Grammar bank · Grammatika bazasi

116 grammar patterns for IELTS — meaning, where it attaches, examples and the near-synonyms you keep mixing up.

Qanday ishlatiladi: bitta grammatikani qidirsangiz — yuqoridagi qidiruvdan yozing. Bir-biriga o‘xshash grammatikalarni solishtirish uchun “Ma’nosi bo‘yicha” ko‘rinishiga o‘ting: bir xil ma’noli barcha shakllar (masalan, hamma sabab grammatikalari) yonma-yon turadi. Har qatordagi “Batafsil” ni bosing — namunalar, farqi va tez-tez qilinadigan xatolar ochiladi.

Sabab — Cause

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
due to / owing to / because of ★★★	4	sabab — «... tufayli, ... sababli» (otdan oldin)	due to / because of + noun / -ing	Owing to a lack of investment, the rail network deteriorated steadily. Sarmoya yetishmagani tufayli temir yo‘l tarmog‘i asta-sekin yomonlashdi.	because / since / as result in / result from thanks to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham ot yoki -ing oladi, gap emas: ✅ due to the increase* in fuel prices* · ❌ due to fuel prices increased. Gap kerak bo‘lsa: because / since / due to the fact that. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nozik farq: due to qat’iy grammatikada be dan keyin keladi (The delay was due to* heavy rain), owing to* esa butun gapga bog‘lanadi. Imtihonda ikkalasi ham qabul qilinadi, lekin owing to yozma uslubda ko‘proq ball beradi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Because of the traffic is heavy, I was late → ✅ Because the traffic was heavy… yoki ✅ Because of the heavy traffic… Namunalar Owing to a lack of investment, the rail network deteriorated steadily. Sarmoya yetishmagani tufayli temir yo‘l tarmog‘i asta-sekin yomonlashdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi because / since / as — because + GAP; because of / due to + OT result in / result from — due to = sababni kiritadi; result in = natijani kiritadi thanks to — thanks to = faqat IJOBIY sabab uchun To‘liq sahifasi

Qarama-qarshilik — Contrast

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
whereas / while ★★★	4	solishtirma qarama-qarshilik — «... bo‘lsa, ... esa»	S + V, whereas + S + V	In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi.	although / though / even though in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi whereas / while + to‘liq gap. Odatda oldidan vergul qo‘yiladi. while ning ikkinchi ma’nosi ham bor («davomida»), shuning uchun aniq solishtirma uchun whereas xavfsizroq. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 ning eng kerakli bog‘lovchisi — ikki ustunni bitta gapda solishtiradi: Spending on housing rose steadily, whereas* spending on food remained flat.* Har bir Task 1 tanasida kamida ikkita shunday gap bo‘lsin. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Whereas, the figure for Japan was higher. — whereas yangi jumla boshlamaydi; u ikki qismni ichkaridan bog‘laydi. Namunalar In 2000, 40% of homes had internet access, whereas by 2015 the figure had reached 90%. 2000-yilda uylarning 40% da internet bor edi, 2015-yilga kelib esa bu ko‘rsatkich 90% ga yetdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — whereas = sof solishtirish; although = kutilmaganlik ohangi bor in contrast / on the other hand — bular jumla boshida; whereas gap ichida To‘liq sahifasi
in contrast / on the other hand ★★★	4	qarama-qarshi tomon — «aksincha; boshqa tomondan»	In contrast, + S + V	Spending on healthcare doubled. By contrast, the education budget remained flat. Sog‘liqni saqlashga sarflangan mablag‘ ikki baravar oshdi. Aksincha, ta’lim byudjeti o‘zgarmadi.	however whereas / while compared with / in comparison with
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi In contrast, / By contrast, / On the other hand, — jumla boshida, vergul bilan. On the one hand … on the other hand … juft holda ishlatiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da ikki guruh raqamni ajratadi: Consumption rose in Europe. In contrast, Asian figures fell steadily. Task 2 (discussion) da ikkinchi qarashga o‘tish signali. ⚠️ On the other hand ni faqat ikki tomon haqida yozayotganda ishlating — bir tomonlama inshoda o‘rinsiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ In the other hand → ✅ On the other hand. Namunalar Spending on healthcare doubled. By contrast, the education budget remained flat. Sog‘liqni saqlashga sarflangan mablag‘ ikki baravar oshdi. Aksincha, ta’lim byudjeti o‘zgarmadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi however — however = umumiy qarshilik; in contrast = ikki narsani qarshi qo‘yadi whereas / while — whereas = bitta gap ichida; in contrast = alohida jumla compared with / in comparison with — compared with + ot; in contrast = jumla boshida To‘liq sahifasi

