Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Ergash gaplar — Clauses

7 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
defining relative clause ★★★	3	aniqlovchi ergash gap — qaysi narsa haqida ketayotganini belgilaydi	noun + who/which/that + verb	Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil.	non-defining relative clause reduced relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Odam → who (yoki that) · narsa → which yoki that · egalik → whose. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Agar who/which to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirib qoldirsa ham bo‘ladi: the skills (that) employers value. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ergash gapsiz ikkita qisqa gap bo‘lardi; u bilan bitta murakkab gap chiqadi — Grammatical Range aynan shuni izlaydi: Students who* take a gap year often return more motivated.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Students who they take a gap year → ✅ Students who take… — who ning o‘zi ega, ikkinchi olmosh keraksiz. ❌ People which live in cities → ✅ People who live in cities. Namunalar Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil. The graph shows the number of people who used public transport. Grafik jamoat transportidan foydalangan odamlar sonini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi non-defining relative clause — defining = vergulsiz, MAJBURIY ma’lumot; non-defining = vergul bilan, qo‘shimcha ma’lumot reduced relative clause — reduced = who/which tushib, -ing yoki V3 qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
non-defining relative clause ★★☆	5	izohlovchi ergash gap — qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi (vergul bilan)	, which/who + verb ,	Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi va that ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ Tashkent, that is the capital… → ✅ Tashkent, which is the capital…. Butun gapga ishora qilishi ham mumkin: …, which* explains the rise.* Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun ajoyib vosita — raqamga izoh qo‘shadi: The figure peaked in 2008, which* coincided with the financial crisis.* Bu «gapga ishora qiluvchi which» Band 7 belgisi, lekin faqat vergul bilan to‘g‘ri ishlatilsa. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number rose sharply which was surprising → vergul qo‘ying: ✅ rose sharply, which was surprising. Namunalar Online courses, which have grown rapidly since 2020, reach students in remote areas. 2020-yildan beri jadal o‘sgan onlayn kurslar chekka hududlardagi talabalarga yetib boradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — non-defining = vergul + qo‘shimcha izoh; defining = vergulsiz va ma’noni belgilaydi To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + which ★☆☆	6	predlogli ergash gap — «... bo‘lgan/qilinadigan»	noun + in/for/to + which + clause	The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda.	defining relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Predlog which/whom dan oldin keladi: the rate at which* forests disappear* · the extent to which* …* · the way in which* …. Odam bilan: whom* (❌ for who → ✅ for whom). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «The extent to which» — IELTS savol matnining o‘zida uchraydigan ibora («To what extent do you agree?»), shuning uchun uni javobda qaytarish juda tabiiy: This essay will examine the extent to which* technology has reshaped education.* Namunalar The speed at which the population is ageing has alarmed policymakers. Aholining qarish tezligi siyosat ishlab chiquvchilarni tashvishga solmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — bu — o‘sha ergash gapning predlogli, rasmiyroq varianti To‘liq sahifasi
reduced relative clause ★☆☆	6	qisqargan ergash gap — «who/which + be» tushirilgan shakl	noun + V-ing / V3 (+ …)	The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi.	defining relative clause participle clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Aniq nisbat → -ing: students who study abroad = students studying* abroad. Majhul → V3: the policy which was introduced in 2019* = the policy introduced* in 2019. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ixchamlik — akademik uslubning belgisi. Bitta insho ichida 2-3 marta ishlatilsa, matn zich va yetuk ko‘rinadi. Task 1 da ayniqsa qulay: the figure recorded in 2010, countries experiencing rapid growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ People lived in rural areas have less access… → ✅ People living* in rural areas… (odamlar o‘zi yashaydi — aniq nisbat). Namunalar The measures introduced last year have already reduced traffic by 10%. O‘tgan yili joriy etilgan choralar tirbandlikni allaqachon 10% ga kamaytirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi defining relative clause — reduced = who/which + be tushirilgan, ixchamroq participle clause — participle clause butun gapga bog‘lanadi; reduced relative faqat otni aniqlaydi To‘liq sahifasi
