Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.
Ko‘rinish
Turi bo‘yicha Ma’nosi bo‘yicha (sinonimlar)
Band daraja
Band 5 5 Band 5.5 15 Band 6 25 Band 6.5 31 Band 7 22 Band 7.5+ 18
Ma’no guruhi
Sabab — Cause 2 Natija — Result & consequence 3 Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast 5 Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession 3 Shart — Condition 8 Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence 15 Maqsad — Purpose 3 Qiyoslash — Comparison 7 O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change 2 Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity 10 Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging 5 Ta’kid — Emphasis 5 Misol keltirish — Exemplification 1 Umumlashtirish — Summarising 1 Ishora va o‘rin bosish — Reference 3 Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition 4 Taxmin — Speculation 3 Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation 7 Imkoniyat — Possibility & ability 1 Ko‘chirma gap — Reported speech 2 Baho va munosabat — Attitude 1 Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element 25
Grammatik turi
Zamonlar — Tenses & aspect 14 Modal fe’llar — Modals 12 Ergash gaplar — Clauses 12 Shart gaplar — Conditionals 11 Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive 8 Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners 11 Predloglar — Prepositions 11 Qiyoslash shakllari — Comparison 9 Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives 8 Bog‘lash vositalari — Linking & cohesion 12 Murakkab tuzilmalar — Advanced structures 8
25 / 116 shown Filtrlarni tozalash

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

25 ta
Grammatika Daraja Ma’nosi Qo‘shilishi Namuna O‘xshashlari
defining relative clause ★★★ 3 aniqlovchi ergash gap — qaysi narsa haqida ketayotganini belgilaydi noun + who/which/that + verb Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil. non-defining relative clause reduced relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Odam → who (yoki that) · narsa → which yoki that · egalik → whose. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Agar who/which to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirib qoldirsa ham bo‘ladi: the skills (that) employers value.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ergash gapsiz ikkita qisqa gap bo‘lardi; u bilan bitta murakkab gap chiqadi — Grammatical Range aynan shuni izlaydi:

Students who take a gap year often return more motivated.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Students who they take a gap year → ✅ Students who take… — who ning o‘zi ega, ikkinchi olmosh keraksiz.

❌ People which live in cities → ✅ People who live in cities.

Namunalar

  • Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil.
  • The graph shows the number of people who used public transport. Grafik jamoat transportidan foydalangan odamlar sonini ko‘rsatadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
non-defining relative clause ★★☆ 5 izohlovchi ergash gap — qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi (vergul bilan) , which/who + verb , Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi. defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi va that ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ Tashkent, that is the capital… → ✅ Tashkent, which is the capital…. Butun gapga ishora qilishi ham mumkin: …, which explains the rise.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun ajoyib vosita — raqamga izoh qo‘shadi: The figure peaked in 2008, which coincided with the financial crisis.

Bu «gapga ishora qiluvchi which» Band 7 belgisi, lekin faqat vergul bilan to‘g‘ri ishlatilsa.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The number rose sharply which was surprising → vergul qo‘ying: ✅ rose sharply, which was surprising.

Namunalar

  • Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + which ★☆☆ 6 predlogli ergash gap — «... bo‘lgan/qilinadigan» noun + in/for/to + which + clause The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda. defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Predlog which/whom dan oldin keladi: the rate at which forests disappear · the extent to which … · the way in which …. Odam bilan: whom (❌ for who → ✅ for whom).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

«The extent to which» — IELTS savol matnining o‘zida uchraydigan ibora («To what extent do you agree?»), shuning uchun uni javobda qaytarish juda tabiiy: This essay will examine the extent to which technology has reshaped education.

Namunalar

  • The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
reduced relative clause ★☆☆ 6 qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …) The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi. defining relative clause participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019 = the policy introduced in 2019.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi.

Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat).