Qarshi qo‘yish — Concession

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
despite / in spite of ★★★	4	qaramaslik — «... ga qaramay»	Despite + noun / -ing, S + V	Despite substantial investment, the network remains unreliable. Katta sarmoyaga qaramay, tarmoq hamon ishonchsizligicha qolmoqda.	although / though / even though the fact that however
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi despite / in spite of + ot yoki -ing — hech qachon to‘liq gap emas. Gap kerak bo‘lsa: despite the fact that + gap, yoki although + gap. ⚠️ ❌ despite of — of faqat in spite of da bor. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Uchtasini bir-biriga aylantira olish Band 7 mashqi: Although costs rose, demand remained strong. Despite the rise in costs, demand remained strong. Costs rose; nevertheless, demand remained strong. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Despite the costs increased → ✅ Despite the increase in costs yoki ✅ Although the costs increased. Namunalar Despite substantial investment, the network remains unreliable. Katta sarmoyaga qaramay, tarmoq hamon ishonchsizligicha qolmoqda. O‘xshashlaridan farqi although / though / even though — despite + OT; although + GAP the fact that — despite the fact that = despite bilan gap ishlatishning yo‘li however — despite = bir gap ichida; however = ikki jumla orasida To‘liq sahifasi

Shart — Condition

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
the second conditional ★★★	4	xayoliy shart — «agar ... bo‘lganida, ... bo‘lardi» (hozir/kelajak)	If + past simple, would + V	If universities lowered their fees, more students would enrol. Agar universitetlar to‘lovni kamaytirsa, ko‘proq talaba o‘qishga kirardi.	the first conditional the third conditional would
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi If + past simple, asosiy gapda would / could / might + yalang‘och fe’l. Rasmiy uslubda be ning shakli were bo‘ladi: If the policy were* adopted…* (❌ was — Writing’da). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 yechim qismining eng kuchli qolipi — taklifning natijasini ko‘rsatadi: If public transport were* free, far fewer people would drive to work.* Speaking Part 3 dagi «What would happen if…» savollari ham aynan shu shaklni kutadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ If I would have more time, I would travel → ✅ If I had more time, I would travel. if tarafida hech qachon would yo‘q. Namunalar If universities lowered their fees, more students would enrol. Agar universitetlar to‘lovni kamaytirsa, ko‘proq talaba o‘qishga kirardi. If I were the mayor, I would invest in cycling infrastructure. Agar men hokim bo‘lganimda, velosiped infratuzilmasiga sarmoya kiritardim. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — second = xayoliy/ehtimoli past; first = real ehtimol the third conditional — second = hozir yoki kelajak; third = o‘tmish, o‘zgartirib bo‘lmaydi would — second conditional — <i>would</i> ning shart bilan to‘ldirilgan shakli To‘liq sahifasi
unless ★★★	4	«agar ... bo‘lmasa» — inkor shart	Unless + S + V (tasdiq), S + will + V	Unless recycling becomes compulsory, landfill waste will keep rising. Agar qayta ishlash majburiy qilinmasa, poligon chiqindilari o‘sishda davom etadi.	the first conditional provided that / as long as
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi unless ning o‘zi «if not» degani — shuning uchun ichida yana inkor kelmaydi: ❌ unless we don’t act → ✅ unless we act. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 xulosasining eng ishonchli jumlasi: Unless urgent measures are taken, these problems will only intensify. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Unless the government doesn’t act, the crisis will deepen. — ikkita inkor ma’noni teskari qiladi. ✅ Unless the government acts… Namunalar Unless recycling becomes compulsory, landfill waste will keep rising. Agar qayta ishlash majburiy qilinmasa, poligon chiqindilari o‘sishda davom etadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the first conditional — unless = «if not» — first conditional’ning inkor shakli provided that / as long as — provided that = ijobiy shart; unless = inkor shart To‘liq sahifasi