that-clause ★★★	3	to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap — «... ligini/ekanligini»	verb/adjective + that + clause	Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi.	the fact that wh-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi that + to‘liq gap. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin tushib qolishi mumkin (I think (that) …), lekin akademik yozuvda saqlang. Sifatlardan keyin ham keladi: it is clear that… Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Fikr bildirishning asosiy quroli. Xilma-xillik uchun boshqa fe’llarga o‘ting: argue / maintain / suggest / demonstrate / indicate that. I think that ni butun insho bo‘yi takrorlamang. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I agree with that education is important. → ✅ I agree that* education is important.* — agree that, agree with + ot. Namunalar Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the fact that — the fact that = shu gapni OT sifatida ishlatadi (ega bo‘la oladi) wh-clause — wh-clause = qanday/nima/nega degan savolni ichiga oladi To‘liq sahifasi
the fact that ★★☆	5	«... ligi» — butun gapni ot qilib ishlatish	The fact that + clause + verb	The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi.	that-clause despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The fact that + to‘liq gap — natijada butun birikma ot bo‘lib, ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘la oladi: The fact that wages have stagnated explains the fall in demand. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Predloglardan keyin gap kelolmaydi — shu yerda the fact that qutqaradi: ❌ despite he is young → ✅ despite the fact that* he is young. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Har jumlada takrorlash matnni og‘irlashtiradi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta. Namunalar The fact that fees have risen has deterred many applicants. To‘lovlarning oshgani ko‘p arizachilarni chekintirdi. Despite the fact that the law was passed, enforcement remains weak. Qonun qabul qilinganiga qaramay, uning ijrosi hamon zaif. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause* — the fact that = gapni OT qiladi; that-clause = fe’lga bog‘lanadi despite / in spite of — despite + the fact that = predlogdan keyin gap qo‘yishning yo‘li To‘liq sahifasi
wh-clause ★★☆	4	so‘roq so‘zli ergash gap — «nima/qanday/nega ... ligi»	verb + what/how/why/whether + S + V	The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi.	that-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Ichkarida so‘roq tartibi ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ I don’t know where is it → ✅ I don’t know where it is. do/does/did ham tushadi: ❌ how does it work → ✅ how it works. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 kirishini qayta yozishning eng qulay usuli: The chart shows how much* electricity each country produced.* — savol matnini ko‘chirmasdan boshqacha aytasiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The graph shows what is the number of students → ✅ shows what the number of students is, yoki soddaroq: ✅ shows the number of students. Namunalar The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi. It is unclear whether stricter laws would reduce crime. Qattiqroq qonunlar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirar-kamaytirmasligi noaniq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause — that = tasdiqni uzatadi; wh-clause = savolni uzatadi To‘liq sahifasi

Majhul nisbat va nominalizatsiya — Passive

4 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the passive ★★★	3	majhul nisbat — «... qilinadi, qilindi» (bajaruvchi aytilmaydi)	S + be + V3 (+ by …)	Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi.	the process passive (Task 1) modal + passive nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be ning kerakli zamondagi shakli + 3-shakl: is built · was built · has been built · is being built · will be built. Bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lsagina by qo‘shiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nima uchun IELTS uni yaxshi ko‘radi: akademik yozuvda ish muhim, kim qilgani emas. People built the bridge in 1990 → The bridge was built* in 1990.* ⚠️ Butun inshoni passive’da yozmang — matn og‘ir va noaniq bo‘ladi. Har xatboshida 1-2 ta yetadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The problem is discuss in this essay → ✅ is discussed. ❌ be ni tushirib qoldirish: The report published last year («hisobot nashr qildi») → ✅ The report was published last year. Namunalar Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi. The beans are harvested, dried and then transported to the factory. Doni yig‘iladi, quritiladi va so‘ng zavodga tashiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the process passive (Task 1) — process passive = jarayon diagrammasidagi present simple passive qolipi modal + passive — modal + be + V3 = tavsiyani shaxssiz aytadi nominalisation — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi; nominalisation buni OT orqali qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
