Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Natija — Result & consequence

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
therefore / consequently ★★★	3	natija — «shuning uchun, natijada»	Therefore, + S + V	Fuel prices rose sharply. Consequently, demand for public transport increased. Yoqilg‘i narxi keskin oshdi. Natijada jamoat transportiga talab ortdi.	because / since / as result in / result from
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Therefore / Consequently / As a result / Thus / Hence — jumla boshida vergul bilan, yoki nuqta-vergul bilan: …; therefore, … Thus va hence rasmiyroq va ixchamroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sabab-natija zanjirini ko‘rsatish Task 2 ning yuragi. Xilma-xillik uchun jumla ichidagi variantlarga ham o‘ting: which is why, as a consequence, this has led to. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Therefore of this… → ✅ Therefore, … yoki ✅ Because of this, … Namunalar Fuel prices rose sharply. Consequently, demand for public transport increased. Yoqilg‘i narxi keskin oshdi. Natijada jamoat transportiga talab ortdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi because / since / as — because = SABABNI kiritadi; therefore = NATIJANI (teskari yo‘nalish) result in / result from — result in = gap ichida; therefore = jumlalar orasida To‘liq sahifasi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
used to ★★☆	3	o‘tmishdagi odat yoki holat — «ilgari ... edi, endi yo‘q»	S + used to + V (yalang‘och)	Families used to spend their evenings together. Oilalar ilgari kechqurunlarini birga o‘tkazardi.	would (past habit)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi used to + asosiy fe’l. Inkor va so‘roqda use to (didn’t use to). ⚠️ be used to + -ing butunlay boshqa narsa: «ko‘nikkan». Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Hozir va o‘tmishni qarama-qarshi qo‘yish uchun eng ixcham vosita — Speaking Part 3 va Task 2 uchun juda foydali: People used to* read newspapers; now they scroll through feeds.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I am used to live here → ✅ I am used to living here (ko‘nikkanman) · ❌ I used to living → ✅ I used to live (ilgari yashardim). Namunalar Families used to spend their evenings together. Oilalar ilgari kechqurunlarini birga o‘tkazardi. This area used to be farmland. Bu hudud ilgari qishloq xo‘jaligi yeri edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi would (past habit) — used to = odat HAM, holat ham; would = faqat takrorlangan harakat (❌ would be farmland) To‘liq sahifasi
however ★★★	3	qarama-qarshilik — «biroq, lekin» (yangi jumla boshida)	However, + S + V	Online courses are convenient. However, they cannot replace laboratory work. Onlayn kurslar qulay. Biroq ular laboratoriya ishining o‘rnini bosa olmaydi.	although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand despite / in spite of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi However — ravish, gaplarni bog‘lamaydi, balki yangi jumlani boshlaydi va vergul oladi. Gap o‘rtasida ishlatilsa ikki tomondan vergul: The policy, however, was abandoned. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 ning eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan bog‘lovchisi — aynan shuning uchun har xatboshida takrorlamang. Muqobillar: nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, that said, by contrast. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The plan was expensive however it worked. — however ikki gapni ulay olmaydi. ✅ … expensive; however, it worked. yoki ✅ … expensive, but* it worked.* Namunalar Online courses are convenient. However, they cannot replace laboratory work. Onlayn kurslar qulay. Biroq ular laboratoriya ishining o‘rnini bosa olmaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — although = bitta gap ICHIDA; however = yangi jumla boshida in contrast / on the other hand — on the other hand = ikkinchi TOMONNI kiritadi; however = oddiy qarshilik despite / in spite of — despite + ot; however + yangi gap To‘liq sahifasi

Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
although / though / even though ★★★	3	qarshi qo‘yish — «garchi ... bo‘lsa-da»	Although + S + V, S + V	Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi.	despite / in spite of whereas / while however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi although/though/even though + to‘liq gap (ega + kesim). Gap boshida kelsa, ikkinchi qismdan oldin vergul. even though kuchliroq, though og‘zakiroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da qarshi fikrni tan olib, keyin o‘z fikringizga qaytish uchun asosiy qolip: Although online learning is convenient, it cannot replace face-to-face interaction. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Although the cost is high, but it is worth it. → ingliz tilida although va but birga kelmaydi. Bittasini tanlang. ❌ Although the high cost → ✅ Although the cost is high. Namunalar Although the population has grown, water consumption has fallen. Aholi ko‘paygan bo‘lsa-da, suv iste’moli kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi despite / in spite of — although + GAP; despite + ot yoki -ing whereas / while — whereas = ikki narsani solishtiradi; although = kutilmagan qarshilik however — however = yangi jumla boshlaydi; although = bitta gap ichida bog‘laydi To‘liq sahifasi

Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
past continuous ★★☆	3	o‘tgan davomiy zamon — o‘sha paytda davom etayotgan fon harakati	S + was/were + V-ing	Afsona was preparing for the exam when the power went out. Afsona imtihonga tayyorlanayotganda elektr o‘chib qoldi.	past simple
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi was (I/he/she/it) yoki were (you/we/they) + -ing. Ko‘pincha when (past simple) yoki while (past continuous) bilan juftlashadi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 2 hikoyasini jonlantiradigan zamon: fonni continuous, voqeani simple bilan bering — I was waiting* for the bus when I met my old teacher.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ While I studied, the phone rang → ✅ While I was studying, the phone rang. Namunalar Afsona was preparing for the exam when the power went out. Afsona imtihonga tayyorlanayotganda elektr o‘chib qoldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — continuous = davom etayotgan fon; simple = uni bo‘lgan voqea To‘liq sahifasi
present perfect ★★★	3	hozirgi tugallangan zamon — o‘tmishda bo‘lgan, natijasi hozir muhim	S + have/has + V3	The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010. Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi.	past simple present perfect continuous
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi have/has + 3-shakl (been, done, risen, fallen). Belgilar: since (boshlanish nuqtasi), for (davomiylik), already, yet, just, recently, over the past decade. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Band 6 dan 7 ga o‘tishning eng oddiy yo‘li — Task 2 da hozirgi holatning tarixini ko‘rsatish: Over the past two decades, governments have invested* heavily in renewable energy.* Task 1 da esa faqat grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa ishlatiladi (masalan 2015-present). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I have finished it yesterday → ✅ I finished it yesterday. Aniq o‘tgan vaqt bo‘lsa — past simple. ❌ I have went → ✅ I have gone — 3-shakl kerak, 2-shakl emas. Namunalar The cost of housing has risen sharply since 2010. Uy-joy narxi 2010-yildan beri keskin oshdi. Technology has transformed the way we work. Texnologiya ishlash usulimizni tubdan o‘zgartirdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — present perfect = vaqt aytilmaydi, natija hozir; past simple = vaqt aytilgan va tugagan present perfect continuous — perfect = natija/miqdor muhim; perfect continuous = jarayonning davomiyligi muhim To‘liq sahifasi
the tense of the chart (Task 1) ★★★	3	Task 1 zamon tanlash qoidasi — sana o‘tganmi, hozirmi yoki bashoratmi	past simple / present simple / will + V	The graph shows the changes that took place between 1980 and 2000. Grafik 1980-2000 yillarda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarishlarni ko‘rsatadi.	past simple present perfect
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi O‘tgan yillar (1990-2010) → past simple · Sanasiz yoki hozirgi holat → present simple · Kelajak, «projected», «forecast» → will yoki be expected to · Jarayon diagrammasi → present simple passive. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bu alohida grammatika emas, qoida — lekin Task 1 da eng ko‘p ball yo‘qotiladigan joy shu. Yozishdan oldin grafikning sanalariga qarang va zamonni bir marta tanlab, butun matnda saqlang. Aralash grafik (2000-2030) bo‘lsa: o‘tgan qismga past simple, bashorat qismiga is projected to / will. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The graph showed … → ✅ The graph shows … — grafik hozir ko‘rsatib turibdi, uning ma’lumoti esa o‘tmishda bo‘lishi mumkin. Namunalar The graph shows the changes that took place between 1980 and 2000. Grafik 1980-2000 yillarda ro‘y bergan o‘zgarishlarni ko‘rsatadi. Consumption is projected to rise steadily until 2040. Iste’mol 2040-yilgacha barqaror o‘sishi kutilmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — grafikdagi yillar o‘tgan bo‘lsa — past simple present perfect — grafik bugungi kunga qadar davom etsa — present perfect To‘liq sahifasi