Vaqt va ketma-ketlik — Time & sequence

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
past perfect ★★☆	4	o‘tgan zamondan oldingi zamon — «undan ham oldin bo‘lgan» ish	S + had + V3	By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million. 2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi.	past simple the third conditional
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi had + 3-shakl — barcha shaxslarda bir xil. Ko‘pincha by (by 2000), before, after, already bilan keladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ikki o‘tgan voqeaning qaysi biri oldin bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi. Task 1 da juda foydali: By 2010, the figure had reached* its peak.* — «2010-yilga kelib allaqachon cho‘qqiga chiqqan edi». Third conditional ham shu shaklda quriladi (If they had acted…). ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Har bir o‘tgan gapga had qo‘shib chiqmang. Voqealar tartib bilan aytilsa, oddiy past simple yetarli. Namunalar By 2005 the number of subscribers had exceeded ten million. 2005-yilga kelib obunachilar soni o‘n milliondan oshgan edi. The factory had already closed before the new law was passed. Yangi qonun qabul qilinishidan oldin zavod allaqachon yopilgan edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi past simple — past perfect = ikki o‘tgan ishning OLDINGISI; past simple = oddiy ketma-ketlik the third conditional — third conditional shu shaklni <i>if</i> bilan ishlatadi To‘liq sahifasi
as soon as / by the time / once ★☆☆	4	vaqt ergash gaplari — «... bilanoq, ... ga qadar, bir marta ... bo‘lsa»	As soon as + S + V(present), S + will + V	Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi.	the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Vaqt ergash gapida kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi: ❌ as soon as he will arrive → ✅ as soon as he arrives. by the time ko‘pincha perfect bilan: by the time they acted, the damage had been done. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Speaking Part 3 da kelajak haqida gapirganda bu qoida tez-tez buziladi — shuning uchun uni yodda saqlang: when / as soon as / once / until / before / after dan keyin present, asosiy gapda will. Namunalar Once renewable energy becomes cheaper, adoption will accelerate. Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya arzonlashishi bilan uning joriy etilishi tezlashadi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the tense of the chart (Task 1) — ikkalasi ham zamon tanlash qoidasi — biri grafikda, biri ergash gapda To‘liq sahifasi
the process passive (Task 1) ★★☆	4	jarayon diagrammasi tili — «avval ... qilinadi, so‘ng ... qilinadi»	First, X is + V3. Then it is + V3.	Once the glass has been sorted, it is melted at high temperature. Shisha saralanganidan so‘ng, u yuqori haroratda eritiladi.	the passive the tense of the chart (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi present simple passive + ketma-ketlik ravishlari: First · Next · Then · After that · Subsequently · Finally. Bir xil egani takrorlamaslik uchun it va which ishlating. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Process diagram (Task 1) uchun tayyor tuzilma — bu turdagi topshiriq deyarli butunlay shu qolipdan iborat: First, raw materials are collected. They are then crushed and washed, after which the mixture is heated to 200°C. Finally, the product is packaged for distribution. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ They collect the materials, then they crush them… — «they» kim? Jarayonda bajaruvchi noma’lum, shuning uchun passive kerak. Namunalar Once the glass has been sorted, it is melted at high temperature. Shisha saralanganidan so‘ng, u yuqori haroratda eritiladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the passive — bu — passive’ning Task 1 jarayoni uchun maxsus qolipi the tense of the chart (Task 1) — jarayon diagrammasi doim present simple da yoziladi To‘liq sahifasi

Maqsad — Purpose

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
so that / in order that ★★☆	4	maqsad — «... bo‘lishi uchun»	S + V + so that + S + can/will + V	Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin.	in order to / so as to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi so that + to‘liq gap, odatda ichida can / could / will / would: …so that* people can access services.* ❌ so that to access. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Maqsadni ikki xil ayting va takrorlanishdan qoching: to + fe’l (ixcham) · in order to (rasmiy) · so that + gap (ega o‘zgarganda majburiy). Ega o‘zgarsa faqat so that ishlaydi: The city built cycle lanes so that residents could* commute safely.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Governments should subsidise buses for reduce congestion. → ✅ to reduce / in order to reduce congestion. Namunalar Schools provide free meals so that no child studies on an empty stomach. Maktablar bepul ovqat beradi, toki hech bir bola och qorinda o‘qimasin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi in order to / so as to — in order to + FE’L; so that + GAP (ega boshqa bo‘lsa) To‘liq sahifasi
in order to / so as to ★★★	4	maqsad — «... qilish uchun»	in order to + V · so as to + V	Many governments subsidise renewables in order to cut their dependence on imports. Ko‘p hukumatlar importga qaramlikni kamaytirish uchun qayta tiklanuvchi energiyani subsidiyalaydi.	so that / in order that
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi to + fe’l (eng oddiy) · in order to + fe’l (rasmiy) · so as to + fe’l (rasmiy). Inkor shakli faqat uzun variantlarda: in order not to / so as not to (❌ not to yolg‘iz). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Ega bir xil bo‘lsa — in order to; ega o‘zgarsa — so that + gap. Bu ikkisini to‘g‘ri tanlash Band 7 belgisi: The city introduced a toll in order to* reduce traffic.* (bir ega) The city introduced a toll so that residents could* breathe cleaner air.* (ega o‘zgardi) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ for reduce congestion / ❌ for reducing congestion (maqsad ma’nosida) → ✅ to reduce congestion. Namunalar Many governments subsidise renewables in order to cut their dependence on imports. Ko‘p hukumatlar importga qaramlikni kamaytirish uchun qayta tiklanuvchi energiyani subsidiyalaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi so that / in order that — in order to + FE’L; so that + GAP (ega boshqa bo‘lsa) To‘liq sahifasi