have / get something done ★☆☆	5	birovga qildirish — «... qildirmoq»	S + have/get + object + V3	Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi.	make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have (neytral) yoki get (og‘zakiroq) + ot + 3-shakl: have a house built, get the car repaired. Ega ishni o‘zi bajarmaydi — boshqaga qildiradi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking’da juda tabiiy: I had my documents translated. Writing’da esa xizmatlar haqida gapirganda: Wealthier families have* their children tutored privately.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I repaired my laptop — bu «o‘zim ta’mirladim» degani. Ustaga bergan bo‘lsangiz: ✅ I had my laptop repaired. Namunalar Many companies have their products manufactured overseas. Ko‘p kompaniyalar mahsulotini chet elda ishlab chiqartiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi make / let / have (causative) — have something done = ish natijasi; make somebody do = odamga majburlash To‘liq sahifasi
nominalisation ★★☆	6	otlashtirish — fe’lni otga aylantirib, akademik uslub yasash	verb → noun (decide → the decision)	The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi.	the passive the fact that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l yoki sifatni otga aylantiring va uni gapning egasi qiling: The government decided to cut spending, which affected schools. → The government’s decision to cut spending had a significant impact on schools. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik uslubning eng ko‘zga ko‘rinadigan belgisi. Ko‘p ishlatiladigan juftlar: decide → decision · grow → growth · reduce → reduction · consume → consumption · pollute → pollution · unemployed → unemployment. Foydasi ikki karra: matn zichlashadi va gapni ot bilan boshlash imkonini beradi — The rapid expansion of cities has placed enormous pressure on infrastructure. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Haddan tashqari otlashtirish gapni o‘qib bo‘lmas qiladi: The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation of… — bitta gapda 1-2 ta ot yetarli. Namunalar The introduction of congestion charges led to a marked reduction in traffic. Tirbandlik yig‘imining joriy etilishi transport oqimining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi — biri fe’l orqali, biri ot orqali the fact that — the fact that = gapni ot qiladi; nominalisation = fe’lni ot qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
there is / there are ★★☆	2	mavjudlik — «bor, mavjud»	There + is/are + noun	There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor.	nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l keyingi otga qarab moslashadi: There is a reason · There are* several reasons. Boshqa zamonlar: there was / there have been / there will be. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Foydali, lekin haddan ortiq ishlatilgan* qolip. Band 7 uchun ba’zilarini kuchliroq fe’lga almashtiring: There are many people who think… → Many people argue that… There is an increase in… → X has increased … ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ There are a lot of pollution → ✅ There is a lot of pollution — pollution sanalmaydigan ot. ❌ In the graph have three lines → ✅ There are* three lines. Namunalar There are several reasons why young people migrate to cities. Yoshlarning shaharga ko‘chishining bir necha sababi bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi nominalisation* — there is + ot o‘rniga otni ega qiling — matn kuchliroq bo‘ladi To‘liq sahifasi

Artikl va aniqlovchilar — Articles & determiners

4 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