Qiyoslash — Comparison

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
as … as ★★☆	3	tenglik — «... kabi, ... darajada»	as + adj/adv + as	Solar power was almost as widespread as wind power by the end of the period. Davr oxiriga kelib quyosh energiyasi shamol energiyasi kabi keng tarqalgan edi.	comparative twice / three times as many as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi as + sifat/ravish (asl shakl) + as. Inkor: not as … as yoki not so … as. Miqdor bilan: as many … as (sanaladigan), as much … as (sanalmas). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Karra bilan birga Task 1 ning eng kuchli qolipini beradi: Germany consumed twice as much* energy as Italy.* Yaqin, lekin teng bo‘lmagan raqamlar uchun: almost as … as, just as … as, nearly as … as. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ as higher as → ✅ as high* as* — orasida qiyosiy shakl ishlatilmaydi. Namunalar Solar power was almost as widespread as wind power by the end of the period. Davr oxiriga kelib quyosh energiyasi shamol energiyasi kabi keng tarqalgan edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — as…as = teng; comparative = farqli twice / three times as many as — karrali tenglik — as…as ning miqdorli shakli To‘liq sahifasi

O‘zgarish va tendensiya — Trend & change

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
increase by / increase to ★★★	3	o‘sish miqdori va yakuniy nuqtasi — «... ga oshdi» va «... gacha yetdi»	rise/increase by + farq · rise/increase to + natija	Car ownership rose by 30% between 2000 and 2010. Avtomobilga egalik 2000-2010 yillarda 30% ga oshdi.	from … to … at (a rate / a level of)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi by = qancha o‘zgardi (farq) · to = qayerga yetdi (yakuniy raqam): Sales rose by 20% (o‘sish miqdori) to 60 million (yakuniy raqam). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 dagi eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato aynan shu ikkisining chalkashishi. Bitta gapda ikkalasini birga ishlatsangiz, ekspert darajasida ko‘rinadi: The figure increased by 15 percentage points, from* 45% to 60%.* ⚠️ percent va percentage point farq qiladi: 45% dan 60% ga o‘sish = 15 percentage points, lekin ~33% o‘sish. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number increased to 20% — agar 20% o‘sish miqdori bo‘lsa: ✅ increased by 20%. Namunalar Car ownership rose by 30% between 2000 and 2010. Avtomobilga egalik 2000-2010 yillarda 30% ga oshdi. The proportion of renewable energy climbed to almost a quarter of total output. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya ulushi umumiy ishlab chiqarishning deyarli chorak qismiga yetdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi from … to … — from … to = boshlang‘ich va yakuniy nuqta; by = farq at (a rate / a level of) — at = qayd etilgan daraja, o‘zgarish emas To‘liq sahifasi

Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
uncountable nouns ★★★	3	sanalmaydigan otlar — ko‘plik shakli yo‘q	much/a great deal of + uncountable	Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi.	much / many / a lot of zero article
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi IELTS’da eng ko‘p adashtiradiganlari: information, advice, research, knowledge, equipment, furniture, traffic, pollution, money, work, progress, evidence — ularda -s yo‘q va fe’l birlikda. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Sanash uchun o‘lchov so‘zi qo‘shiladi: a piece of advice, two pieces of equipment, a great deal of research. Ba’zi otlar ikki xil ishlaydi: experience (tajriba — sanalmas) vs an experience (bir voqea — sanaladi). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ many researches → ✅ much research / many studies ❌ Traffics are heavy → ✅ Traffic is heavy ❌ a lot of works → ✅ a lot of work / a lot of jobs. Namunalar Recent research suggests that early bilingualism has lasting benefits. So‘nggi tadqiqotlar erta ikki tillilik uzoq muddatli foyda berishini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi much / many / a lot of — much = sanalmas; many = sanaladigan zero article — sanalmaydigan otlar umumiy ma’noda artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
all / every / each ★★☆	3	hamma — «barchasi, har biri»	all + plural · every/each + singular	Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi.	most / most of / the most both / either / neither
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi all + ko‘plik ot + ko‘plik fe’l · every / each + birlik ot + birlik fe’l. each alohida-alohida qaraydi, every guruhni yaxlit oladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Task 2 da all juda xavfli so‘z — bitta istisno butun da’voingizni yiqitadi. Uni hedging bilan almashtiring: most, the majority of, almost all. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Every students have a laptop → ✅ Every student has a laptop yoki All students have laptops. Namunalar Each of the four countries showed a different pattern of consumption. To‘rt mamlakatning har biri boshqacha iste’mol manzarasini ko‘rsatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi most / most of / the most — all = 100% (xavfli); most = aksariyat (xavfsiz) both / either / neither — these are for TWO items only To‘liq sahifasi
adverbs of degree (Task 1) ★★★	3	o‘zgarish tezligi va hajmi — «keskin, barqaror, sekin»	verb + adverb · adjective + noun	The number of visitors fell dramatically after 2008 before recovering gradually. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2008-yildan keyin keskin tushdi, so‘ng asta-sekin tiklandi.	significantly / slightly + comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Ikki xil aytiladi, ma’no bir xil: fe’l + ravish — rose sharply · sifat + ot — a sharp* rise. Juftlar: sharp/sharply · dramatic/dramatically · steady/steadily · gradual/gradually · slight/slightly · rapid/rapidly. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da bir xil so‘zni takrorlamaslikning eng oson yo‘li — ikki qolipni almashtirib turish: Sales increased sharply in 2005, followed by a gradual decline over the next five years.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ increased sharp → ✅ increased sharply (fe’lga ravish kerak) · ❌ a sharply increase → ✅ a sharp* increase* (otga sifat). Namunalar The number of visitors fell dramatically after 2008 before recovering gradually. Tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 2008-yildan keyin keskin tushdi, so‘ng asta-sekin tiklandi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi significantly / slightly + comparative — biri fe’lni, biri qiyosni o‘lchaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
would ★★★	3	farazli natija va muloyimlik — «... bo‘lardi»	S + would + V · S + would have + V3	Investing in rail networks would reduce road congestion considerably. Temir yo‘l tarmog‘iga sarmoya kiritish yo‘l tirbandligini sezilarli kamaytirardi.	the second conditional will
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi would + yalang‘och fe’l (hozir/kelajak farazi) · would have + V3 (o‘tmish farazi). Speaking’da qisqaradi: I’d. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki vazifasi IELTS uchun muhim: Taklifning natijasini aytish — Task 2 yechim qismining yuragi: Such a policy would* encourage more people to cycle.* Fikrni yumshatish — I would* argue that…* «men da’vo qilaman» dan ancha akademikroq. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If governments would invest more, … → ✅ If governments invested more, … — if tarafida would kelmaydi. Namunalar Investing in rail networks would reduce road congestion considerably. Temir yo‘l tarmog‘iga sarmoya kiritish yo‘l tirbandligini sezilarli kamaytirardi. I would argue that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Menimcha, foydasi kamchiligidan ustun keladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the second conditional — second conditional aynan shu <i>would</i> ni <i>if</i>-gap bilan to‘ldiradi will — will = haqiqiy bashorat; would = farazga bog‘liq natija To‘liq sahifasi

Misol keltirish — Exemplification

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
for instance / such as ★★★	3	misol keltirish — «masalan, ... kabi»	For instance, + gap · noun + such as + noun	Practical subjects such as cooking and budgeting are rarely taught at school. Ovqat pishirish va byudjet tuzish kabi amaliy fanlar maktabda kam o‘qitiladi.	in particular / notably
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi For example / For instance, + to‘liq gap (vergul bilan) · such as / like + ot, vergulsiz: renewable sources such as* wind and solar. e.g.* — qavs ichida, insho matnida emas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da har bir dalilni misol bilan mustahkamlash kerak — Task Response bahosi shuni talab qiladi. Misol o‘ylab topilgan bo‘lishi ham mumkin, lekin aniq bo‘lsin: countries such as* Norway and Denmark. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ such as the government invests* → ✅ such as Norway (ot) yoki ✅ For instance, the government invests… (gap). Namunalar Practical subjects such as cooking and budgeting are rarely taught at school. Ovqat pishirish va byudjet tuzish kabi amaliy fanlar maktabda kam o‘qitiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in particular / notably — notably = ayni bir misolni ajratib ko‘rsatadi To‘liq sahifasi