Namunalar

  • The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
that-clause ★★★ 3 to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap — «... ligini/ekanligini» verb/adjective + that + clause Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi. the fact that wh-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

that + to‘liq gap. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin tushib qolishi mumkin (I think (that) …), lekin akademik yozuvda saqlang. Sifatlardan keyin ham keladi: it is clear that…

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Fikr bildirishning asosiy quroli. Xilma-xillik uchun boshqa fe’llarga o‘ting: argue / maintain / suggest / demonstrate / indicate that. I think that ni butun insho bo‘yi takrorlamang.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I agree with that education is important. → ✅ I agree that education is important. — agree that, agree with + ot.

Namunalar

  • Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the fact that — the fact that = shu gapni OT sifatida ishlatadi (ega bo‘la oladi)
  • wh-clause — wh-clause = qanday/nima/nega degan savolni ichiga oladi
To‘liq sahifasi
the fact that ★★☆ 5 «... ligi» — butun gapni ot qilib ishlatish The fact that + clause + verb The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi. that-clause despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

The fact that + to‘liq gap — natijada butun birikma ot bo‘lib, ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘la oladi: The fact that wages have stagnated explains the fall in demand.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Predloglardan keyin gap kelolmaydi — shu yerda the fact that qutqaradi: ❌ despite he is young → ✅ despite the fact that he is young.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Har jumlada takrorlash matnni og‘irlashtiradi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta.

Namunalar

  • The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi.
  • Despite the fact that the law was passed, enforcement remains weak. Qonun qabul qilinganiga qaramay, uning ijrosi hamon zaif.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • that-clause — the fact that = gapni OT qiladi; that-clause = fe’lga bog‘lanadi
  • despite / in spite of — despite + the fact that = predlogdan keyin gap qo‘yishning yo‘li
To‘liq sahifasi
wh-clause ★★☆ 4 so‘roq so‘zli ergash gap — «nima/qanday/nega ... ligi» verb + what/how/why/whether + S + V The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi. that-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

⚠️ Ichkarida so‘roq tartibi ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ I don’t know where is it → ✅ I don’t know where it is. do/does/did ham tushadi: ❌ how does it work → ✅ how it works.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 kirishini qayta yozishning eng qulay usuli: The chart shows how much electricity each country produced. — savol matnini ko‘chirmasdan boshqacha aytasiz.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The graph shows what is the number of students → ✅ shows what the number of students is, yoki soddaroq: ✅ shows the number of students.

Namunalar

  • The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi.
  • It is unclear whether stricter laws would reduce crime. Qattiqroq qonunlar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirar-kamaytirmasligi noaniq.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • that-clause — that = tasdiqni uzatadi; wh-clause = savolni uzatadi
To‘liq sahifasi
the passive ★★★ 3 majhul nisbat — «... qilinadi, qilindi» (bajaruvchi aytilmaydi) S + be + V3 (+ by …) Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi. the process passive (Task 1) modal + passive nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

be ning kerakli zamondagi shakli + 3-shakl: is built · was built · has been built · is being built · will be built. Bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lsagina by qo‘shiladi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Nima uchun IELTS uni yaxshi ko‘radi: akademik yozuvda ish muhim, kim qilgani emas. People built the bridge in 1990 → The bridge was built in 1990.

⚠️ Butun inshoni passive’da yozmang — matn og‘ir va noaniq bo‘ladi. Har xatboshida 1-2 ta yetadi.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The problem is discuss in this essay → ✅ is discussed.

❌ be ni tushirib qoldirish: The report published last year («hisobot nashr qildi») → ✅ The report was published last year.

Namunalar

  • Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi.
  • The beans are harvested, dried and then transported to the factory. Doni yig‘iladi, quritiladi va so‘ng zavodga tashiladi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
have / get something done ★☆☆ 5 birovga qildirish — «... qildirmoq» S + have/get + object + V3 Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi. make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

have (neytral) yoki get (og‘zakiroq) + ot + 3-shakl: have a house built, get the car repaired. Ega ishni o‘zi bajarmaydi — boshqaga qildiradi.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Speaking’da juda tabiiy: I had my documents translated. Writing’da esa xizmatlar haqida gapirganda: Wealthier families have their children tutored privately.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I repaired my laptop — bu «o‘zim ta’mirladim» degani. Ustaga bergan bo‘lsangiz: ✅ I had my laptop repaired.