a / an ★★★	1	noaniq artikl — «bittasi, qandaydir» (birinchi marta tilga olinganda)	a/an + sanaladigan ot (birlik)	The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi.	the zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Undosh tovush oldidan a, unli tovush oldidan an — harf emas, talaffuz muhim: a university (yu-), an hour (au-), an MBA (em-). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sanaladigan otning birligi hech qachon artiklsiz turmaydi — yo a/an, yo the, yo this/my/each bo‘lishi shart. Kasb va misol keltirishda: as a result, She works as an engineer. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ He is engineer → ✅ He is an engineer. ❌ A pollution is a problem → ✅ Pollution is a problem — sanalmaydigan otga a qo‘yilmaydi. Namunalar The chart shows a steady increase in energy consumption. Diagramma energiya iste’molining barqaror o‘sishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — a/an = birinchi marta yoki qaysi biri muhim emas; the = ma’lum, aniq narsa zero article — zero article = umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot To‘liq sahifasi
the ★★★	2	aniq artikl — «o‘sha, ma’lum bo‘lgan»	the + ot (birlik, ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan)	The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi.	a / an zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi the qo‘yiladi: ikkinchi marta eslatilganda · yagona narsa (the sun, the government, the environment) · superlativ bilan (the highest) · of birikmasi bilan (the number of students) · Task 1 da the figure, the period, the chart. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun oltin qoida: grafik, davr va ko‘rsatkichlar doim aniq — shuning uchun the chart, the period, the figure for Japan, the highest proportion. Foizlar bilan esa artikl yo‘q: 20% of households (❌ the 20%). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The education is important → ✅ Education is important — umumiy ma’noda the kerak emas. ❌ number of students are rising → ✅ The number of students is rising. Namunalar The number of vehicles on the road doubled during the period. Yo‘llardagi transport vositalari soni davr davomida ikki baravar oshdi. The government has introduced a new tax on plastic packaging. Hukumat plastik qadoq uchun yangi soliq joriy qildi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi a / an — the = ma’lum; a/an = noma’lum yoki birinchi marta zero article — the = aniq guruh; artiklsiz = umuman shu turdagi narsalar To‘liq sahifasi
zero article ★★★	3	artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no	∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot	Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.	the uncountable nouns
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik: ✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy) ✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy) ⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society. ❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information. Namunalar Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
subject-verb agreement ★★★	3	ega bilan kesimning moslashuvi — birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi	S(singular) + V(s) · S(plural) + V	The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.	uncountable nouns all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l bosh otga moslashadi, oradagi so‘zlarga emas: The number of students is rising (number = birlik) vs A number of students are waiting (= «bir necha»). Each, every, everyone, neither → birlik. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uzun ega bilan yozganda eng ko‘p sodir bo‘ladigan xato. Yozgandan keyin tekshiring: egadan predlogli qismni o‘chirib o‘qing — The impact* (of rising temperatures on coastal cities) is…* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number of cars have increased → ✅ The number of cars has* increased. ❌ Everyone know that…* → ✅ Everyone knows* that…* Namunalar The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan ot doim birlik fe’l oladi all / every / each — every/each doim birlik fe’l bilan To‘liq sahifasi

Predloglar — Prepositions

4 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
an increase in / an impact on ★★★	4	ot + predlog juftlari — «... dagi o‘sish», «... ga ta’sir»	noun + in/on/of/to + noun	The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.	nominalisation adjective + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Yodlanadigan juftlar: an increase / a rise / a fall / a decline in · an impact / an effect / pressure on · a solution / an approach / access to · the cause / the number / the proportion of · a reason for. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nominalizatsiya bilan birga ishlatiladi va Task 1 ni takrorlanishdan qutqaradi: There was a sharp increase in* demand* = Demand increased sharply — bir xil ma’no, boshqa tuzilma. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ an increase of tourists → ✅ an increase in the number of tourists (an increase of 20% — bu miqdor, boshqa narsa). ❌ impact to the environment → ✅ impact on the environment. Namunalar The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi nominalisation — ot + predlog juftlari nominalizatsiyaning amaliy tomoni adjective + preposition — bir oila: sifatning ham o‘z predlogi bor To‘liq sahifasi