Umumlashtirish — Summarising

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
in conclusion / overall ★★★	3	yakun — «xulosa qilib aytganda; umuman olganda»	In conclusion, + S + V	Overall, the figures for both countries followed a similar upward trend. Umuman olganda, ikkala mamlakat ko‘rsatkichlari o‘xshash o‘sish tendensiyasini kuzatdi.	firstly / secondly / finally
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Task 2 xulosasi: In conclusion, / To conclude, / To sum up, · Task 1 umumiy manzarasi: Overall, / In general, / It is clear that. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Ikkalasi bir xil emas. Task 1 da In conclusion emas, Overall yozing — Task 1 da fikr bildirilmaydi, faqat umumiy manzara beriladi. Va u ikkinchi xatboshi bo‘lishi mumkin, oxirida bo‘lishi shart emas. Xulosada yangi dalil kiritmang — bu Task Response bahosini tushiradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Task 1 da: In conclusion, I think this graph is interesting. → ✅ Overall, consumption rose in all four countries, with the sharpest increase in Vietnam. Namunalar Overall, the figures for both countries followed a similar upward trend. Umuman olganda, ikkala mamlakat ko‘rsatkichlari o‘xshash o‘sish tendensiyasini kuzatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi firstly / secondly / finally — finally = oxirgi dalil; in conclusion = butun inshoning yakuni To‘liq sahifasi

Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
moreover / furthermore ★★☆	3	qo‘shimcha dalil — «bundan tashqari, qolaversa»	Moreover, + S + V	Furthermore, congestion charges generate revenue for public transport. Qolaversa, tirbandlik yig‘imlari jamoat transporti uchun daromad keltiradi.	firstly / secondly / finally not only … but also
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / What is more — jumla boshida vergul bilan. In addition to + ot/-ing (bu — predlogli shakl, boshqa qolip). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi ⚠️ Eng ko‘p suiiste’mol qilinadigan bog‘lovchilar shu. Tekshiruvchi har xatboshi Moreover bilan boshlanganini darrov sezadi va buni «mexanik» deb baholaydi. Bitta inshoda 1-2 marta yetadi; qolganida gapni mazmun bilan bog‘lang (This is not the only concern…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In addition of the cost → ✅ In addition to the cost · ❌ Beside, … → ✅ Besides, … Namunalar Furthermore, congestion charges generate revenue for public transport. Qolaversa, tirbandlik yig‘imlari jamoat transporti uchun daromad keltiradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi firstly / secondly / finally — bular tartibni; moreover = qo‘shimchani bildiradi not only … but also — not only…but also = bir gap ichida ikki dalilni bog‘laydi To‘liq sahifasi

Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
need to / needn't ★★☆	3	zaruriyat — «kerak; shart emas»	S + need to + V · S + needn’t + V	Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak.	must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Oddiy fe’l sifatida: need to + fe’l (needs to, needed to). Modal sifatida faqat inkorda: needn’t + yalang‘och fe’l. ❌ needn’t to. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da must dan ko‘ra tabiiyroq: Policymakers need to* strike a balance between growth and sustainability.* ⚠️ needn’t have done = «qilish shart emas edi, lekin qildingiz» — Listening’da tuzoq sifatida keladi. Namunalar Universities need to adapt their courses to a changing job market. Universitetlar kurslarini o‘zgarayotgan mehnat bozoriga moslashtirishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi must / have to — need to = zaruriyat, neytral; must = majburiyat, qat’iy To‘liq sahifasi