Qiyoslash — Comparison

2 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
twice / three times as many as ★★★	4	karrali qiyos — «ikki baravar ko‘p, uch baravar»	twice/three times + as many/much + as	By 2015, three times as many households had broadband as in 2005. 2015-yilga kelib keng polosali internetga ega xonadonlar 2005-yildagidan uch baravar ko‘p edi.	as … as comparative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi twice (2×) · three times (3×) · half (½) + as many/much … as. Muqobil shakl: double / triple (fe’l), a threefold increase (ot birikmasi). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bir xil raqamni turlicha aytishning uch yo‘li — Task 1 da uchalasini aralashtiring: France produced twice as much as* Spain.* Output in France was double that of* Spain.* France recorded a twofold* advantage over Spain.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ twice more than → ✅ twice as much as yoki ✅ twice the amount. Namunalar By 2015, three times as many households had broadband as in 2005. 2015-yilga kelib keng polosali internetga ega xonadonlar 2005-yildagidan uch baravar ko‘p edi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi as … as — bu — as…as ning karrali varianti comparative — comparative = qancha farq; karrali qiyos = necha baravar To‘liq sahifasi
compared with / in comparison with ★★☆	4	qiyoslash iborasi — «... bilan solishtirganda»	Compared with X, Y + V	In comparison with 1990, energy use per household has fallen by a fifth. 1990-yil bilan solishtirganda, har bir xonadonning energiya sarfi beshdan birga kamaydi.	whereas / while in contrast / on the other hand
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi compared with / to + ot · in comparison with + ot · by comparison (yolg‘iz, jumla boshida). Gap boshida kelsa vergul qo‘yiladi. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da uchinchi xatboshini boshlashning tabiiy yo‘li: Compared with European countries, Asian economies showed a far steeper rise. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Compared with Japan is higher → ✅ Compared with Japan, the figure is higher — compared with ot oladi. Namunalar In comparison with 1990, energy use per household has fallen by a fifth. 1990-yil bilan solishtirganda, har bir xonadonning energiya sarfi beshdan birga kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi whereas / while — whereas = gap ichida bog‘laydi; compared with = ot bilan in contrast / on the other hand — in contrast = qarama-qarshilikni ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Daraja va miqdor — Degree & quantity

