mixed conditional — mixed = o‘tmishdagi shart, hozirgi natija past perfect — third conditional shart tarafida aynan past perfect turadi To‘liq sahifasi
provided that / as long as ★★☆	5	shart bilan rozilik — «... shart bilan, toki ... ekan»	S + V, provided that + S + V	Technology improves education, as long as teachers are properly trained. Texnologiya ta’limni yaxshilaydi, toki o‘qituvchilar yetarli tayyorgarlikka ega bo‘lsa.	unless the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi provided (that) / providing that / as long as / on condition that + present simple. Ma’nosi if ga yaqin, lekin «faqat shu shart bajarilsa» degan cheklovni qo‘shadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Muvozanatli xulosa yozishning eng oson yo‘li — bir tomonni to‘liq rad etmasdan shart qo‘yasiz: Tourism can benefit local communities, provided that* profits are reinvested locally.* Bu «to what extent do you agree» tipidagi savollar uchun juda mos. Namunalar Technology improves education, as long as teachers are properly trained. Texnologiya ta’limni yaxshilaydi, toki o‘qituvchilar yetarli tayyorgarlikka ega bo‘lsa. O‘xshashlaridan farqi unless — provided that = ijobiy shart; unless = inkor shart the first conditional — provided that = if, lekin cheklov ohangi kuchliroq To‘liq sahifasi
in case ★☆☆	5	ehtiyot chorasi — «... bo‘lib qolsa deb, oldindan»	S + V + in case + S + V (present)	Cities are building flood defences in case sea levels rise faster than expected. Shaharlar dengiz sathi kutilganidan tez ko‘tarilishi ehtimoliga qarshi to‘g‘onlar qurmoqda.	the first conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in case + present simple — kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi. ⚠️ in case ≠ if: if = shart bajarilgach qilamiz; in case = shart bajarilishi mumkinligi uchun oldindan qilamiz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Take an umbrella in case* it rains* = yomg‘ir yog‘masidan OLDIN olib chiqasiz. Take an umbrella if it rains = yog‘gandan keyin olasiz. Bu farq Listening’da savol bo‘lib keladi. Namunalar Cities are building flood defences in case sea levels rise faster than expected. Shaharlar dengiz sathi kutilganidan tez ko‘tarilishi ehtimoliga qarshi to‘g‘onlar qurmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — if = shart bajarilsa; in case = shart ehtimoliga qarshi oldindan To‘liq sahifasi
I wish / if only ★☆☆	5	afsus va orzu — «... bo‘lganida edi»	I wish + past simple / past perfect	If only more people had taken the warnings seriously. Koshki ko‘proq odam ogohlantirishlarni jiddiy qabul qilganida.	the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Hozirgi holatga afsus: wish + past simple (I wish I had* more time) · O‘tmishga afsus: wish* + past perfect (I wish I had studied* harder) · Boshqa odamning xatti-harakatidan norozilik: wish* + would. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 2 da hikoyani chuqurlashtiradi: I wish* I had known about the scholarship earlier.* Writing’da esa kam ishlating — shaxsiy ohangi bor. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I wish I would have studied → ✅ I wish I had studied. Namunalar If only more people had taken the warnings seriously. Koshki ko‘proq odam ogohlantirishlarni jiddiy qabul qilganida. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the third conditional — ikkalasi ham o‘tmishdagi xayoliy holat — biri afsus, biri sabab-natija To‘liq sahifasi

Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
have / get something done ★☆☆	5	birovga qildirish — «... qildirmoq»	S + have/get + object + V3	Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi.	make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have (neytral) yoki get (og‘zakiroq) + ot + 3-shakl: have a house built, get the car repaired. Ega ishni o‘zi bajarmaydi — boshqaga qildiradi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking’da juda tabiiy: I had my documents translated. Writing’da esa xizmatlar haqida gapirganda: Wealthier families have* their children tutored privately.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I repaired my laptop — bu «o‘zim ta’mirladim» degani. Ustaga bergan bo‘lsangiz: ✅ I had my laptop repaired. Namunalar Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi make / let / have (causative) — have something done = ish natijasi; make somebody do = odamga majburlash To‘liq sahifasi
it is often argued that ★★☆	5	boshqalarning qarashini keltirish — «ko‘pincha aytiladiki»	It is often argued/claimed that + clause	It is widely assumed that economic growth automatically reduces poverty. Iqtisodiy o‘sish qashshoqlikni o‘z-o‘zidan kamaytiradi, deb keng tarqalgan fikr bor.	it is said that / X is thought to it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It is (often/widely/commonly) + argued / claimed / assumed / acknowledged + that + to‘liq gap. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Discussion inshosining kirish jumlasi uchun tayyor qolip: qarshi fikrni keltirasiz, keyin however bilan o‘z fikringizga o‘tasiz: It is often argued that examinations are the fairest way to assess students. However, this view overlooks… ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Some people say that… — bu Band 5-6 ifodasi. Majhul qolipga o‘ting. Namunalar It is widely assumed that economic growth automatically reduces poverty. Iqtisodiy o‘sish qashshoqlikni o‘z-o‘zidan kamaytiradi, deb keng tarqalgan fikr bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is said that / X is thought to — bir oila: argued = bahsli fikr, believed = keng qabul qilingan qarash it is + adjective + that/to — biri boshqalarning fikri, biri sizning bahoyingiz To‘liq sahifasi