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

8 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
defining relative clause ★★★	3	aniqlovchi ergash gap — qaysi narsa haqida ketayotganini belgilaydi	noun + who/which/that + verb	Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil.	non-defining relative clause reduced relative clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Odam → who (yoki that) · narsa → which yoki that · egalik → whose. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi. Agar who/which to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirib qoldirsa ham bo‘ladi: the skills (that) employers value. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ergash gapsiz ikkita qisqa gap bo‘lardi; u bilan bitta murakkab gap chiqadi — Grammatical Range aynan shuni izlaydi: Students who* take a gap year often return more motivated.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Students who they take a gap year → ✅ Students who take… — who ning o‘zi ega, ikkinchi olmosh keraksiz. ❌ People which live in cities → ✅ People who live in cities. Namunalar Countries which invest in education tend to grow faster. Ta’limga sarmoya kiritadigan davlatlar tezroq rivojlanishga moyil. The graph shows the number of people who used public transport. Grafik jamoat transportidan foydalangan odamlar sonini ko‘rsatadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi non-defining relative clause — defining = vergulsiz, MAJBURIY ma’lumot; non-defining = vergul bilan, qo‘shimcha ma’lumot reduced relative clause — reduced = who/which tushib, -ing yoki V3 qoladi To‘liq sahifasi
that-clause ★★★	3	to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap — «... ligini/ekanligini»	verb/adjective + that + clause	Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi.	the fact that wh-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi that + to‘liq gap. Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin tushib qolishi mumkin (I think (that) …), lekin akademik yozuvda saqlang. Sifatlardan keyin ham keladi: it is clear that… Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Fikr bildirishning asosiy quroli. Xilma-xillik uchun boshqa fe’llarga o‘ting: argue / maintain / suggest / demonstrate / indicate that. I think that ni butun insho bo‘yi takrorlamang. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I agree with that education is important. → ✅ I agree that* education is important.* — agree that, agree with + ot. Namunalar Research suggests that early intervention produces the best results. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, erta aralashuv eng yaxshi natija beradi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the fact that — the fact that = shu gapni OT sifatida ishlatadi (ega bo‘la oladi) wh-clause — wh-clause = qanday/nima/nega degan savolni ichiga oladi To‘liq sahifasi
the passive ★★★	3	majhul nisbat — «... qilinadi, qilindi» (bajaruvchi aytilmaydi)	S + be + V3 (+ by …)	Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi.	the process passive (Task 1) modal + passive nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be ning kerakli zamondagi shakli + 3-shakl: is built · was built · has been built · is being built · will be built. Bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lsagina by qo‘shiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nima uchun IELTS uni yaxshi ko‘radi: akademik yozuvda ish muhim, kim qilgani emas. People built the bridge in 1990 → The bridge was built* in 1990.* ⚠️ Butun inshoni passive’da yozmang — matn og‘ir va noaniq bo‘ladi. Har xatboshida 1-2 ta yetadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The problem is discuss in this essay → ✅ is discussed. ❌ be ni tushirib qoldirish: The report published last year («hisobot nashr qildi») → ✅ The report was published last year. Namunalar Stricter regulations were introduced after the accident. Baxtsiz hodisadan keyin qattiqroq qoidalar joriy etildi. The beans are harvested, dried and then transported to the factory. Doni yig‘iladi, quritiladi va so‘ng zavodga tashiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the process passive (Task 1) — process passive = jarayon diagrammasidagi present simple passive qolipi modal + passive — modal + be + V3 = tavsiyani shaxssiz aytadi nominalisation — ikkalasi ham shaxsni yashiradi; nominalisation buni OT orqali qiladi To‘liq sahifasi
zero article ★★★	3	artiklsiz shakl — umumiy, turdosh ma’no	∅ + ko‘plik ot / sanalmaydigan ot	Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.	the uncountable nouns