6 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
few / a few / little / a little ★★☆	4	oz miqdor — «bir oz» yoki «juda kam» (ohangi qarama-qarshi)	few + plural · little + uncountable	Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi.	much / many / a lot of
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi a few / a little = ijobiy ohang, «bir oz bor». few / little (artiklsiz) = salbiy ohang, «deyarli yo‘q». Sanash: few + ko‘plik, little + sanalmas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bitta a ma’noni teskari qiladi — bu Reading’da ham savol bo‘ladi: A few countries have met the target. = bir nechtasi uddaladi (ijobiy) Few countries have met the target. = deyarli hech biri uddalamadi (salbiy) ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ a few information → ✅ a little information. Namunalar Few developing countries can afford such large-scale investment. Kam sonli rivojlanayotgan davlat bunday yirik sarmoyani ko‘tara oladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi much / many / a lot of — few/little = oz; many/much = ko‘p To‘liq sahifasi
most / most of / the most ★★★	4	ko‘pchilik — «aksariyat» (va «eng» bilan chalkashmasin)	most + noun · most of + the/my + noun	Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi.	the majority of superlative
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi most + ot (umuman): most students · most of + aniqlovchi + ot: most of the* students in the survey* · the most = superlativ: the most effective solution. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan uchlik shu: Most respondents preferred… · Most of the increase occurred after 2010 · Japan recorded the most* significant growth. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The most of people* → ✅ Most people yoki Most of the people in the survey. ❌ Almost people → ✅ Most people / Almost all people — almost yolg‘iz ot oldida kelmaydi. Namunalar Most of the electricity in the country is generated from natural gas. Mamlakatdagi elektr energiyasining aksariyati tabiiy gazdan ishlab chiqariladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi the majority of — the majority of = rasmiyroq va Task 1 uchun tabiiyroq superlative — the most = «eng» — bu butunlay boshqa vazifa To‘liq sahifasi
the majority of ★★★	4	ko‘pchilik — «katta qismi» (rasmiy)	The majority of + plural/uncountable + verb	The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor.	most / most of / the most
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi The (vast/overwhelming) majority of + ot. Fe’l odatda ko‘plikda: The majority of respondents were* female.* Teskarisi: a minority of, a small proportion of. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 uchun foizni so‘z bilan aytishning eng qulay yo‘li — bir xil raqamni ikki marta takrorlamaslik kerak: 62% → the majority of · 51% → just over half · 25% → a quarter · 12% → a small minority · 5% → a negligible proportion. Namunalar The vast majority of households now own at least one mobile phone. Xonadonlarning katta ko‘pchiligida endi kamida bitta mobil telefon bor. O‘xshashlaridan farqi most / most of / the most — the majority of = rasmiy; most = neytral va qisqa To‘liq sahifasi
at (a rate / a level of) ★★☆	4	qayd etilgan daraja — «... darajasida, ... tezlikda»	stood at / peaked at / at a rate of	Unemployment remained at around 5% throughout the period. Ishsizlik butun davr davomida taxminan 5% darajasida qoldi.	increase by / increase to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi stand at · peak at · remain at · at a rate of — hammasi at oladi, chunki bu nuqta, harakat emas. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da raqamni takrorlamasdan kiritishning eng qulay yo‘li: Consumption stood at* 40 units in 2000 and peaked at 75 units a decade later.* Namunalar Unemployment remained at around 5% throughout the period. Ishsizlik butun davr davomida taxminan 5% darajasida qoldi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi increase by / increase to — at = qimmatning o‘zi; by/to = o‘zgarish To‘liq sahifasi
significantly / slightly + comparative ★★★	4	farqning hajmi — «ancha ko‘proq, biroz kamroq»	much/far/slightly + comparative + than	Wages rose slightly faster in the private sector than in the public sector. Ish haqi xususiy sektorda davlat sektoridagiga qaraganda biroz tezroq o‘sdi.	comparative adverbs of degree (Task 1)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Katta farq: far · much · considerably · significantly · substantially + qiyosiy shakl. Kichik farq: slightly · marginally · a little. ⚠️ very qiyosiy shakl bilan ishlatilmaydi: ❌ very higher. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bu ravishlarsiz Task 1 quruq bo‘ladi. Ular tekshiruvchiga siz raqamlarni talqin qila olishingizni ko‘rsatadi: The figure for Japan was marginally higher* than that for Korea, whereas China’s was far greater than both.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ very more expensive → ✅ much more expensive. Namunalar Wages rose slightly faster in the private sector than in the public sector. Ish haqi xususiy sektorda davlat sektoridagiga qaraganda biroz tezroq o‘sdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi comparative — bu ravishlar qiyosiy shaklga «qancha» ma’nosini qo‘shadi adverbs of degree (Task 1) — bir oila: biri qiyos bilan, biri fe’l bilan To‘liq sahifasi
it takes + time + to ★☆☆	4	vaqt yoki resurs talab qilish — «... uchun ... kerak bo‘ladi»	It takes + (somebody) + time + to + V	It takes decades to restore a forest that was cleared in a single season. Bir mavsumda kesilgan o‘rmonni tiklash uchun o‘nlab yil kerak bo‘ladi.	it is + adjective + that/to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It takes (+ odam) + vaqt/resurs + to + fe’l: It takes years to build* a reliable network.* O‘tmish: It took … Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Yechimning «tez emas» ekanini aytish uchun qulay — muvozanatli xulosa yozishda foydali: It takes considerable time and investment to change established habits. Namunalar It takes decades to restore a forest that was cleared in a single season. Bir mavsumda kesilgan o‘rmonni tiklash uchun o‘nlab yil kerak bo‘ladi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is + adjective + that/to — bir oila: <i>it</i> bilan boshlanadigan shaxssiz qoliplar To‘liq sahifasi