Predloglar — Prepositions

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
result in / result from ★★☆	5	sabab yo‘nalishi — «... ga olib keladi» va «... dan kelib chiqadi»	X results in Y · Y results from X	Rapid urbanisation has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing. Tez urbanizatsiya arzon uy-joyning keskin tanqisligiga olib keldi.	due to / owing to / because of therefore / consequently
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi result in = sabab → natija (Deforestation results in soil erosion) · result from = natija ← sabab (Soil erosion results from* deforestation). Yo‘nalish teskari — predlog buni hal qiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-oqibatni ikki yo‘nalishda ayta olish Task 2 uchun juda foydali. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: lead to* · give rise to · bring about · stem from · arise from · be attributed to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The problem results to … → ✅ results in. ❌ lead into → ✅ lead to. Namunalar Rapid urbanisation has resulted in a severe shortage of affordable housing. Tez urbanizatsiya arzon uy-joyning keskin tanqisligiga olib keldi. Much of the pollution results from outdated industrial equipment. Ifloslanishning katta qismi eskirgan sanoat uskunalaridan kelib chiqadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi due to / owing to / because of — due to + OT (sabab); result in + OT (natija) therefore / consequently — bular jumlalarni bog‘laydi; result in gap ichida ishlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
in terms of / with regard to ★★☆	5	mavzuni belgilash — «... jihatdan, ... ga kelsak»	In terms of + noun, S + V	In terms of overall spending, the two countries followed similar paths. Umumiy xarajatlar jihatidan ikki mamlakat o‘xshash yo‘ldan bordi.	in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in terms of / with regard to / as far as X is concerned + ot yoki -ing. Odatda gap boshida, vergul bilan. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da bir ustundan ikkinchisiga o‘tishning tabiiy yo‘li: In terms of energy consumption, the pattern was rather different. Task 2 da esa yangi jihatga o‘tish uchun: With regard to cost, the argument is less convincing. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In terms of the education is expensive → ✅ In terms of cost, education… — faqat ot keladi. Namunalar In terms of overall spending, the two countries followed similar paths. Umumiy xarajatlar jihatidan ikki mamlakat o‘xshash yo‘ldan bordi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in contrast / on the other hand — in terms of = mavzuni belgilaydi; in contrast = qarama-qarshi qo‘yadi To‘liq sahifasi

Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
outweigh ★★☆	5	ustun kelmoq — «foydasi zararidan ko‘p»	X outweigh(s) Y	The long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the initial financial costs. Uzoq muddatli ekologik foyda dastlabki moliyaviy xarajatlardan ancha ustun.	comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi outweigh — fe’l, to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri to‘ldiruvchi oladi (predlogsiz): The benefits outweigh* the drawbacks.* Kuchaytirish: far outweigh, clearly outweigh. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Advantages and disadvantages» tipidagi savolning xulosasi aynan shu so‘z bilan yoziladi — savol matnining o‘zi ham shuni so‘raydi. Tayyor qolip: In my view, the advantages of X far outweigh* its disadvantages, provided that …* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The benefits outweigh than the drawbacks → ✅ outweigh the drawbacks. Namunalar The long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the initial financial costs. Uzoq muddatli ekologik foyda dastlabki moliyaviy xarajatlardan ancha ustun. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — outweigh = «ustun kelmoq» ma’nosini bitta fe’lda beradi To‘liq sahifasi

Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
stop / remember / regret + -ing or to ★☆☆	5	ma’no o‘zgaradigan juftlar — shakl ma’noni o‘zgartiradi	verb + V-ing / verb + to + V	The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi.	verb + -ing (gerund)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi stop doing = ishni tugatdi · stop to do = boshqa ish uchun to‘xtadi remember doing = qilganini eslaydi · remember to do = qilishni unutmadi regret doing = qilganidan afsus · regret to say = afsus bilan xabar bermoq Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Listening Section 3-4 da bu farq to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri javobni hal qiladi: He stopped smoking (tashladi) va He stopped to smoke (chekish uchun to‘xtadi) — butunlay boshqa ma’no. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I stopped to use plastic bags (agar «tashladim» demoqchi bo‘lsangiz) → ✅ I stopped using* plastic bags. Namunalar The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund)* — bu fe’llar ikkala shaklni ham oladi — lekin ma’no o‘zgaradi To‘liq sahifasi
there is no point in -ing ★☆☆	5	foydasizlik — «... qilishning ma’nosi yo‘q»	There is no point in + V-ing	It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi.	preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi There is no point in + -ing. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: It is worth + -ing · It is no use + -ing · have difficulty (in) + -ing · spend time + -ing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Qarshi dalilni rad etishning ixcham yo‘li: There is little point in building more roads if public transport remains unreliable. no o‘rniga little qo‘ysangiz — yumshoqroq va akademikroq. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is worth to invest → ✅ It is worth investing. Namunalar It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi preposition + -ing — in + -ing — shu qolipdagi predlog ham -ing talab qiladi To‘liq sahifasi

Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
in particular / notably ★☆☆	5	ajratib ko‘rsatish — «xususan, ayniqsa»	…, in particular, … · notably + noun	Young people, in particular, rely on social media for news. Ayniqsa yoshlar yangiliklar uchun ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga tayanadi.	for instance / such as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi in particular — otdan keyin yoki jumla boshida · notably / particularly — otdan oldin · especially — og‘zakiroq, lekin ishlaydi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da eng keskin raqamni ajratib ko‘rsatish uchun ideal: All four countries saw growth, notably* Vietnam, whose figure tripled.* Namunalar Young people, in particular, rely on social media for news. Ayniqsa yoshlar yangiliklar uchun ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga tayanadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi for instance / such as — such as = umumiy misol; notably = eng muhim misolni ajratadi To‘liq sahifasi
this / such + noun (referencing) ★★☆	5	ishora bilan bog‘lash — «bu tendensiya, bunday choralar»	This/These/Such + summarising noun	Cities have banned older vehicles. Such measures have cut emissions considerably. Shaharlar eski transport vositalarini taqiqladi. Bunday choralar chiqindilarni sezilarli kamaytirdi.	the former / the latter nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi this / these / such + umumlashtiruvchi ot: this trend, this shift, these measures, such policies, this phenomenon. ⚠️ Yolg‘iz This is… noaniq — otni albatta qo‘shing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Coherence & Cohesion bahosining eng kam ishlatiladigan quroli. Bog‘lovchi so‘z qo‘shmasdan xatboshilarni ulaydi va bir vaqtning o‘zida oldingi fikrni umumlashtiradi: More families are moving to the suburbs. This trend* has placed pressure on rural infrastructure.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is a big problem (nima «it»?) → ✅ This shortage is a serious problem. Namunalar Cities have banned older vehicles. Such measures have cut emissions considerably. Shaharlar eski transport vositalarini taqiqladi. Bunday choralar chiqindilarni sezilarli kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the former / the latter — former/latter = ikkitadan qaysi birini aniqlaydi nominalisation — ishora oti ko‘pincha nominalizatsiyadan olinadi (shift, increase) To‘liq sahifasi
not only … but also ★★☆	5	ikki dalilni birlashtirish — «nafaqat ..., balki ... ham»	not only + X but also + Y	Cycling not only reduces congestion but also improves public health. Velosipedda yurish nafaqat tirbandlikni kamaytiradi, balki jamoat salomatligini ham yaxshilaydi.	moreover / furthermore inversion
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki tarafda bir xil turdagi bo‘lak turishi shart: ot + ot, fe’l + fe’l (❌ not only cheap but also it saves time). Gap boshida kelsa inversiya talab qiladi: Not only does it save money, but it also reduces emissions. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki foydani bitta gapda berish — ixcham va ta’sirchan. Inversiyali shakli Band 7.5+ belgisi, lekin does/did/is ni to‘g‘ri qo‘yish shart. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Not only it saves money… → ✅ Not only does it save* money…* Namunalar Cycling not only reduces congestion but also improves public health. Velosipedda yurish nafaqat tirbandlikni kamaytiradi, balki jamoat salomatligini ham yaxshilaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi moreover / furthermore — moreover = alohida jumla; not only…but also = bitta gap inversion — gap boshida kelganda inversiya majburiy bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi

Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
admittedly ★☆☆	5	tan olish — «tan olish kerakki, ...»	Admittedly, + S + V	Admittedly, such reforms would be expensive in the short term. Tan olish kerakki, bunday islohotlar qisqa muddatda qimmatga tushardi.	although / though / even though it may well be that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Admittedly, jumla boshida vergul bilan. Shu oiladagilar: Granted, · It is true that · While it is true that · Of course,. Keyin deyarli doim however yoki nevertheless keladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Tan olish → rad etish» — Band 7 ning eng ishonchli xatboshi tuzilmasi: Admittedly, private cars offer unmatched convenience. Nevertheless, the environmental cost of mass car ownership is difficult to justify. Namunalar Admittedly, such reforms would be expensive in the short term. Tan olish kerakki, bunday islohotlar qisqa muddatda qimmatga tushardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — although = bir gap ichida; admittedly = butun xatboshini boshlaydi it may well be that — ikkalasi ham qarshi tomonni tan oladi — biri ehtimol bilan To‘liq sahifasi