Namunalar

  • Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
nominalisation ★★☆ 6 otlashtirish — fe’lni otga aylantirib, akademik uslub yasash verb → noun (decide → the decision) The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi. the passive the fact that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Fe’l yoki sifatni otga aylantiring va uni gapning egasi qiling: The government decided to cut spending, which affected schools. → The government’s decision to cut spending had a significant impact on schools.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Akademik uslubning eng ko‘zga ko‘rinadigan belgisi. Ko‘p ishlatiladigan juftlar: decide → decision · grow → growth · reduce → reduction · consume → consumption · pollute → pollution · unemployed → unemployment.

Foydasi ikki karra: matn zichlashadi va gapni ot bilan boshlash imkonini beradi — The rapid expansion of cities has placed enormous pressure on infrastructure.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Haddan tashqari otlashtirish gapni o‘qib bo‘lmas qiladi: The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation of… — bitta gapda 1-2 ta ot yetarli.

Namunalar

  • The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the passive — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi — biri fe’l orqali, biri ot orqali
  • the fact that — the fact that = gapni ot qiladi; nominalisation = fe’lni ot qiladi
To‘liq sahifasi
there is / there are ★★☆ 2 mavjudlik — «bor, mavjud» There + is/are + noun There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor. nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Fe’l keyingi otga qarab moslashadi: There is a reason · There are several reasons. Boshqa zamonlar: there was / there have been / there will be.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Foydali, lekin haddan ortiq ishlatilgan qolip. Band 7 uchun ba’zilarini kuchliroq fe’lga almashtiring:

There are many people who think… → Many people argue that…
There is an increase in… → X has increased …

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ There are a lot of pollution → ✅ There is a lot of pollution — pollution sanalmaydigan ot.

❌ In the graph have three lines → ✅ There are three lines.

Namunalar

  • There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • nominalisation — there is + ot o‘rniga otni ega qiling — matn kuchliroq bo‘ladi
To‘liq sahifasi
a / an ★★★ 1 noaniq artikl — «bittasi, qandaydir» (birinchi marta tilga olinganda) a/an + sanaladigan ot (birlik) The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi. the zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Undosh tovush oldidan a, unli tovush oldidan an — harf emas, talaffuz muhim: a university (yu-), an hour (au-), an MBA (em-).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Sanaladigan otning birligi hech qachon artiklsiz turmaydi — yo a/an, yo the, yo this/my/each bo‘lishi shart.

Kasb va misol keltirishda: as a result, She works as an engineer.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ He is engineer → ✅ He is an engineer.

❌ A pollution is a problem → ✅ Pollution is a problem — sanalmaydigan otga a qo‘yilmaydi.

Namunalar

  • The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the — a/an = birinchi marta yoki qaysi biri muhim emas; the = ma’lum, aniq narsa
  • zero article — zero article = umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot
To‘liq sahifasi
the ★★★ 2 aniq artikl — «o‘sha, ma’lum bo‘lgan» the + ot (birlik, ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan) The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi. a / an zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

the qo‘yiladi: ikkinchi marta eslatilganda · yagona narsa (the sun, the government, the environment) · superlativ bilan (the highest) · of birikmasi bilan (the number of students) · Task 1 da the figure, the period, the chart.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 1 uchun oltin qoida: grafik, davr va ko‘rsatkichlar doim aniq — shuning uchun the chart, the period, the figure for Japan, the highest proportion.

Foizlar bilan esa artikl yo‘q: 20% of households (❌ the 20%).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The education is important → ✅ Education is important — umumiy ma’noda the kerak emas.

❌ number of students are rising → ✅ The number of students is rising.

Namunalar

  • The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi.
  • The government has introduced a new tax on plastic packaging. Hukumat plastik qadoq uchun yangi soliq joriy qildi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • a / an — the = ma’lum; a/an = noma’lum yoki birinchi marta
  • zero article — the = aniq guruh; artiklsiz = umuman shu turdagi narsalar
To‘liq sahifasi
zero article ★★★ 3 artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no ∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak. the uncountable nouns
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik:

✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy)
✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy)
⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam)

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society.

❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information.

Namunalar

  • Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

  • the — artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa
  • uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi
To‘liq sahifasi
subject-verb agreement ★★★ 3 ega bilan kesimning moslashuvi — birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi S(singular) + V(s) · S(plural) + V The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi. uncountable nouns all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Fe’l bosh otga moslashadi, oradagi so‘zlarga emas: The number of students is rising (number = birlik) vs A number of students are waiting (= «bir necha»). Each, every, everyone, neither → birlik.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Uzun ega bilan yozganda eng ko‘p sodir bo‘ladigan xato. Yozgandan keyin tekshiring: egadan predlogli qismni o‘chirib o‘qing — The impact (of rising temperatures on coastal cities) is…

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ The number of cars have increased → ✅ The number of cars has increased.

❌ Everyone know that… → ✅ Everyone knows that…

Namunalar

  • The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
an increase in / an impact on ★★★ 4 ot + predlog juftlari — «... dagi o‘sish», «... ga ta’sir» noun + in/on/of/to + noun The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. nominalisation adjective + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Yodlanadigan juftlar: an increase / a rise / a fall / a decline in · an impact / an effect / pressure on · a solution / an approach / access to · the cause / the number / the proportion of · a reason for.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Nominalizatsiya bilan birga ishlatiladi va Task 1 ni takrorlanishdan qutqaradi: There was a sharp increase in demand = Demand increased sharply — bir xil ma’no, boshqa tuzilma.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ an increase of tourists → ✅ an increase in the number of tourists (an increase of 20% — bu miqdor, boshqa narsa).

❌ impact to the environment → ✅ impact on the environment.

Namunalar

  • The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
adjective + preposition ★★☆ 4 sifat + predlog juftlari — «... uchun javobgar», «... dan xabardor» adj + of/for/to/with/in Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar. an increase in / an impact on verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Eng kerakli juftlar: responsible for · aware of · capable of · similar to · different from · familiar with · dependent on · essential to/for · interested in · concerned about.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Bularni qoida bilan chiqarib bo‘lmaydi — juft holda yodlanadi. Lug‘at daftaringizga sifatni yolg‘iz emas, predlogi bilan yozing.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ different than (amerikacha) → Britaniya imtihonida ✅ different from · ❌ responsible of → ✅ responsible for.

Namunalar

  • Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
verb + preposition ★★★ 4 fe’l + predlog juftlari — «... ga bog‘liq», «... dan iborat» verb + on/of/to/for/with Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi. adjective + preposition preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

depend on · consist of · contribute to · lead to · account for · benefit from · cope with · rely on · focus on · invest in · suffer from. ⚠️ Predlogdan keyin fe’l kelsa — -ing shaklida.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

account for Task 1 uchun alohida muhim: Coal accounted for 40% of total output. — foizni aytishning eng akademik yo‘li.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ discuss about the problem → ✅ discuss the problem (predlog kerak emas) · ❌ emphasise on → ✅ emphasise something.

Namunalar

  • Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi.
  • The success of the scheme depends largely on public awareness. Loyihaning muvaffaqiyati ko‘p jihatdan aholining xabardorligiga bog‘liq.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + -ing ★★★ 3 predlogdan keyingi fe’l — doim -ing shaklida preposition + V-ing By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi. verb + -ing (gerund) verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Har qanday predlogdan keyin fe’l -ing bo‘ladi: instead of building · by investing · after graduating · without considering · capable of solving. ⚠️ to ba’zan predlog: look forward to seeing, be used to living.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

by + -ing — Task 2 yechim qismining eng ixcham qolipi: By investing in public transport, cities can cut emissions considerably.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ instead of to build new roads → ✅ instead of building new roads.