Ehtiyotkor fikr — Hedging

3 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
may / might / could (possibility) ★★★	4	ehtimollik — «bo‘lishi mumkin»	S + may/might/could + V	Higher fuel taxes may discourage unnecessary car journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ining oshirilishi keraksiz avtosafarlarni kamaytirishi mumkin.	be likely to can / could / be able to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Uchalasi ham yalang‘och fe’l oladi. Ishonch darajasi: may (~50%) > might (~40%) > could (nazariy imkoniyat). O‘tmish uchun: may/might have + V3. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Band 7 ga chiqishning eng arzon yo‘li. Har bir dalilni «har doim shunday» deb emas, ehtimollik sifatida bering: ❌ Banning cars solves air pollution. → ✅ Banning cars in city centres may* significantly reduce air pollution.* — ikkinchisi tekshiruvchiga o‘ylab yozilgandek ko‘rinadi. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Maybe governments should… — maybe og‘zaki. Insho uchun: may, possibly, it is possible that. Namunalar Higher fuel taxes may discourage unnecessary car journeys. Yoqilg‘i solig‘ining oshirilishi keraksiz avtosafarlarni kamaytirishi mumkin. Such a policy might have unintended consequences for low-income families. Bunday siyosat kam ta’minlangan oilalar uchun kutilmagan oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. O‘xshashlaridan farqi be likely to — be likely to = ehtimol yuqoriroq va o‘lchovli; may = ochiq ehtimol can / could / be able to — can = umuman mumkin; may = shu holatda ehtimol To‘liq sahifasi
be likely to ★★★	4	ehtimoli yuqori — «... bo‘lishi ehtimoli katta»	S + be likely to + V · It is likely that + gap	Cities with poor public transport are likely to suffer from congestion. Jamoat transporti yomon shaharlar tirbandlikdan aziyat chekishi ehtimoli katta.	may / might / could (possibility) will tend to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi be likely to + fe’l, yoki It is (highly/increasingly) likely that + to‘liq gap. Teskarisi: be unlikely to. Kuchaytirish: highly likely, far more likely. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Akademik yozuvda will ning eng yaxshi o‘rinbosari: bashoratni aytadi, lekin uni haqiqat sifatida da’vo qilmaydi. Task 2 xulosasi uchun tayyor qolip: Without decisive action, the problem is likely to* worsen over the coming decades.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ It is likely to happen that… → ✅ It is likely that it will happen · yoki ✅ It is likely to happen. Ikkovini aralashtirmang. Namunalar Cities with poor public transport are likely to suffer from congestion. Jamoat transporti yomon shaharlar tirbandlikdan aziyat chekishi ehtimoli katta. It is highly unlikely that these measures will succeed on their own. Bu choralar yolg‘iz o‘zi muvaffaqiyat qozonishi ehtimoli juda past. O‘xshashlaridan farqi may / might / could (possibility) — may = ochiq ehtimol; be likely to = ehtimoli yuqori, o‘lchangan will — will = qat’iy bashorat; be likely to = ehtiyotkor bashorat tend to — tend to = hozirgi tendensiya (kuzatilgan); be likely to = kelajak ehtimoli To‘liq sahifasi
tend to ★★★	4	tendensiya — «odatda ... qiladi, moyil»	S + tend to + V · There is a tendency for X to + V	Wealthier countries tend to consume far more energy per capita. Boyroq davlatlar aholi jon boshiga ancha ko‘p energiya iste’mol qilishga moyil.	be likely to in general / on the whole
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi tend to + fe’l · ot shakli: a tendency to/for. Kuchaytirish: tend to be far more… Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Umumlashtirishni xavfsiz qiladi. Har qanday «people are…» gapini shu bilan yumshating: ❌ Young people are addicted to social media. → ✅ Young people tend to* spend considerably more time on social media than older generations.* Task 1 da ham ishlaydi: Figures for both countries tended to* fluctuate throughout the period.* Namunalar Wealthier countries tend to consume far more energy per capita. Boyroq davlatlar aholi jon boshiga ancha ko‘p energiya iste’mol qilishga moyil. O‘xshashlaridan farqi be likely to — tend to = kuzatilgan hozirgi moyillik; be likely to = kelajak ehtimoli in general / on the whole — bular ravish; tend to esa fe’lning o‘ziga singadi To‘liq sahifasi

Ta’kid — Emphasis

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
it is + adjective + that/to ★★☆	4	shaxssiz baho — «... ekani aniq/muhim»	It is + adj + that + clause · It is + adj + to + V	It is essential that governments coordinate their climate policies. Hukumatlarning iqlim siyosatini muvofiqlashtirishi zarur.	it is often argued that cleft sentence (It is … that)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi It is + sifat (clear, evident, essential, difficult, unrealistic) + that + gap, yoki + to + fe’l. Bu yerdagi it — «bu» emas, shunchaki o‘rin to‘ldiruvchi ega. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi «Men o‘ylaymanki» ni akademik qiladi: It is evident that urbanisation has accelerated. · It is difficult to justify such spending. Hedging bilan birlashtiring: It is arguably* the most effective measure available.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Is clear that… — ingliz tilida ega tushib qolmaydi, It majburiy. Namunalar It is essential that governments coordinate their climate policies. Hukumatlarning iqlim siyosatini muvofiqlashtirishi zarur. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is often argued that — argued = boshqalarning fikri; it is clear that = sizning bahoyingiz cleft sentence (It is … that) — cleft = gapning bir bo‘lagini ajratib ta’kidlaydi To‘liq sahifasi