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Artikl qo‘yilmaydi: umumiy ma’nodagi ko‘plik (Cars pollute…), sanalmaydigan otlar (water, information, advice, research), mavhum tushunchalar (education, technology, poverty), ko‘pchilik mamlakat nomlari (Uzbekistan, lekin the USA, the UK, the Netherlands). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da umumlashtirishning to‘g‘ri yo‘li shu. Uch xil umumlashtirish bor, lekin eng xavfsizi — artiklsiz ko‘plik: ✅ Cars are a major source of pollution. (eng tabiiy) ✅ The car is a major source of pollution. (rasmiy, ilmiy) ⚠️ A car is a major source of pollution. (kamdan-kam) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The technology has changed the society → ✅ Technology has changed society. ❌ I have many informations → ✅ much information. Namunalar Governments should invest more in renewable energy. Hukumatlar qayta tiklanuvchi energiyaga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the — artiklsiz = umumiy tur; the = aniq, ma’lum narsa uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan otlar deyarli doim artiklsiz keladi To‘liq sahifasi
subject-verb agreement ★★★	3	ega bilan kesimning moslashuvi — birlikmi yoki ko‘plikmi	S(singular) + V(s) · S(plural) + V	The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi.	uncountable nouns all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Fe’l bosh otga moslashadi, oradagi so‘zlarga emas: The number of students is rising (number = birlik) vs A number of students are waiting (= «bir necha»). Each, every, everyone, neither → birlik. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uzun ega bilan yozganda eng ko‘p sodir bo‘ladigan xato. Yozgandan keyin tekshiring: egadan predlogli qismni o‘chirib o‘qing — The impact* (of rising temperatures on coastal cities) is…* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The number of cars have increased → ✅ The number of cars has* increased. ❌ Everyone know that…* → ✅ Everyone knows* that…* Namunalar The percentage of adults working from home has tripled since 2019. Uydan ishlaydigan kattalar ulushi 2019-yildan beri uch baravar oshdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi uncountable nouns — sanalmaydigan ot doim birlik fe’l oladi all / every / each — every/each doim birlik fe’l bilan To‘liq sahifasi
preposition + -ing ★★★	3	predlogdan keyingi fe’l — doim -ing shaklida	preposition + V-ing	By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi.	verb + -ing (gerund) verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Har qanday predlogdan keyin fe’l -ing bo‘ladi: instead of building · by investing · after graduating · without considering · capable of solving. ⚠️ to ba’zan predlog: look forward to seeing, be used to living. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi by + -ing — Task 2 yechim qismining eng ixcham qolipi: By investing in public transport, cities can cut emissions considerably. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ instead of to build new roads → ✅ instead of building* new roads. Namunalar By raising fuel taxes, the government hopes to discourage unnecessary journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ini oshirish orqali hukumat keraksiz safarlarni kamaytirmoqchi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund)* — bir qoidaning ikki tomoni: fe’ldan keyin ham, predlogdan keyin ham -ing verb + preposition — predlogli fe’ldan keyin ham -ing keladi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + -ing (gerund) ★★★	3	-ing oladigan fe’llar — «... ishni qilishni»	verb + V-ing	Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak.	verb + to-infinitive preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Shu fe’llardan keyin doim -ing: avoid, suggest, involve, consider, risk, deny, admit, recommend, practise, mind, enjoy, keep, finish, delay. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 uchun eng kerakli uchtasi: involve (The solution involves reducing* subsidies), suggest* (Research suggests investing* earlier), avoid* (to avoid causing* further damage). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ I suggest to build more schools* → ✅ I suggest building* more schools* yoki ✅ I suggest that* the government build more schools. Namunalar Governments should avoid relying on a single source of energy. Hukumatlar bitta energiya manbaiga tayanishdan qochishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + to-infinitive* — ikki ro‘yxat — qaysi fe’l qaysi shaklni olishini yodlang preposition + -ing — predlogdan keyin ham doim -ing To‘liq sahifasi
verb + to-infinitive ★★★	3	to + fe’l oladigan fe’llar — «... qilishga»	verb + to + V	Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi.	verb + -ing (gerund) verb + object + to-infinitive
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Shu fe’llardan keyin doim to + fe’l: aim, tend, fail, manage, decide, hope, expect, refuse, agree, offer, seem, appear, afford, learn. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik yozuvda eng foydalilari: tend to (hedging), fail to (Policies that fail to* address the root cause…), aim to* (This essay aims to* examine…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ They decided building a new line* → ✅ decided to build · ❌ manage doing → ✅ manage to do. Namunalar Many countries have failed to meet their emissions targets. Ko‘p mamlakatlar chiqindilar bo‘yicha maqsadlarini bajara olmadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + -ing (gerund) — boshqa ro‘yxat — bir xil ma’noda ikkalasini ishlatib bo‘lmaydi verb + object + to-infinitive — oradagi to‘ldiruvchi bilan qolip o‘zgaradi To‘liq sahifasi