adjective + preposition ★★☆	4	sifat + predlog juftlari — «... uchun javobgar», «... dan xabardor»	adj + of/for/to/with/in	Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar.	an increase in / an impact on verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Eng kerakli juftlar: responsible for · aware of · capable of · similar to · different from · familiar with · dependent on · essential to/for · interested in · concerned about. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bularni qoida bilan chiqarib bo‘lmaydi — juft holda yodlanadi. Lug‘at daftaringizga sifatni yolg‘iz emas, predlogi bilan yozing. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ different than (amerikacha) → Britaniya imtihonida ✅ different from · ❌ responsible of → ✅ responsible for. Namunalar Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar. O‘xshashlaridan farqi an increase in / an impact on — bir oila — otning predlogi verb + preposition — bir oila — fe’lning predlogi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + preposition ★★★	4	fe’l + predlog juftlari — «... ga bog‘liq», «... dan iborat»	verb + on/of/to/for/with	Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi.	adjective + preposition preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi depend on · consist of · contribute to · lead to · account for · benefit from · cope with · rely on · focus on · invest in · suffer from. ⚠️ Predlogdan keyin fe’l kelsa — -ing shaklida. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi account for Task 1 uchun alohida muhim: Coal accounted for* 40% of total output.* — foizni aytishning eng akademik yo‘li. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ discuss about the problem → ✅ discuss the problem (predlog kerak emas) · ❌ emphasise on → ✅ emphasise something. Namunalar Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi. The success of the scheme depends largely on public awareness. Loyihaning muvaffaqiyati ko‘p jihatdan aholining xabardorligiga bog‘liq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi adjective + preposition — bir oila — sifatning predlogi preposition + -ing — predlogdan keyingi fe’l doim -ing shaklida To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + -ing ★★★	3	predlogdan keyingi fe’l — doim -ing shaklida	preposition + V-ing	By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi.	verb + -ing (gerund) verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har qanday predlogdan keyin fe’l -ing bo‘ladi: instead of building · by investing · after graduating · without considering · capable of solving. ⚠️ to ba’zan predlog: look forward to seeing, be used to living. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi by + -ing — Task 2 yechim qismining eng ixcham qolipi: By investing in public transport, cities can cut emissions considerably. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ instead of to build new roads → ✅ instead of building* new roads. Namunalar By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund)* — bir qoidaning ikki tomoni: fe’ldan keyin ham, predlogdan keyin ham -ing verb + preposition — predlogli fe’ldan keyin ham -ing keladi To‘liq sahifasi

Fe’l qoliplari — Gerunds & infinitives

6 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
verb + -ing (gerund) ★★★	3	-ing oladigan fe’llar — «... ishni qilishni»	verb + V-ing	Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak.	verb + to-infinitive preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Shu fe’llardan keyin doim -ing: avoid, suggest, involve, consider, risk, deny, admit, recommend, practise, mind, enjoy, keep, finish, delay. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 uchun eng kerakli uchtasi: involve (The solution involves reducing* subsidies), suggest* (Research suggests investing* earlier), avoid* (to avoid causing* further damage). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I suggest to build more schools* → ✅ I suggest building* more schools* yoki ✅ I suggest that* the government build more schools. Namunalar Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + to-infinitive* — ikki ro‘yxat — qaysi fe’l qaysi shaklni olishini yodlang preposition + -ing — predlogdan keyin ham doim -ing To‘liq sahifasi
verb + to-infinitive ★★★	3	to + fe’l oladigan fe’llar — «... qilishga»	verb + to + V	Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi.	verb + -ing (gerund) verb + object + to-infinitive