Sanash va qo‘shish — Listing & addition

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
both / either / neither ★★☆	4	ikkitalik — «ikkalasi, ikkisidan biri, ikkalasi ham emas»	both + plural · either/neither + singular	Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi.	all / every / each
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi both + ko‘plik (both countries are) · either / neither + birlik (neither country is) · juftlangan shakl: both … and · either … or · neither … nor. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 da ikki chiziqni bitta gapda birlashtirish uchun ideal: Both figures rose steadily, although neither reached the 2005 level. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Neither of them are correct → rasmiy yozuvda ✅ is correct. ❌ Both of the two countries → ✅ Both countries — both ning o‘zida «ikkala» bor. Namunalar Both urban and rural areas experienced a decline in population. Ham shahar, ham qishloq hududlarida aholi soni kamaydi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi all / every / each — both = faqat IKKITA; all/every = ikkitadan ko‘p To‘liq sahifasi

Majburiyat va ruxsat — Obligation

1 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
make / let / have (causative) ★★☆	4	majburlash va ruxsat — «majbur qilmoq, ruxsat bermoq»	make/let/have + somebody + V (yalang‘och)	Some countries make voting compulsory for all adult citizens. Ba’zi mamlakatlar barcha voyaga yetgan fuqarolar uchun ovoz berishni majburiy qiladi.	have / get something done must / have to
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi make / let / have + odam + yalang‘och fe’l (❌ make him to study). Ammo allow va force to oladi: allow him to study. Majhul shaklda make ham to oladi: be made to pay. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 da bahsli mavzu (majburiy ta’lim, majburiy harbiy xizmat) haqida yozganda kerak bo‘ladi. Rasmiyroq muqobillar: compel, oblige, require somebody to, permit. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Schools should make students to wear uniforms → ✅ make students wear uniforms. Namunalar Some countries make voting compulsory for all adult citizens. Ba’zi mamlakatlar barcha voyaga yetgan fuqarolar uchun ovoz berishni majburiy qiladi. Parents should let children choose at least some of their activities. Ota-onalar bolalarga hech bo‘lmaganda ba’zi mashg‘ulotlarni tanlashga ruxsat berishi kerak. O‘xshashlaridan farqi have / get something done — make somebody do = odamni majburlash; have something done = xizmatni bajartirish must / have to — make = boshqaga majburlash; must = o‘ziga majburiyat To‘liq sahifasi