Namunalar

  • By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
verb + -ing (gerund) ★★★ 3 -ing oladigan fe’llar — «... ishni qilishni» verb + V-ing Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak. verb + to-infinitive preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Shu fe’llardan keyin doim -ing: avoid, suggest, involve, consider, risk, deny, admit, recommend, practise, mind, enjoy, keep, finish, delay.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 uchun eng kerakli uchtasi: involve (The solution involves reducing subsidies), suggest (Research suggests investing earlier), avoid (to avoid causing further damage).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I suggest to build more schools → ✅ I suggest building more schools yoki ✅ I suggest that the government build more schools.

Namunalar

  • Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
verb + to-infinitive ★★★ 3 to + fe’l oladigan fe’llar — «... qilishga» verb + to + V Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi. verb + -ing (gerund) verb + object + to-infinitive
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

Shu fe’llardan keyin doim to + fe’l: aim, tend, fail, manage, decide, hope, expect, refuse, agree, offer, seem, appear, afford, learn.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Akademik yozuvda eng foydalilari: tend to (hedging), fail to (Policies that fail to address the root cause…), aim to (This essay aims to examine…).

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ They decided building a new line → ✅ decided to build · ❌ manage doing → ✅ manage to do.

Namunalar

  • Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
verb + object + to-infinitive ★★☆ 4 birovga nimadir qildirish — «... ni ... qilishga undamoq» verb + somebody + to + V Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi. verb + to-infinitive make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

encourage / allow / enable / persuade / force / require / advise / expect / want + to‘ldiruvchi + to + fe’l: encourage people to recycle. ⚠️ make va let bu qolipga kirmaydi — ular to siz.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Task 2 yechim jumlalarining asosiy qolipi: Tax incentives would encourage companies to invest in cleaner technology and enable households to reduce their bills.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ allow to students to choose → ✅ allow students to choose · ❌ suggest me to study → ✅ advise me to study (suggest bu qolipni olmaydi).

Namunalar

  • Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
stop / remember / regret + -ing or to ★☆☆ 5 ma’no o‘zgaradigan juftlar — shakl ma’noni o‘zgartiradi verb + V-ing / verb + to + V The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi. verb + -ing (gerund)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

stop doing = ishni tugatdi · stop to do = boshqa ish uchun to‘xtadi
remember doing = qilganini eslaydi · remember to do = qilishni unutmadi
regret doing = qilganidan afsus · regret to say = afsus bilan xabar bermoq

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Listening Section 3-4 da bu farq to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri javobni hal qiladi: He stopped smoking (tashladi) va He stopped to smoke (chekish uchun to‘xtadi) — butunlay boshqa ma’no.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ I stopped to use plastic bags (agar «tashladim» demoqchi bo‘lsangiz) → ✅ I stopped using plastic bags.

Namunalar

  • The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
-ing as subject ★★☆ 4 -ing shakli ega o‘rnida — «... qilish (foydali)» V-ing + verb (singular) Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi. it is + adjective + that/to nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

-ing birikmasi ega bo‘lganda fe’l birlikda: Investing in education is the most effective strategy. Muqobil: To invest in education is… (rasmiyroq, kamroq tabiiy).

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Gapni fe’ldan boshlash — insho jumlalarini xilma-xil qilishning oson yo‘li. Ketma-ket uchta gap The government… bilan boshlansa, bittasini shunga aylantiring.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ Reduce emissions is essential → ✅ Reducing emissions is essential.

❌ Building new roads are expensive → ✅ is expensive — ega birlik.

Namunalar

  • Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi
there is no point in -ing ★☆☆ 5 foydasizlik — «... qilishning ma’nosi yo‘q» There is no point in + V-ing It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi. preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar

Shakl qoidasi

There is no point in + -ing. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: It is worth + -ing · It is no use + -ing · have difficulty (in) + -ing · spend time + -ing.

Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi

Qarshi dalilni rad etishning ixcham yo‘li: There is little point in building more roads if public transport remains unreliable. no o‘rniga little qo‘ysangiz — yumshoqroq va akademikroq.

⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato

❌ It is worth to invest → ✅ It is worth investing.

Namunalar

  • It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi.

O‘xshashlaridan farqi

To‘liq sahifasi