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Shu fe’llardan keyin doim to + fe’l: aim, tend, fail, manage, decide, hope, expect, refuse, agree, offer, seem, appear, afford, learn. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik yozuvda eng foydalilari: tend to (hedging), fail to (Policies that fail to* address the root cause…), aim to* (This essay aims to* examine…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ They decided building a new line* → ✅ decided to build · ❌ manage doing → ✅ manage to do. Namunalar Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund) — boshqa ro‘yxat — bir xil ma’noda ikkalasini ishlatib bo‘lmaydi verb + object + to-infinitive — oradagi to‘ldiruvchi bilan qolip o‘zgaradi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + object + to-infinitive ★★☆	4	birovga nimadir qildirish — «... ni ... qilishga undamoq»	verb + somebody + to + V	Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi.	verb + to-infinitive make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi encourage / allow / enable / persuade / force / require / advise / expect / want + to‘ldiruvchi + to + fe’l: encourage people to recycle. ⚠️ make va let bu qolipga kirmaydi — ular to siz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 yechim jumlalarining asosiy qolipi: Tax incentives would encourage companies to invest* in cleaner technology and enable households to reduce their bills.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ allow to students to choose → ✅ allow students* to choose* · ❌ suggest me to study → ✅ advise me to* study* (suggest bu qolipni olmaydi). Namunalar Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + to-infinitive — bu variantda o‘rtada to‘ldiruvchi bor make / let / have (causative) — make/let = to SIZ; encourage/allow = to BILAN To‘liq sahifasi
stop / remember / regret + -ing or to ★☆☆	5	ma’no o‘zgaradigan juftlar — shakl ma’noni o‘zgartiradi	verb + V-ing / verb + to + V	The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi.	verb + -ing (gerund)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi stop doing = ishni tugatdi · stop to do = boshqa ish uchun to‘xtadi remember doing = qilganini eslaydi · remember to do = qilishni unutmadi regret doing = qilganidan afsus · regret to say = afsus bilan xabar bermoq Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Listening Section 3-4 da bu farq to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri javobni hal qiladi: He stopped smoking (tashladi) va He stopped to smoke (chekish uchun to‘xtadi) — butunlay boshqa ma’no. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I stopped to use plastic bags (agar «tashladim» demoqchi bo‘lsangiz) → ✅ I stopped using* plastic bags. Namunalar The company stopped using single-use plastics in 2020. Kompaniya 2020-yilda bir martalik plastikdan foydalanishni to‘xtatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund)* — bu fe’llar ikkala shaklni ham oladi — lekin ma’no o‘zgaradi To‘liq sahifasi
-ing as subject ★★☆	4	-ing shakli ega o‘rnida — «... qilish (foydali)»	V-ing + verb (singular)	Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi.	it is + adjective + that/to nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi -ing birikmasi ega bo‘lganda fe’l birlikda: Investing in education is the most effective strategy. Muqobil: To invest in education is… (rasmiyroq, kamroq tabiiy). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Gapni fe’ldan boshlash — insho jumlalarini xilma-xil qilishning oson yo‘li. Ketma-ket uchta gap The government… bilan boshlansa, bittasini shunga aylantiring. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Reduce emissions is essential → ✅ Reducing emissions is essential. ❌ Building new roads are expensive → ✅ is expensive — ega birlik. Namunalar Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is + adjective + that/to — It is essential to invest = shu fikrning boshqa, shaxssiz shakli nominalisation — -ing = fe’lni ega qiladi; nominalisation = uni otga aylantiradi To‘liq sahifasi
there is no point in -ing ★☆☆	5	foydasizlik — «... qilishning ma’nosi yo‘q»	There is no point in + V-ing	It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi.	preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi There is no point in + -ing. Shu oiladagi boshqalar: It is worth + -ing · It is no use + -ing · have difficulty (in) + -ing · spend time + -ing. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Qarshi dalilni rad etishning ixcham yo‘li: There is little point in building more roads if public transport remains unreliable. no o‘rniga little qo‘ysangiz — yumshoqroq va akademikroq. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is worth to invest → ✅ It is worth investing. Namunalar It is worth noting that the trend reversed after 2012. Shuni ta’kidlash joizki, tendensiya 2012-yildan keyin teskari o‘zgardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi preposition + -ing — in + -ing — shu qolipdagi predlog ham -ing talab qiladi To‘liq sahifasi