Gap bo‘lagi — Sentence element

6 ta

Grammatika	Daraja	Ma’nosi	Qo‘shilishi	Namuna	O‘xshashlari
wh-clause ★★☆	4	so‘roq so‘zli ergash gap — «nima/qanday/nega ... ligi»	verb + what/how/why/whether + S + V	The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi.	that-clause
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi ⚠️ Ichkarida so‘roq tartibi ISHLATILMAYDI: ❌ I don’t know where is it → ✅ I don’t know where it is. do/does/did ham tushadi: ❌ how does it work → ✅ how it works. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 1 kirishini qayta yozishning eng qulay usuli: The chart shows how much* electricity each country produced.* — savol matnini ko‘chirmasdan boshqacha aytasiz. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ The graph shows what is the number of students → ✅ shows what the number of students is, yoki soddaroq: ✅ shows the number of students. Namunalar The table illustrates how many hours people spent online each week. Jadval odamlar har hafta internetda necha soat o‘tkazganini ko‘rsatadi. It is unclear whether stricter laws would reduce crime. Qattiqroq qonunlar jinoyatchilikni kamaytirar-kamaytirmasligi noaniq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi that-clause — that = tasdiqni uzatadi; wh-clause = savolni uzatadi To‘liq sahifasi
an increase in / an impact on ★★★	4	ot + predlog juftlari — «... dagi o‘sish», «... ga ta’sir»	noun + in/on/of/to + noun	The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.	nominalisation adjective + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Yodlanadigan juftlar: an increase / a rise / a fall / a decline in · an impact / an effect / pressure on · a solution / an approach / access to · the cause / the number / the proportion of · a reason for. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Nominalizatsiya bilan birga ishlatiladi va Task 1 ni takrorlanishdan qutqaradi: There was a sharp increase in* demand* = Demand increased sharply — bir xil ma’no, boshqa tuzilma. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ an increase of tourists → ✅ an increase in the number of tourists (an increase of 20% — bu miqdor, boshqa narsa). ❌ impact to the environment → ✅ impact on the environment. Namunalar The policy had a significant impact on air quality in the city centre. Bu siyosat shahar markazidagi havo sifatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi nominalisation — ot + predlog juftlari nominalizatsiyaning amaliy tomoni adjective + preposition — bir oila: sifatning ham o‘z predlogi bor To‘liq sahifasi
adjective + preposition ★★☆	4	sifat + predlog juftlari — «... uchun javobgar», «... dan xabardor»	adj + of/for/to/with/in	Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar.	an increase in / an impact on verb + preposition
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi Eng kerakli juftlar: responsible for · aware of · capable of · similar to · different from · familiar with · dependent on · essential to/for · interested in · concerned about. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Bularni qoida bilan chiqarib bo‘lmaydi — juft holda yodlanadi. Lug‘at daftaringizga sifatni yolg‘iz emas, predlogi bilan yozing. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ different than (amerikacha) → Britaniya imtihonida ✅ different from · ❌ responsible of → ✅ responsible for. Namunalar Industry is responsible for nearly a third of total emissions. Sanoat umumiy chiqindilarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi uchun javobgar. O‘xshashlaridan farqi an increase in / an impact on — bir oila — otning predlogi verb + preposition — bir oila — fe’lning predlogi To‘liq sahifasi
verb + preposition ★★★	4	fe’l + predlog juftlari — «... ga bog‘liq», «... dan iborat»	verb + on/of/to/for/with	Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi.	adjective + preposition preposition + -ing
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi depend on · consist of · contribute to · lead to · account for · benefit from · cope with · rely on · focus on · invest in · suffer from. ⚠️ Predlogdan keyin fe’l kelsa — -ing shaklida. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi account for Task 1 uchun alohida muhim: Coal accounted for* 40% of total output.* — foizni aytishning eng akademik yo‘li. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ discuss about the problem → ✅ discuss the problem (predlog kerak emas) · ❌ emphasise on → ✅ emphasise something. Namunalar Renewable sources accounted for just under a fifth of electricity generation. Qayta tiklanuvchi manbalar elektr ishlab chiqarishning beshdan biriga yaqinini tashkil qildi. The success of the scheme depends largely on public awareness. Loyihaning muvaffaqiyati ko‘p jihatdan aholining xabardorligiga bog‘liq. O‘xshashlaridan farqi adjective + preposition — bir oila — sifatning predlogi preposition + -ing — predlogdan keyingi fe’l doim -ing shaklida To‘liq sahifasi
verb + object + to-infinitive ★★☆	4	birovga nimadir qildirish — «... ni ... qilishga undamoq»	verb + somebody + to + V	Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi.	verb + to-infinitive make / let / have (causative)
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi encourage / allow / enable / persuade / force / require / advise / expect / want + to‘ldiruvchi + to + fe’l: encourage people to recycle. ⚠️ make va let bu qolipga kirmaydi — ular to siz. Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Task 2 yechim jumlalarining asosiy qolipi: Tax incentives would encourage companies to invest* in cleaner technology and enable households to reduce their bills.* ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ allow to students to choose → ✅ allow students* to choose* · ❌ suggest me to study → ✅ advise me to* study* (suggest bu qolipni olmaydi). Namunalar Free public transport would encourage commuters to leave their cars at home. Bepul jamoat transporti qatnovchilarni mashinasini uyda qoldirishga undardi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi verb + to-infinitive — bu variantda o‘rtada to‘ldiruvchi bor make / let / have (causative) — make/let = to SIZ; encourage/allow = to BILAN To‘liq sahifasi
-ing as subject ★★☆	4	-ing shakli ega o‘rnida — «... qilish (foydali)»	V-ing + verb (singular)	Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi.	it is + adjective + that/to nominalisation
Batafsil — namunalar, farqi, xatolar Shakl qoidasi -ing birikmasi ega bo‘lganda fe’l birlikda: Investing in education is the most effective strategy. Muqobil: To invest in education is… (rasmiyroq, kamroq tabiiy). Izoh — qachon ishlatiladi Gapni fe’ldan boshlash — insho jumlalarini xilma-xil qilishning oson yo‘li. Ketma-ket uchta gap The government… bilan boshlansa, bittasini shunga aylantiring. ⚠️ Tez-tez qilinadigan xato ❌ Reduce emissions is essential → ✅ Reducing emissions is essential. ❌ Building new roads are expensive → ✅ is expensive — ega birlik. Namunalar Encouraging cycling has proved cheaper than expanding the road network. Velosipedni rag‘batlantirish yo‘l tarmog‘ini kengaytirishdan arzonroq bo‘lib chiqdi. O‘xshashlaridan farqi it is + adjective + that/to — It is essential to invest = shu fikrning boshqa, shaxssiz shakli nominalisation — -ing = fe’lni ega qiladi; nominalisation = uni otga aylantiradi To‘liq sahifasi